CLOVES综合征临床实践指南

CLOVES综合征(congenital lipomatous overgrowth,vascular malformations,epidermal nevi,scoliosis/skeletal/spional anomalies,CLOVES)是一种罕见的遗传性血管性疾病,临床特征包括先天性脂肪瘤过度生长、脉管畸形、皮肤痣、脊柱侧凸、骨骼或脊柱异常等。该病的病因及发病机制目前尚不明确,患者的症状和严重程度存在明显的个体差异。其治疗目的在于缓解症状以及降低发生并发症的风险。本文对CLOVES的临床表现及诊断方面的研究进行回顾,并为患者的管理提供指导。

CLOVES综合征

CLOVES综合征是一种以先天性脂肪瘤过度生长、血管畸形、表皮痣、脊柱侧弯/骨骼畸形或脊髓异常为主要临床表现的罕见的过度生长综合征,其病因为PIK3CA基因突变。治疗是一个长期复杂的过程,需多学科联合管理,目前主要是对症处理。随着分子诊断技术的发展,基因靶向治疗会成为一种可能。本病长期预后不明。

Phytochemical Content, Radical Scavenging Ability &Enzyme Inhibiting Activities of Selected Spices (Cinnamon, Cardamom and Cloves)

Cinnamon, cardamom and cloves have been widely used for medicinal purposes as well as essential cooking ingredients for flavor. The objective of the research was to investigate the antioxidant content, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of lipid and carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme activities of selected spices (cinnamon, cardamom & cloves) methanol (ME) and water extracts (WE). The phytochemical content was determined by total phenolic and total flavanoid content. The antioxidant potential was determined by measuring 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) in spice’s (ME) and (WE) extracts. Total phenolic (GAE mg/100g dry weight) and flavonoid (mg CE/100g dry weight) content were the highest in Cloves (ME) 174.4 and 101.06. The lowest values for phenolic content were seen in ME and WE of Cardamom at 31.24 and 7.55. The DPPH IC50 values ranged from 0.22mg/mL (Cloves ME) to 0.60mg/mL (Cardamom ME). FRAP (μmol Fe2+/100g dry weight) for Cinnamon, Cardamom (ME) was 2438.5 and 325. Clove (ME) had a significantly higher reducing potential of 6888.5 which might have been attributed by the high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids in the spice. FRAP in spice extracts (WE) was lower with values of 2296.5 and 218.5 and 2310.5, respectively. The highest inhibition of the α-glucosidase was observed by Clove (ME) 86.5%, which also had the highest amylase enzyme inhibition at 71%. However, inhibition of the lipase enzyme was highest by the Cinnamon (WE) extracts 44.3%. The potential of phytochemicals in spices was studied and if consumed in high amounts could offer antioxidative properties and regulate key digestive enzymes which may lead to prevention or decreased progression of diseases such as Cancer, Diabetes and Cardiovascular diseases.

Response of axillary bud development in garlic(Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid(GA3) solution

Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting;seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L^-1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g^-1 fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g^-1 FW, 237.3 mg g^-1 FW, and 8.24 mg g^-1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g^-1 FW, 32.96 ng g^-1 FW, 263.6 mg g^-1 FW, and 10.37 mg g^-1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.

CLOVES综合征一例

主要介绍广州市妇女儿童医疗中心介入血管瘤科收治的1例较为罕见的CLOVES综合征患者的临床特征,予以介入硬化治疗及激光治疗。硬化术后10个月随访,患者病情控制良好。

PIK3CA相关过度生长谱:诊断和检测合格标准、鉴别诊断及其评估

PIK3CA编码磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)的p110a亚基,已被证实是一种癌基因。PIK3CA体细胞突变会使身体各部位节段性组织生长过度,导致如偏侧过度发育多发脂肪瘤病(HHML)、巨脑畸形-毛细血管畸形(MCAP)、CLOVES综合征等一系列相关罕见综合征。其临床表现独特而多样,但有些症状相互重叠,疾病命名也比较混乱。研究者对各综合征关注度的不同,导致目前文献出现认识偏倚,使得对PIK3CA基因型-表型的综合分析更加复杂。2013年9月11~12日,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)在马里兰州贝塞斯达召开研讨会,就最新临床及分子学研究进展进行了深入探讨,对涵盖性术语"PIK3CA相关过度生长谱(PROS)"达成共识,提出了该谱系的关键临床诊断特征和检测标准,初步统一了过度生长的临床评估和分子学诊断方法,并提出组织过度生长和脉管异常的手术治疗、避免血栓形成的最佳措施以及潜在药物的开发等是未来亟待解决的问题。本文对会议成果做一介绍,为研究理清思路,并为临床医师诊疗、预测及设计靶向治疗临床试验提供参考。

Influences of Cash Crops Price Fluctuations on Household Strategies and Landscape Dynamics

In the Mananara-Nord Biosphere Reserve,the prices fluctuation of cash crops is a very important hazard for local populations whose local economy is heavily dependent on them.The objective of this study was to analyze where this price fluctuation comes from and how it affects landscape transformation and forest cover dynamics.Based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis,the study is particularly important because it highlights the underlying causes of deforestation at different international,national and local scales.It also helps to understand that household strategies are dynamic and reflect competition between agroforestry systems,food production systems and forest exploitation systems.

Clove(Syzygium aromaticum):a precious spice

Clove(Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and Tor many medicinal purposes.Clove is native of Indonesia but nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world including Brazil in the slate of Bahia.This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol,eugenol acetate and gallic acid and posses great potential for pharmaceutical,cosmetic,food and agricultural applications.This review includes the main studies reporting the biological activities of clove and eugennl.The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than many fruits,vegetables and other spices and should deserve special attention.A new application of clove as larvicidal agent is an interesting strategy to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in Brazil and other tropical countries.Pharmacokinetics and lexicological studies were also mentioned.The different studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use of clove as food preservative and medicinal plant standing out the importance of this plant for different applications.

Anticariogenic potentials of clove,tobacco and bitter kola

Objective:To investigate three tropical plant materials - clove seeds[Syzygium aromalicum(S. aromaticum)],bitter kola fruits[Garcinia kola(G.kola)]and tobacco leaves(Nicotiana species) as potential targeted killers of Streptococcus mutans(S.mutatis),a cavity-causing bacterium(gram-positive, facultative anaerobe) that resides in a multispecies microbial community(dental plaque) for the treatment of dental caries(tooth decay).Methods:Thirty one(31) teeth samples were collected from patients with obvious signs of tooth decay(swollen gum,weak or fallen tooth,etc.) using sterile swab sticks.These samples were collected from two major denial clinics in Nsukka, Enugu State,Nigeria and investigated by spread inoculation onto sterile blood agar and Mueller Hinton agar(MHA) respectively and incubated at 37℃for 24 h.The discrete colonies obtained were further re-inoculated onto sterile Mitis salivarius agar(MSA) plates and incubated as above. The isolates were characterized by gram staining and calalase lesl.Tobacco leaves,clove seeds and bitter kola fruits were ground into powder,extracted with three different solvents(n-hexane, hot water and ethanol),filtered,dried and stored in clean containers,corked and kept until used. The plant extracts were investigated for phytochemistry,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC), minimum cidal concentration(MCC)and compared with some conventional antibiotics commonly used against tooth decay.Antibiotic sensitivity test was also carried out.The results were statistically analyzed.Results:The extracts showed varied phytochemical composition but most abundantly the flavonoids.Our result also shows that females(16) have more tooth decay than males(15) and that 16 samples were very bloody while 15 were slightly bloody.The microbial characterization showed that 18 samples were catalase-positive indicating the presence of S. mutans while 13 were catalase-negative suspected to be Staphylococcus spp.The Gram reaction confirmed 13 Gram-negative and 18 Gram-positive organisms.The n-hexane extract had the best antimicrobial activity followed by the ethanol and lastly hot water.MIC showed that n-hexane clove extract had the largest inhibition zone diameter,followed by bitter kola extract and lastly tobacco extract.The antibiotic sensitivity test credited ciprofloxacin the best because it exhibited broad spectrum of action.Conclusions:Since the n-hexane extract of clove seeds demonstrated preferential growth-inhibitory activity against the causal cariogenic pathogens(S.mutans) in dental caries,we therefore,report here that clove extract be henceforth considered as a potential ingredient in toothpaste preparation.

Evaluation of cytotoxic and inflammatory properties of clove oil microemulsion in mice

Clove oil is the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum Merr.and L.M.It is widely used in pharmaceutical applications because of its biological potential including anesthetic,analgesic,antiinflammatory,antibacterial and antioxidant properties[1].The pharmacological efficacy is hindered by the high hydrophobicity of the essential oil;therefore,a thermodynamically stable microemulsion is an alternative attractive preparation for overcoming this problem[2].However,high surfactant concentration used in microemulsion may cause toxicity and other disadvantage to the formulation.This study aimed to investigate the immunotoxic effects of clove oil microemulsion in mice.

Role of clove oil in solvent exchange-induced doxycycline hyclate-loaded Eudragit RS in situ forming gel

Solvent exchange induced in situ forming gel(ISG) is the promising drug delivery system for periodontitis treatment owing to the prospect of maintaining an effective high drug level in the gingival crevicular fluid. In the present study, the influence of clove oil(CO) on the characteristics of doxycycline hyclate(DH)-loaded ISG comprising Eudragit RS(ERS) was investigated including viscosity/rheology, syringeability, in vitro gel formation/drug release, matrix formation/solvent diffusion and antimicrobial activities. CO could dissolve ERS and increase the viscosity of ISG and its hydrophobicity could also retard the diffusion of solvent and hinder the drug diffusion; thus, the minimization of burst effect and sustained drug release were achieved effectively. All the prepared ISGs comprising CO could expel through the 27-gauge needle for administration by injection and transform into matrix depot after exposure to the simulated gingival crevicular fluid. The antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were increased when the ratio of CO and N-methyl pyrrolidone(NMP) was decreased from 1:1 to 1:10 owing to higher diffusion of DH except that for C. albicans was increased as CO amount was higher.Therefore, CO could minimize the burst while prolonging the drug release of DH-loaded ERS ISG for use as a local drug delivery system for periodontitis treatment.

Repellent and Fumigant Effects of Essential Oil from Clove Buds Syzygium aromaticum L. against Tribofium castaneum （Herbest） （Coleoptera： Tenebrionidae）

Essential oil from clove buds Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. ＆ Perry （Myrtaceae） was extracted using petroleum ether in Soxhlet apparatus. The resultant oil contained eugenol （48.92%）, caryophyllene （18.55%）, α-caryophyllene （3.25%）, eugenol acetate （23%）, cis-13-docosenamide （3.2 1%）, presenting more than 96% of the oil. This oil was examined as a fumigant and repellent agent against adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Data showed that various concentrations of the oil have revealed dramatic repellent activity against the tested insect, where it gave 100% repellency by 1.0, 0.8, and 0.2% clove oil at 4, 8, 10 min, respectively. The RTs0 and RT95 were 1.1 and 8.0 min at 0.2% and 0.4, 2.6 min at 0.8%, respectively. In addition, fumigation assay has also exhibited strong fumigant activity toward the adults of T. castaneum. At 100 μL oil/L air, mortality was 75, 80 and 100% after 6, 7, and 8 days exposure period with LCs0 and LC95 17 and 70 μL/L air, respectively. The utilization of clove oil for its potential effects against stored product insect is discussed.

In vitro study of natural plant products against oral bacteria

Objective:To analyze the effect of selected plant product against several bacterial which commonly causes oral infection.It was hope that in future,this product will become the remedy for treatment of oral infection and with the hope that it can substitute antibiotics.Methods:A total of 5 species of oral bacteria from American Type Culture Collection(ATCC) were employed in this study(S.mutans,S.aureus,P.aeruginosa,S.sobrinus and L.salivarius ).Three types of natural plants crude extracts were used(garlic,curry leaves and cloves).Bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of these herbs were tested.Results:It was shown garlic had antibacterial effects on all bacteria.The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC in g/mL) of garlic towards S. aureus,P.aeruginosa,S.mutans,S.sobrinus and L.salivarius were 0.3,1.8,1.2,0.5 and 1.8,respectively. There was significant difference among the MIC of garlic on tested bacteria.It was more potent toward S.aureus. The curry leaf solution on the other hand,did not show any zone of inhibition in all bacteria plates but adversely showed enhanced growth of those bacteria.Clove had shown its antibacterial effects on 5.aureus and P.aeruginosa.The clove was more potent toward S.aureus with the MIC of 0.45 g/mL.P.aeruginosa was more sensitive to clove compared to garlic.For 5.aureus,it was more sensitive to garlic compared to clove. Conclusion:The antibacterial activity of garlic and clove crude extracts shown in our study further confirm these natural plants’potential usage in therapeutic use for oral diseases or infections.This could be the platform for the interested party to do research and development on it and to produce oral health products which are more affordable for lower economic income groups and with fewer side effects as seen in synthetic drug.

The Effect of Clove Essential Oil Treatment on the Cell Wall Components of Wheat Straw

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of additions of different doses of clove oil （Syzygium aromaticum L.） on cell wall component of wheat straw. For this purpose, wheat straw was treated with 100 ppm and 200 ppm clove oil and applied at two different time period （1 h and 5 h）. The microscopic analysis was made on cell wall components of untreated and treated of the straw. According to the research findings, with increasing doses and time of clove oil treatment, particularly, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） content of straw significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced, approximately at the level of 15% for NDF and 13% for ADF, respectively. The lowest NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin （ADL） and cellulose contents were found in 200 ppm dose and 5 h period. However, the lowest stem section thickness likewise was determined in 5 h period （P 〈 0.05）, but there was no significant difference between the dose. Consequently, it could be said that the addition of clove oil have a positive influence on cell wall components and stem section thickness of wheat straw.

Using Clove Essential Oil to Increase the Nutritional Potential of Industrial Fresh Double Cream Cheese

The present study was a potential application of Clove Essential Oil (CEO) in industrial fresh double cream cheese in order to lengthen its conservation and to improve its antioxidant potential. In this work, CEO was extracted by hydro distillation, and then analyzed by GC-MS;24 components of clove essential oil were identified. Eugenol was the major component (57.66%). Its antimicrobial properties against E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus, were evaluated by disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). As for, the antioxidant activity of CEO was evaluated by DPPH assay method. An optimum content of CEO (0.37%) was calculated by mixing plan carried out by Expert design software and then added to studied cheese. The responses, fixed from the beginning, for this mixing plan were: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antioxidant activity (IC50), taste and odor intensity and global appreciation. The results found on the cheese supplemented with the optimum content of CEO showed antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.146) was relatively important compared to conventional cheese (IC50 = 0.477). In fact, the incorporation of CEO in cheese may strongly improve its oxidative stability. Cheese antioxidant activity was not affected during the storage period for 13 days. Results showed also that the fresh double cream cheese could be stored at refrigerated temperature with good taste and odor during the period of 13 days due to antimicrobial properties given by CEO, that suggest lengthening its shelf life.

Effects of Different Combinations of Two Spices:Clove and Nutmeg Seed Extracts on Antioxidants Levels in African Catfish(Clarias gariepinus)

The effect of different combinations of botanical spices such as clove and nutmeg in different proportion on the antioxidants activities which include lipid peroxidation(LPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione-S-transferase(GST)and glutathione peroxide(GPX)in juveniles and adults sizes of Clarias gariepinus was investigated using different combinations of clove(C),and nutmeg(C.N 0:0-Control 0%of Clove and Nutmeg;C.N 1:3-25%Clove and 75%Nutmeg;C.N 3:1-75%Clove and 25%Nutmeg;C.N 2:2-50%Clove and 50%Nutmeg;C.4-100%Clove;N4-100%)in triplicates.The results from the study indicated that the anaesthetic caused a substantial(p<0.05)modifications in the five antioxidants under examination.The highest deviations in the studied antioxidants were observed in the fish exposed to C4 combination of the anaesthetics and the lowest in the control.The results from this work therefore suggest that the anaesthetics can alter antioxidants levels in the fish which was more noticeable in the fish exposed to C.N 3:1-75%Clove and 25%Nutmeg;C.N 2:2-50%Clove and 50%Nutmeg;C.4-100%Clove;N4-100%.Hence fish farmers and scientists are advised to take caution when combining these plant extracts for use in aquaculture.

Syzygium aromaticum L.(Clove)Essential Oil as a Reducing Agent for the Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

The present investigation details a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) as reducing agent, which is a matrix with a high content of eugenol, an important compound for the reducing action of silver nitrate. The synthesis of AgNP was performed at different pH conditions (pH 7, 8, 9 and 10), and was monitored by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles presented characteristic Surface Plasmon Resonance bands with maximum absorbance between 405 and 460 nm. The DLS analysis revealed particle sizes from 31 to 72 nm and zeta potential between -30.1 and -50.8 mV indicating good stability against the agglomeration of the particles in solution. The micrographs obtained by TEM showed different particle shapes and a predominance of spherical-shaped nanoparticles, and average size ranging from 27 to 94 nm. The clove-based silver nanoparticles were efficient in controlling the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 60 to 100 μL/mL. This study highlights the feasibility of clove essential oil as an alternative for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a simple, inexpensive and eco-friendly method.

Dye Regeneration Kinetics of C343-Sensitized Nickel Oxide Investigated by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) feedback mode has been used to investigate kinetics of dye regeneration in DSSC. Organic dye C343 and CW1 are used as sensitizers for nickel oxide (NiO) photoelectrochemical cells. The influence of film thickness on dye regeneration kinetics in the films for NiO/C343 for six different films was investigated. SECM was used to analyze effective rate constant, keff and reduction rate kred, absorption cross section, Φhv for the dye regeneration process. The data reveal a significant variation of keff and kred with a variation of light intensity, sample thickness and dye difference. This research found remarkable dependence of the dye regeneration kinetic parameters on illumination flux, dye types and film thickness of electrode.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Clove Oil Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Size and Retention Efficiency

A derivation of the nanoprecipitation technique without the presence of surfactants to reduce the nanoparticle size is herein proposed. The absence of surfactant in the nanoprecipitation technique allows capturing particles with a smaller diameter than nanoparticles containing surfactants, facilitating the migration of antioxidant nanoparticles in film packaging. Biodegradable PLA nanoparticles with clove oil were produced and characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, retention efficiency, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. The particle sizes obtained were smaller than those commonly produced by nanoprecipitation, monodispersed and stable for 6 months. The antioxidant activity showed that the encapsulated form of clove oil had greater antioxidant activity than unencapsulated clove oil. The addition of PLA nanoparticles decreased the cytotoxic action of eugenol, the main antioxidant component of clove oil.

Complexation of Eugenol(EG),as Main Component of Clove Oil and as Pure Compound,withβ-and HP-β-CDs

Eugenol, both in its pure form (EG) and included in essential clove oil (CO) was successfully solubilized in aqueous solution by forming inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) and its modified hydroxy-propyl-β-CDs (HP-β-CDs). To investigate the molecular association between β-CDs/HP-β-CDs with pure EG and essential CO, phase solubility studies were undertaken. Essential CO formed insoluble complexes with β-CDs, but not with HP-β-CDs. The work clearly demonstrates complexes formation follow an order higher than 1:1 when high essential CO and β-CDs concentrations were used, however it was 1:1 in the case of essential CO-HP-β-CDs complexes. When pure EG was studied the results indicated that EG could form 1:1 inclusion complexes with β-CDs and HP-β-CDs. Based on the studies, the Kc values for pure EG were 4555 ± 225 M-1 and 10,633 ± 614 M-1 for β-CDs and HP-β-CDs, respectively, and 2005 ± 199 M-1 for essential CO-HP-β-CDs. These finding indicate that CDs are suitable for encapsulating EG.