This work investigates the influence of the type sludge on drainage, plant development, purification performances and biosolids quality. Drainage properties were measured through the frequency of clogging, the percent...This work investigates the influence of the type sludge on drainage, plant development, purification performances and biosolids quality. Drainage properties were measured through the frequency of clogging, the percentage of leachate recovered and the dryness of accumulated sludge. Plant development was measured through the density, the height and the stem diameter. Purification performance was evaluated from the reduction rate. Biosolids quality was measured after 3 months of maturation. The results show that the clogging frequencies were 9.5%;0% and 3.7%;the volume of leachate recovered was 42.2%;20.4% and 24.7% and, the dryness was 33.4%;61.1% and 52.4% for FS-ST, FS-STT and SS respectively. Plants densities were about, with densities 197.1, 171.3 and 178.3 plants/m2 in beds fed respectively with FS-ST, FS-STT and SS. Despite the high removal rates, the concentrations of pollutants in the leachates are above the Senegalese standard NS 05-061 for discharge into the environment. The biosolids are all mature with C/N and NH4+/NO3?ratios lower than 12 and 1 respectively. The biosolids are also rich in organic and mineral elements. The concentrations of Ascaris eggs are higher than the WHO recommendations. These biosolids should be stored for additional time or composted.展开更多
Pre-dried sewage sludge with high sulfur content was combusted in an electrically heated lab-scale fluidized-bed incinerator. The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinate...Pre-dried sewage sludge with high sulfur content was combusted in an electrically heated lab-scale fluidized-bed incinerator. The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Coal and calcium oxide (CaO) were added during the sewage sludge combustion tests to optimize combustion conditions and control SO2 emission. The results indicated that the flue gases emitted during mono-combustion of sewage sludge were characterized by relatively high concentrations of SO2, NOx and organic pollutants, due to the high sulfur, nitrogen, and volatile matter content of sewage sludge. The total 16 USEPA priority PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs produced from sewage sludge combustion were found to be 106.14 μg/m^3 and 8955.93 pg/m^3 in the flue gas, respectively. In the case of cocombustion with coal (msludge/mcoal =1:1), the 16 PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentrations were markedly lower than those found during mono-combustion of sewage sludge. During co-combustion, a suppressant effect of CaO on PCDD/Fs formation was observed.展开更多
Sewage sludge is the by-product from municipal waste water treatment plant and is highly polluted. How to treat the SS in a solid environmental friendly way is strictly concerned in China. In this article, the SS situ...Sewage sludge is the by-product from municipal waste water treatment plant and is highly polluted. How to treat the SS in a solid environmental friendly way is strictly concerned in China. In this article, the SS situation and also the treatment methods in China have been introduced. The advantage and some related issues of co-processing SS in cement kiln have been discussed. The technical model and projects of Huaxin cement for co-processing SS in cement kiln also have been introduced.展开更多
Management of wastewater is a concern of developing countries. In Burkina Faso, an on-site septic system installed on the property is predominant and those systems product high quantities of faecal sludge which are no...Management of wastewater is a concern of developing countries. In Burkina Faso, an on-site septic system installed on the property is predominant and those systems product high quantities of faecal sludge which are not treated adequately before discharge. Our country is mainly fed by surface water, while water is the main vector of many diseases. So it is very important to manage efficiently wastewater and faeces. The treatment of faecal sludge by planted beds can use local persistent emergent plants like Andropogon gayanus (LPA) and Cymbopogon nardus (LPN). Those planted beds are compared to a non-planted bed (sludge drying bed) (LT). Treating raw sludge (BB) we got the yield over 90% concerning the biological oxygen demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>) for the LPA while the two others gave performances of 75% and 76% respectively. Regarding the chemical oxygen demand (COD), LPN gave better yields with 77% of removal against 71% and 69% for LPA and LT respectively. Overall, the pilots assured removal of orthophosphates varying between 77% and 79%, while the Kjeldahl nitrogen is removed by the various beds with respective fields of 94%, 96.5% and 97.5% for LPN, LPA and LT. The microbiological pollution abatement is in the order of 1 log unit on average for all beds.展开更多
Drying experiments of two paper mill sludge were carried using hot air with a temperature range of 50?C - 80?C and an air velocity of 0.96 m/son a laboratory convective dryer. The drying characteristics were discussed...Drying experiments of two paper mill sludge were carried using hot air with a temperature range of 50?C - 80?C and an air velocity of 0.96 m/son a laboratory convective dryer. The drying characteristics were discussed and the drying kinetic equation was solved. The dependence of the reaction rate constant on the drying temperature was given by Arrhenius equation, and the activation energies for moisture diffusion in paper mill sludge sample A and B were found to be 21.53 kJ/mol and 15.38 kJ/mol, respectively.展开更多
This work takes sludge drying and incineration and pollutant discharge characteristics as the main line of research.With sludge dewatered by a certain sewage plant in southern Jiangsu using machinery and chemical cond...This work takes sludge drying and incineration and pollutant discharge characteristics as the main line of research.With sludge dewatered by a certain sewage plant in southern Jiangsu using machinery and chemical conditioners selected as the research object,the influencing factors such as particle size,drying temperature and sludge reverse-mixing ratio in the sludge drying process were mainly explored,and the best working conditions of sludge drying were further analyzed.On this basis,in-depth research was carried out on the pollutants such as NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,CO and other pollutants generated in the sludge incineration process by investigating the incineration temperature,sewage,the sludge moisture content and excess air coefficient.The results showed that the best conditions for sludge drying were as follows:particle size 3.5 mm,temperature 210℃and reverse-mixing ratio 25,and the cumulative drying time of the sludge 445.21 min.Through the research on the pollutant emission characteristics of sludge incineration,it was found that the incineration temperature and the moisture content of the sludge had a greater impact on the emission concentrations of NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,and CO.Among them,the incineration temperature was the key factor that affected the generation of NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,and CO.展开更多
In this research, the use of borax sludge, which is generated in borax industry, as an additive in wall tile, was investigated. The wall tile samples were prepared by adding boron waste to the wall tile composition in...In this research, the use of borax sludge, which is generated in borax industry, as an additive in wall tile, was investigated. The wall tile samples were prepared by adding boron waste to the wall tile composition in the range of 2% - 10%. The effect of boron waste on the physical and mechanical properties of wall tile was determined. The results obtained were compared with the control tile and Turkish Standards (TS). The boron waste addition up to 8 wt.% was found to improve the water absorption and strength of wall tile.展开更多
Unsaturated Flow Drying Bed (UFDB) principles are based on the ones of wastewater treatment by infiltration-percolation on the one hand and septic tanks sludge solar-drying beds on the other hand. With UFDB, sludge ch...Unsaturated Flow Drying Bed (UFDB) principles are based on the ones of wastewater treatment by infiltration-percolation on the one hand and septic tanks sludge solar-drying beds on the other hand. With UFDB, sludge charges are split with low heights, leading to the drying of suspended solids in 2 days, and the infiltration of the flow of liquid in unsaturated middle. For average charges reaching 12.5 cm/d, the treatment efficiency of total oxygen demand and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, respectively 95 and 96%, correspond to a treatment capacity of 0.5 kg of O2/d/m2 of drying area. Bacteria reductions of 4 Ulog are obtained from filtrates outlet, with average fecal coliforms charges less than 103 CFU/100 ml. Monitoring the hydrodynamic behavior through rates, moisture, organic matter and respiratory activity demonstrates that the clogging of the massifs is linked to a biofilm growth within them. A four week resting period allows biofilm resorption. Thus, the drying of the infiltration surface in two days, the elimination of carbon, nitrogen and bacterial pollutions, as well as the reversibility of clogging show that UFDB is a credible alternative for the treatment of septic tank sludge in the socio-economic context and climate of tropical Africa.展开更多
This study seeks to evaluate the mechanisms for dewatering sludge from Water Treatment Plants (WTP) in a natural system that uses nonwoven polyester geotextile blankets named Drainage Bed (DB). Dewatering mechanisms a...This study seeks to evaluate the mechanisms for dewatering sludge from Water Treatment Plants (WTP) in a natural system that uses nonwoven polyester geotextile blankets named Drainage Bed (DB). Dewatering mechanisms are divided into two stages: Drainage and Drying Phases. For the Drainage Phase, the results showed that the solids content of the Aluminum Sulfate sludge reached 8.9% to 18.3% and the PACl sludge 1.8% to 6.5%, the volume reduction on this phase exceeding 50% and 74%, respectively. The final solids content, after the Drying Phase, was greater than 28%, reaching 90%. In the Drainage Phase the lower the Surface Application Rate—SAR [kg/m2] is, the greater the drainage flow will be. In the Drying Phase, moisture and insolation were key factors in drying sludge. Thus, the Drying Phase in the DB takes special attention for being virtually nonexistent in dewatering technologies in a closed system (confined) without exposure to solar energy. The use of the DB as a natural system for dewatering WTP sludge in tropical countries proved to be a promising alternative, because of its efficient removal of water from sludge coupled with operational simplicity and low costs, provided there is area available.展开更多
The dry faecal sludge (DFS) are potential sources of organic fertilizers because of their high content in nutrients and organic matter, critical for plants growth and soil health maintaining. In Burkina Faso, the DFS ...The dry faecal sludge (DFS) are potential sources of organic fertilizers because of their high content in nutrients and organic matter, critical for plants growth and soil health maintaining. In Burkina Faso, the DFS are processed in faecal treatment plants. However, after drying, the DFS are most often dumped in the nature without any control or directly used as fertilizer without any idea of their potential risks for human health and the environment. This investigation aimed at physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of the DFS from faecal treatment plants according to the duration of their storage. For this purpose, DFS samples were collected in three (3) faecal treatment plants in Ouagadougou and one in Bobo Dioulasso, in Burkina Faso. The measurements were carried out on pH (H<sub>2</sub>O), organic matter content, major nutrients (N, P, K), trace elements (Na, Ca and Mg) and metallic trace elements. Indifferently to the faecal treatment plants and the duration of the storage, the DFS showed strong acidity (4.85 ± 0.13 et 6.53 ± 0.10) and low content in total elements (Na à40.97% ± 9.99%). Values recorded of the trace metallic elements showed there were no risk of contamination when used as fertilizers: (103.9 ± 2.00 mg/kg < Cu < 137 ± 25.69 mg/kg);(710.13 ± 18.97 mg/kg < Zn < 922.30 ± 7.04 mg/kg);(33.03 ± 1.65 mg/kg < Pb < 152.40 ± 19.40 mg/kg);(1.34 ± 0.17 mg/kg < Cd < 1.76 ± 0.04 mg/kg);(34.34 ± 0.27 mg/kg < Ni < 52.32 ± 3.60 mg/kg) et (771.15 ± 18.36 mg/kg < Cr < 1697.83 ± 55.11 mg/kg). The results indicated a high fertilizer potential of the DFS after addressing the issue of their acidity.展开更多
A novel system combining sludge drying and co-combustion with coal was applied in disposing sludge and its atmospheric emission characteristics were tested. The system was composed of a hollow blade paddle dryer, a th...A novel system combining sludge drying and co-combustion with coal was applied in disposing sludge and its atmospheric emission characteristics were tested. The system was composed of a hollow blade paddle dryer, a thermal drying exhaust gas control system, a 75 tons/hr circulating fluidized bed and a flue gas cleaning system. The emissions of NH3, SO2, CH4 and some other pollutants released from thermal drying, and pollutants such as NOx, SO2 etc. discharged by the incinerator, were all tested. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the flue gas from the incinerator were investigated as well. The results indicated that the concentrations of NOx and SO2 in the flue gas from the incinerator were 145 and 16 mg/m^3, respectively, and the I-TEQ concentration of 2,3,7,8-substitued PCDD/Fs was 0.023 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. All these values were greatly lower than the emission standards of China. In addition, there was no obvious odor in the air around the sludge dryer. The results demonstrated that this drying and co-combustion system is efficient in controlling pollutants and is a feasible way for large-scale treatment of industrial sludge and sewage sludge.展开更多
The migration characteristics of heavy metals in co-combustion of sewage sludge and high alkali coal in circulating fluidized bed were studied by experiments and simulations. Temperature plays a crucial role in thermo...The migration characteristics of heavy metals in co-combustion of sewage sludge and high alkali coal in circulating fluidized bed were studied by experiments and simulations. Temperature plays a crucial role in thermodynamic equilibrium distribution and migration characteristics of heavy metals. At the temperature range of 700℃-1200℃, Hg is completely gaseous and the proportion of Pb, Ni, and Cd in the gas phase is also high. As is mainly elemental in the system, and the proportion of Cr in the solid phase is large. Zn compounds are diverse and mostly solid materials. The volatility of Cu is not strong, and it will become gaseous when the temperature exceeds 1700℃. The proportion of heavy metals in the gas phase decreases as the excess air ratio increases. In an oxygen-rich atmosphere, most of Zn and Ni are converted to oxides;Pb and Cd are converted to crystalline silicate;Cu is converted to partial aluminate;Cr compound is decomposed to form Cr_(2)O_(3);they are good for the solidification and controlling of heavy metals. The elemental Hg is converted to HgCl_(2) and the elemental As is converted to AsCl_(3). Temperature also has a great influence on the volatilization rate of heavy metals. The higher the temperature, the shorter the time they reach the maximum volatility.展开更多
The co-combustion characteristics of oily sludge and ginkgo leaves(GL) in an oxy-fuel atmosphere are investigated via thermogravimetric analysis coupled with an artificial neural network. The combustion characteristic...The co-combustion characteristics of oily sludge and ginkgo leaves(GL) in an oxy-fuel atmosphere are investigated via thermogravimetric analysis coupled with an artificial neural network. The combustion characteristics of blends improve as the GL mass ratio increases. The interaction indices used to evaluate the interaction between the two solid combustibles present a complex nonlinear relationship in different stages. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methods are used to calculate the activation energy of the blends, which increases with an increase in the oxygen concentration, in different atmospheres. Compared with the radial basis function, the backpropagation neural network performs better in predicting the combustion curve of the blends.展开更多
The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals were evaluated during co-combustion of sewage sludge with coal from a circulating fluidized bed incinera...The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals were evaluated during co-combustion of sewage sludge with coal from a circulating fluidized bed incinerator. The stack gas, slag and fly ash samples were sampled and analyzed. The gas-cleaning system consisted of electrostatic precipitators and a semi-dry scrubber. Results showed that the stack gas and fly ash exhibited mean dioxin levels of 9.4 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 and 11.65 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively, and showed great similarities in congener profiles. By contrast, the slag presented a mean dioxin level of 0.15 pg I-TEQ/g and a remarkable difference in congener profiles compared with those of the stack gas and fly ash. Co-combusting sewage sludge with coal was able to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions significantly in comparison with sewage sludge mono-combustion. The leaching levels of Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, and As in the fly ash and slag were much lower than the limits of the environmental protection standard in China. These suggest that the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal is an advisable treatment method from an environmental perspective.展开更多
This paper analyzes dewatered sludge drying using the multifractal theory.The drying rates of cylindrical sludge with equal masses but different crosssectional diameters was studied,from which multifractal parameters ...This paper analyzes dewatered sludge drying using the multifractal theory.The drying rates of cylindrical sludge with equal masses but different crosssectional diameters was studied,from which multifractal parameters such as partition function and quality exponent were obtained.The parameters acquired were used to calculate the multifractal singularity spectrum and indicate the presence of multifractal characteristics.The smaller cross-sectional diameters of the sludge were found to be non-homogeneous,and required quantitative methods to analyze.展开更多
文摘This work investigates the influence of the type sludge on drainage, plant development, purification performances and biosolids quality. Drainage properties were measured through the frequency of clogging, the percentage of leachate recovered and the dryness of accumulated sludge. Plant development was measured through the density, the height and the stem diameter. Purification performance was evaluated from the reduction rate. Biosolids quality was measured after 3 months of maturation. The results show that the clogging frequencies were 9.5%;0% and 3.7%;the volume of leachate recovered was 42.2%;20.4% and 24.7% and, the dryness was 33.4%;61.1% and 52.4% for FS-ST, FS-STT and SS respectively. Plants densities were about, with densities 197.1, 171.3 and 178.3 plants/m2 in beds fed respectively with FS-ST, FS-STT and SS. Despite the high removal rates, the concentrations of pollutants in the leachates are above the Senegalese standard NS 05-061 for discharge into the environment. The biosolids are all mature with C/N and NH4+/NO3?ratios lower than 12 and 1 respectively. The biosolids are also rich in organic and mineral elements. The concentrations of Ascaris eggs are higher than the WHO recommendations. These biosolids should be stored for additional time or composted.
基金supported by the Important Project on Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province of China(No. 2007C03003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50576082)
文摘Pre-dried sewage sludge with high sulfur content was combusted in an electrically heated lab-scale fluidized-bed incinerator. The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Coal and calcium oxide (CaO) were added during the sewage sludge combustion tests to optimize combustion conditions and control SO2 emission. The results indicated that the flue gases emitted during mono-combustion of sewage sludge were characterized by relatively high concentrations of SO2, NOx and organic pollutants, due to the high sulfur, nitrogen, and volatile matter content of sewage sludge. The total 16 USEPA priority PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs produced from sewage sludge combustion were found to be 106.14 μg/m^3 and 8955.93 pg/m^3 in the flue gas, respectively. In the case of cocombustion with coal (msludge/mcoal =1:1), the 16 PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentrations were markedly lower than those found during mono-combustion of sewage sludge. During co-combustion, a suppressant effect of CaO on PCDD/Fs formation was observed.
文摘Sewage sludge is the by-product from municipal waste water treatment plant and is highly polluted. How to treat the SS in a solid environmental friendly way is strictly concerned in China. In this article, the SS situation and also the treatment methods in China have been introduced. The advantage and some related issues of co-processing SS in cement kiln have been discussed. The technical model and projects of Huaxin cement for co-processing SS in cement kiln also have been introduced.
文摘Management of wastewater is a concern of developing countries. In Burkina Faso, an on-site septic system installed on the property is predominant and those systems product high quantities of faecal sludge which are not treated adequately before discharge. Our country is mainly fed by surface water, while water is the main vector of many diseases. So it is very important to manage efficiently wastewater and faeces. The treatment of faecal sludge by planted beds can use local persistent emergent plants like Andropogon gayanus (LPA) and Cymbopogon nardus (LPN). Those planted beds are compared to a non-planted bed (sludge drying bed) (LT). Treating raw sludge (BB) we got the yield over 90% concerning the biological oxygen demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>) for the LPA while the two others gave performances of 75% and 76% respectively. Regarding the chemical oxygen demand (COD), LPN gave better yields with 77% of removal against 71% and 69% for LPA and LT respectively. Overall, the pilots assured removal of orthophosphates varying between 77% and 79%, while the Kjeldahl nitrogen is removed by the various beds with respective fields of 94%, 96.5% and 97.5% for LPN, LPA and LT. The microbiological pollution abatement is in the order of 1 log unit on average for all beds.
文摘Drying experiments of two paper mill sludge were carried using hot air with a temperature range of 50?C - 80?C and an air velocity of 0.96 m/son a laboratory convective dryer. The drying characteristics were discussed and the drying kinetic equation was solved. The dependence of the reaction rate constant on the drying temperature was given by Arrhenius equation, and the activation energies for moisture diffusion in paper mill sludge sample A and B were found to be 21.53 kJ/mol and 15.38 kJ/mol, respectively.
基金Supported by Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX20_2596).
文摘This work takes sludge drying and incineration and pollutant discharge characteristics as the main line of research.With sludge dewatered by a certain sewage plant in southern Jiangsu using machinery and chemical conditioners selected as the research object,the influencing factors such as particle size,drying temperature and sludge reverse-mixing ratio in the sludge drying process were mainly explored,and the best working conditions of sludge drying were further analyzed.On this basis,in-depth research was carried out on the pollutants such as NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,CO and other pollutants generated in the sludge incineration process by investigating the incineration temperature,sewage,the sludge moisture content and excess air coefficient.The results showed that the best conditions for sludge drying were as follows:particle size 3.5 mm,temperature 210℃and reverse-mixing ratio 25,and the cumulative drying time of the sludge 445.21 min.Through the research on the pollutant emission characteristics of sludge incineration,it was found that the incineration temperature and the moisture content of the sludge had a greater impact on the emission concentrations of NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,and CO.Among them,the incineration temperature was the key factor that affected the generation of NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,and CO.
文摘In this research, the use of borax sludge, which is generated in borax industry, as an additive in wall tile, was investigated. The wall tile samples were prepared by adding boron waste to the wall tile composition in the range of 2% - 10%. The effect of boron waste on the physical and mechanical properties of wall tile was determined. The results obtained were compared with the control tile and Turkish Standards (TS). The boron waste addition up to 8 wt.% was found to improve the water absorption and strength of wall tile.
文摘Unsaturated Flow Drying Bed (UFDB) principles are based on the ones of wastewater treatment by infiltration-percolation on the one hand and septic tanks sludge solar-drying beds on the other hand. With UFDB, sludge charges are split with low heights, leading to the drying of suspended solids in 2 days, and the infiltration of the flow of liquid in unsaturated middle. For average charges reaching 12.5 cm/d, the treatment efficiency of total oxygen demand and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, respectively 95 and 96%, correspond to a treatment capacity of 0.5 kg of O2/d/m2 of drying area. Bacteria reductions of 4 Ulog are obtained from filtrates outlet, with average fecal coliforms charges less than 103 CFU/100 ml. Monitoring the hydrodynamic behavior through rates, moisture, organic matter and respiratory activity demonstrates that the clogging of the massifs is linked to a biofilm growth within them. A four week resting period allows biofilm resorption. Thus, the drying of the infiltration surface in two days, the elimination of carbon, nitrogen and bacterial pollutions, as well as the reversibility of clogging show that UFDB is a credible alternative for the treatment of septic tank sludge in the socio-economic context and climate of tropical Africa.
基金the Sao Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP for its financial support
文摘This study seeks to evaluate the mechanisms for dewatering sludge from Water Treatment Plants (WTP) in a natural system that uses nonwoven polyester geotextile blankets named Drainage Bed (DB). Dewatering mechanisms are divided into two stages: Drainage and Drying Phases. For the Drainage Phase, the results showed that the solids content of the Aluminum Sulfate sludge reached 8.9% to 18.3% and the PACl sludge 1.8% to 6.5%, the volume reduction on this phase exceeding 50% and 74%, respectively. The final solids content, after the Drying Phase, was greater than 28%, reaching 90%. In the Drainage Phase the lower the Surface Application Rate—SAR [kg/m2] is, the greater the drainage flow will be. In the Drying Phase, moisture and insolation were key factors in drying sludge. Thus, the Drying Phase in the DB takes special attention for being virtually nonexistent in dewatering technologies in a closed system (confined) without exposure to solar energy. The use of the DB as a natural system for dewatering WTP sludge in tropical countries proved to be a promising alternative, because of its efficient removal of water from sludge coupled with operational simplicity and low costs, provided there is area available.
文摘The dry faecal sludge (DFS) are potential sources of organic fertilizers because of their high content in nutrients and organic matter, critical for plants growth and soil health maintaining. In Burkina Faso, the DFS are processed in faecal treatment plants. However, after drying, the DFS are most often dumped in the nature without any control or directly used as fertilizer without any idea of their potential risks for human health and the environment. This investigation aimed at physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of the DFS from faecal treatment plants according to the duration of their storage. For this purpose, DFS samples were collected in three (3) faecal treatment plants in Ouagadougou and one in Bobo Dioulasso, in Burkina Faso. The measurements were carried out on pH (H<sub>2</sub>O), organic matter content, major nutrients (N, P, K), trace elements (Na, Ca and Mg) and metallic trace elements. Indifferently to the faecal treatment plants and the duration of the storage, the DFS showed strong acidity (4.85 ± 0.13 et 6.53 ± 0.10) and low content in total elements (Na à40.97% ± 9.99%). Values recorded of the trace metallic elements showed there were no risk of contamination when used as fertilizers: (103.9 ± 2.00 mg/kg < Cu < 137 ± 25.69 mg/kg);(710.13 ± 18.97 mg/kg < Zn < 922.30 ± 7.04 mg/kg);(33.03 ± 1.65 mg/kg < Pb < 152.40 ± 19.40 mg/kg);(1.34 ± 0.17 mg/kg < Cd < 1.76 ± 0.04 mg/kg);(34.34 ± 0.27 mg/kg < Ni < 52.32 ± 3.60 mg/kg) et (771.15 ± 18.36 mg/kg < Cr < 1697.83 ± 55.11 mg/kg). The results indicated a high fertilizer potential of the DFS after addressing the issue of their acidity.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No.SS2012AA063305)the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No.2009ZX07317-003)
文摘A novel system combining sludge drying and co-combustion with coal was applied in disposing sludge and its atmospheric emission characteristics were tested. The system was composed of a hollow blade paddle dryer, a thermal drying exhaust gas control system, a 75 tons/hr circulating fluidized bed and a flue gas cleaning system. The emissions of NH3, SO2, CH4 and some other pollutants released from thermal drying, and pollutants such as NOx, SO2 etc. discharged by the incinerator, were all tested. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the flue gas from the incinerator were investigated as well. The results indicated that the concentrations of NOx and SO2 in the flue gas from the incinerator were 145 and 16 mg/m^3, respectively, and the I-TEQ concentration of 2,3,7,8-substitued PCDD/Fs was 0.023 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. All these values were greatly lower than the emission standards of China. In addition, there was no obvious odor in the air around the sludge dryer. The results demonstrated that this drying and co-combustion system is efficient in controlling pollutants and is a feasible way for large-scale treatment of industrial sludge and sewage sludge.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52076172)。
文摘The migration characteristics of heavy metals in co-combustion of sewage sludge and high alkali coal in circulating fluidized bed were studied by experiments and simulations. Temperature plays a crucial role in thermodynamic equilibrium distribution and migration characteristics of heavy metals. At the temperature range of 700℃-1200℃, Hg is completely gaseous and the proportion of Pb, Ni, and Cd in the gas phase is also high. As is mainly elemental in the system, and the proportion of Cr in the solid phase is large. Zn compounds are diverse and mostly solid materials. The volatility of Cu is not strong, and it will become gaseous when the temperature exceeds 1700℃. The proportion of heavy metals in the gas phase decreases as the excess air ratio increases. In an oxygen-rich atmosphere, most of Zn and Ni are converted to oxides;Pb and Cd are converted to crystalline silicate;Cu is converted to partial aluminate;Cr compound is decomposed to form Cr_(2)O_(3);they are good for the solidification and controlling of heavy metals. The elemental Hg is converted to HgCl_(2) and the elemental As is converted to AsCl_(3). Temperature also has a great influence on the volatilization rate of heavy metals. The higher the temperature, the shorter the time they reach the maximum volatility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51876106)the Primary Research&Development Plan of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2018GGX104027)the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University(Grant No.2015WLJH33)。
文摘The co-combustion characteristics of oily sludge and ginkgo leaves(GL) in an oxy-fuel atmosphere are investigated via thermogravimetric analysis coupled with an artificial neural network. The combustion characteristics of blends improve as the GL mass ratio increases. The interaction indices used to evaluate the interaction between the two solid combustibles present a complex nonlinear relationship in different stages. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methods are used to calculate the activation energy of the blends, which increases with an increase in the oxygen concentration, in different atmospheres. Compared with the radial basis function, the backpropagation neural network performs better in predicting the combustion curve of the blends.
基金supported by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (No.2011467001)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2010DFB94130)
文摘The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals were evaluated during co-combustion of sewage sludge with coal from a circulating fluidized bed incinerator. The stack gas, slag and fly ash samples were sampled and analyzed. The gas-cleaning system consisted of electrostatic precipitators and a semi-dry scrubber. Results showed that the stack gas and fly ash exhibited mean dioxin levels of 9.4 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 and 11.65 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively, and showed great similarities in congener profiles. By contrast, the slag presented a mean dioxin level of 0.15 pg I-TEQ/g and a remarkable difference in congener profiles compared with those of the stack gas and fly ash. Co-combusting sewage sludge with coal was able to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions significantly in comparison with sewage sludge mono-combustion. The leaching levels of Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, and As in the fly ash and slag were much lower than the limits of the environmental protection standard in China. These suggest that the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal is an advisable treatment method from an environmental perspective.
文摘This paper analyzes dewatered sludge drying using the multifractal theory.The drying rates of cylindrical sludge with equal masses but different crosssectional diameters was studied,from which multifractal parameters such as partition function and quality exponent were obtained.The parameters acquired were used to calculate the multifractal singularity spectrum and indicate the presence of multifractal characteristics.The smaller cross-sectional diameters of the sludge were found to be non-homogeneous,and required quantitative methods to analyze.