Experimental Study on Ammonia Co-Firing with Coal for Carbon Reduction in the Boiler of a 300-MW Coal-Fired Power Station

To reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants,the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent.As a new zero-carbon fuel,ammonia(NH_(3))can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy.Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term,the development of ammonia-coal co-combustion technology at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants.This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burners in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia-coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20%to 10%(by heat ratio)at loads of 180-to 300-MW,respectively.The results show that,during ammonia-coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant,there was a more significant change in NO_(x) emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxygen levels varied.Moreover,ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone.Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions,the NH_(3) concentration at the furnace outlet remained below 1 parts per million(ppm).Compared with that under pure-coal conditions,the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased(by 0.12%-0.38%)under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h^(-1).Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.

SO_2 emission characteristics from co-firing of petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed

Combustion and sulfur retention experiments of mixed fuel of petroleum cokeand coal were conducted on a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor with the thermalinput of 0. 6 MW. The effects of several parameters, such as the primary air percentage, excess aircoefficient, bed temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and mass ratio of petroleum coke to coal on SO_2emission were verified. Experimental results show that when the ratio of petroleum coke to coal inthe mixed fuel increases, the SO_2emission increases. The maximum SO_2 emission appears when purecoke burns. The SO_2 concentration in flue gas reduces with the increase in the primary airpercentage, excess air coefficient and Ca/S molar ratio for all kinds of fuel mixtures. Therangebetween 830 t and 850 t is the optimal temperature for sulfur retention during co-firing ofpetroleum coke and coal with the mass ratio R of 1 and 3 in CFB.

Emissions of SO_2, NO and N_2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N20 in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The infuence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.

Co-firing of coal and biomass in oxy-fuel fluidized bed for CO2 capture: A review of recent advances

The co-firing of coal and biomass in oxy-fuel fluidized beds is one of the most promising technologies for capturing CO2.This technology has attracted wide attention from academia and industry in recent years as a negative emission method to capture CO2 produced by carbon contained in biomass.In the past decades,many studies have been carried out regarding experiments and numerical simulations under oxy-fuel combustion conditions.This paper firstly briefly discusses the techno-economic viability of the biomass and coal co-firing with oxycombustion and then presents a review of recent advancements involving experimental research and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations in this field.Experimental studies on mechanism research,such as thermogravimetric analysis and tube furnace experiments,and fluidized bed experiments based on oxy-fuel fluidized beds with different sizes as well as the main findings,are summarized as a part of this review.It has been recognized that CFD is a useful approach for understanding the behaviors of the co-firing of coal and biomass in oxyfuel fluidized beds.We summarize a recent survey of published CFD research on oxy-fuel fluidized bed combustion,which categorized into Eulerian and Lagrangian methods.Finally,we discuss the challenges and interests for future research.

Waste biomass from production process co-firing with coal in a steam boiler to reduce fossil fuel consumption:A case study

Waste biomass is always generated during the production process in industries. The ordinary way to get rid of the waste biomass is to send them to landfill or burn it in the open field. The waste may potentially be used for co-firing with coal to save fossil fuel consumption and also reduce net carbon emissions. In this case study, the bio-waste from a Nicotiana Tahacum （NT） pre-treatment plant is used as the biomass to co-fire with coal. The samples of NT wastes were analysed. It was found that the wastes were of the relatively high energy content which were suitable for co-firing with coal. To investigate the potential and benefits for adding NT wastes to a Fluidised Bed Combustion （FBC） boiler in the plant, detailed modelling and simulation are carried out using the European Coal Liquefaction Process Simulation and Evaluation （ECLIPSE） process simulation package. The feedstock blending ratios of NT waste to coal studied in this work are varied from 0% to 30%. The results show that the addition of NT wastes may decrease the emissions of CO2 and SOx without reducing the boiler performance.

Development and application of ferrite materials for low temperature co-fired ceramic technology

Development and application of ferrite materials for low temperature co-fired ceramic （LTCC） technology are dis- cussed, specifically addressing several typical ferrite materials such as M-type barium ferrite, NiCuZn ferrite, YIG ferrite, and lithium ferrite. In order to permit co-firing with a silver internal electrode in LTCC process, the sintering temperature of ferrite materials should be less than 950 ℃. These ferrite materials are research focuses and are applied in many ways in electronics.

Low SO_2 emission from CFB co-firing MSW and bituminous

Influence of co-firing rate on SO 2 emission from co-firing municipal solid waste(MSW) and bituminous containing high amount of sulfur(1.79%) was studied in a 0.15 MWt circulating fluidized bed(CFB). The temperature selected is 1123 K, typical for MSW incineration using CFB. The particle concentration in the dilution zone of the furnace, the alkali metal concentration and sulfate concentration in the recirculating ash and fly ash, and flue gas composition were determined. The results showed that the addition of MSW leads to a significant decrease in SO 2 emission. Concentration of SO 2 in flue gas decreased to 0 with the co-firing rate greater than 51%. This reduction in SO 2 emission is attributed both to the high particle concentration in the dilution zone of the furnace, the high content of alkali metals in the bed material, and to the comparatively high concentration of HCl in flue gas during co-firing of MSW and bituminous.

Effects of Flue Gas Internal Recirculation on NOx and SOx Emissions in a Co-Firing Boiler

Volumetric combustion has been developed to realize a high substitution ratio of biomass in co-firing boilers, which features an intensive flue gas internal recirculation inside furnace. However, the characteristics of NOx and SOx emissions in large-scale boilers with volumetric combustion were not fully clear. In this paper, an Aspen Plus model of volumetric combustion system was built up based on a co-firing boiler. In order to characterize the reductions of NOx and SOx, three biomass substitution ratios were involved, namely, 100% biomass, 45% biomass with 55% coal, and 100% coal. The effects of flue gas recirculation ratio, air preheating temperature, oxygen concentration, and fuel types on pollutants emission in the volumetric combustion system were investigated. According to the results, it was concluded the higher substitution ratio of biomass in a co-firing boiler, the lower emissions of NOx and SOx. Moreover, flue gas internal recirculation is an effective pathway for NOx reduction and an increased recirculation ratio resulted in a significant decreasing of NOx emission;however, the SOx increased slightly. The influences of air preheating temperature and O2 concentration on NOx emission were getting weak with increasing of recirculation ratio. When 10% or even higher of flue gas was recycled, it was observed that almost no NOx formed thermodynamically under all studied conditions. Finally, to reach a low emission level of NOx, less energy would be consumed during biomass combustion than coal combustion process for internal recirculation of flue gas.

Air Quality Impact of Biomass Co-Firing with Coal at a Power Plant in the Greater Houston Area

The Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) area of Texas is a moderate nonattainment region for ozone, and has a history of severe summer ozone episodes. W. A. Parish power plant (WAP) located in the greater Houston area is the largest coal and natural gas based electricity generating unit (EGU) in Texas. Forest residue is an abundant renewable resource, and can be used to offset coal usage at EGUs. This study evaluates the impact of co-firing 5%, 10%, and 15% (energy-basis) of forest residue at WAP on the air quality of the HGB area. Photochemical modeling with Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) was conducted to investigate the air quality at three air quality monitoring sites (C696, C53, C556) in the HGB area, under two source scenarios (all-sources, point + biogenic sources). Significant reduction of SO2 and O3 was observed for 10% and 15% co-firing ratios at monitoring station (C696) close to WAP. The maximum reduction of ozone observed for 15% co-firing is 4.7% and 6.3% for all-sources and point + biogenic sources scenarios respectively. The reduction in other criteria air pollutants is not significant at all locations. The overall results from this study indicate that biomass co-firing at WAP would not lead to a significant reduction in ozone concentrations in the region during periods of peak ozone.

34 GHz Bandpass Filter for Low-temperature Co-fired Ceramic System-in-Package Application

Modern electronic circuit requires compact,multifunctional technology in communication systems.However,it is very difficult due to the limitations in passive component miniaturization and the complication of fabrication process.The bandpass filter is one of the most important passive components in millimeter（mm）-wave communication system,attracting significant interest in three-dimension（3D） miniaturized design,which is few reported.In this paper,a bandpass filter structure using low-temperature co-fired ceramic（LTCC） technology,which is fully integrated in a system-in package（SIP） communication module,is presented for miniaturized and high reliable mm-wave application.The bandpass filter with 3D end-coupled microstrip resonators is implemented in order to achieve a high performance bandwidth characteristic.Specifically,all of the resonators are embedded into different ceramic layers to decrease the insertion loss and enhance the out-of-band rejection performance by optimizing the coupling coefficient and the coupling strength.A fence structure,which is formed by metal-filled via array with the gap less than quarter wavelength,is placed around the embedded bandpass filter to avoid electromagnetic（EM） interference problem in multilayer structure.This structural model is validated through actual LTCC process.The bandpass filter is successfully manufactured by modifying the co-fireablity characteristics,adjusting the sintering profile,releasing the interfacial stress,and reducing the shrinkage mismatch with different materials.Measured results show good performance and agree well with the high frequency EM full wave simulation.The influence of layer thickness and dielectric constant on the frequency response in fabricated process is analyzed,where thicker ceramic sheets let the filter response shift to higher frequency.Moreover,measured S-parameters denote the center frequency is also strongly influenced by the variation of ceramic material＇s dielectric constants.By analyzing the relationship between the characteristics of the ceramic tape and the center frequency of the filter,both theoretical and experimental data are accumulated for broadening application filed.With the coupling resonators embedded into the ceramic layers,the bandpass filter exhibits advantages of small size and high reliability compared to conventional planar filter structure,which makes the bandpass filter suitable for SIP communicational application.

Computational Analysis of Gas Phase Mixing in a Co-Fired Burner with Two Different Designs

The study of swirling jet combustor for biomass coal co-firing is of great interest for energy industry. The biomass co-firing can serve as a NOx reduction method as well as the better use of renewable energy source. Large eddy simulation (LES) and RANS modelling have been performed with two different burner designs. Usually pulverized coal-biomass mixture enters the furnace along with primary air through primary pipe, and the secondary pipe provides necessary air and mixing for combustion. The improved model has three passages including primary, secondary and middle passage for swirling. The simulations on two geometries have been compared, and the aim is to design a better and improved burner model for better pre-combustion mixing in the biomass co- fired furnace. The results from two-way and three-way geometry have been compared with each other as well as with the results from the furnace model used by Apte and Mahesh [8].

Emission Factors of Particulate Matter Emitted from Co-Firing of Thai Lignite and Agricultural Residues in Fixed Bed Combustor

Emission factors （EFs） of particulate matter （PM） derived from mono and co-firing of Thai lignite and agricultural residues have been investigated. Two sampling methods for PM, total filtration （TF） and electrical low-pressure impactor （ELPI）, were used together. The study is focused on the influence of fuel mass fraction, and of secondary air to total air; SA：TA on EFs of PM. The results have shown that EFs of PM in mass-basis given by TF method are 8.9, 5.3 and 8.1 mg/kgfuel, while 3.3, 2.7 and 3.3 mg/kgfuel when using ELPI, for firing at constant SA：TA （30%） of lignite, rice husk and bagasse, respectively. For co-firing with 30%SA of coal/rice husk, higher EFs of PM is observed. They are 7.17 and 10.9 mg/kgfuel （TF） for 40 and 70% rice husk share, respectively, or 4.18 and 5.19 mg/kgfuel （ELPI）. However, lower PM emission; 1-3.3 mg/kgruel （TF） or 0.72-2.83 mg/kgfuel （ELPI） are obtained during co-firing of coal/rice husk with lower degree of air staging （i.e. 0-10% SA：TA）. For the influence of oxygenation state, increasing of SA： TA leads to a low formation of ultrafine particles （Dp 〈 0.1 μm）. Apart from PM, major gases （CO, NO, SO2） will be documented in this paper.

Analysis on Micro Complex Shape Via Hole Punching on Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics

The quality of a via hole on a multilayer stack of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) tape is of utmost importance to its functionality. This paper investigates a substitute for the commonly used circular shape hole to a more complex one and its implications when different parameters such as sheet thickness, punch speed, travel distance and tool clearance are?changed. Fabrication of the punch tools and the punching process is carried out at the same machine, ensuring alignment. Two types of non-circular shape are chosen to carry out the experiment. Pre-sintered complex shape hole measurements show that while punch conditions such as speed and tool gap have?little effect on the size, sheet thickness and travel depth play a vital role in the overall dimension. Albeit having only a slight effect on the size, those parameters are significant in other aspects of hole quality. Post-sintering investigation is also observed and discussed.

Wood Pellet Co-Firing for Electric Generation Source of Income for Forest Based Low Income Communities in Alabama

Alabama imports coal from other states to generate electricity. This paper assessed the direct and indirect economic impacts of wood pellet production to be co-fired with coal for power generation in Alabama. Four sizes of wood pellet plants and regional input-output models were used for the analysis. The results showed that the economic impact increases with the size of the plant. Wood pellet production will have a multiplier effect on the economy especially, forest-related services, retail stores, the health service industry, and tax revenue for the government. Domestic wood pellet production can reduce the use of imported coal, allow the use of local woody biomass, and create economic activities in Alabama’s rural communities. Policies that support the production of wood pellet will serve to encourage the use of wood for power generation and support the rural economies.

含钡玻璃陶瓷LTCC粉体的表面修饰及其对玻璃陶瓷性能的影响

为了降低BaO-TiO2-B2O3-SiO2玻璃陶瓷中钡离子的析出,通过化学沉淀法和硫酸处理法对玻璃陶瓷粉体进行了表面修饰,在玻璃陶瓷粉体的表面形成了一层不溶于水的无机膜(氧化铝或BaSO4),不仅阻断了LTCC中钡离子与水的接触途径,使LTCC玻璃陶瓷粉体制备可适用于水基流延工艺的浆料,且操作简便,无毒副作用。研究发现用共沉淀法包覆氧化铝对玻璃陶瓷的性能影响不大,但是硫酸包覆处理后大大提高了玻璃陶瓷的烧结温度,限制了LTCC的应用。

含钡玻璃粉体的表面修饰及其表征

为了降低BaO-B2O3-SiO2玻璃中钡离子在水中的析出，通过硫酸处理法对玻璃粉体进行了表面修饰，在玻璃粉体的表面形成一层不溶于水的BaSO4，从而阻断了钡离子与水的接触途径，使玻璃粉体更容易制备稳定的水基流延浆料，操作简便，且无毒副作用。研究发现生成的BaSO4层的厚度与硫酸的浓度和处理时间相关；硫酸钡层明显提高了玻璃粉的烧结温度。

LTCC水基流延生带材料的制备与叠层性能

利用硼硅酸盐玻璃和氧化铝陶瓷复合制备了相对介电常数为7～9的LTCC材料粉体,利用苯丙乳液作为粘结剂,甘油作为增塑剂,成功制备出了浆料固含量高、稳定性好的水基流延浆料;该工艺制备的生带材料表面光滑,强度高,且容易在室温下叠层,经过850～900℃烧结,其相对体积密度最高可以达到96%以上;以上述LTCC生带为原材料,在室温条件下制备了烧结性能良好的叠层器件,具有很好的应用前景。

BaO-TiO_2-B_2O_3-SiO_2体系LTCC粉体的表面修饰及评价

利用沉淀法对BaO-TiO2-B2O3-SiO2体系LTCC粉体颗粒进行氧化铝包覆以阻断钡离子的溶出通道。分别使用结晶氯化铝和异丙醇铝作为包覆前驱物材料,通过对比两种前驱物的包覆效果,发现使用异丙醇铝前驱体的包覆效果更佳;随着包覆的氧化铝含量增大,包覆效果越好;使用异丙醇铝作前驱体,6%(质量分数,下同)包覆足以阻断钡离子溶出,包覆粉体在水中经过6h搅拌,钡离子无析出。

复合双性LTCC材料基础研究

随着电子技术在自动化、工业控制、医学、航天航空和日常生活等领域的广泛应用,高密度、宽温域、小尺寸、多功能、高品质等特性日益成为其发展的必然趋势,同时这些特性给传统封装技术及工艺带来了巨大的挑战。在众多的封装技术中,低温共烧陶瓷LTCC(Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic)技术成为了国际研究的焦点,因为利用LTCC技术制备的产品不仅能具备高电流密度、小体积,而且还具备高可靠性和优良的电性能、传输特性及密封性。LTCC技术是一种先进的混合电路封装技术。它将四大无源器件,即变压器(T)、电容器(C)、电感器(L)和电阻器(R)集成,配置于多层布线基板中,与有源器件(如:功率MOS、晶体管和IC电路模块等)共同集成为一完整的电路系统。因此LTCC技术又称为混合集成技术,它能有效地提高电路的封装密度及系统的可靠性。笔者围绕LTCC技术中的低温共烧铁氧体LTCF(Low Temperature Co-fired Ferrite)材料,采用理论、实验及应用三位一体的研究模式,开发了一种新型LTCC复合介质材料,不但对该材料的复合机理进行了理论模拟而且对其在LTCC滤波器中的应用展开了研究。笔者在理论模型、材料制备和器件设计上做了一些探索性和创新性的工作,具体内容如下:(1)探索性地建立了针对LTCC陶瓷的低温烧结模型。模型基于液相烧结理论,以液相在晶粒边界引起的毛细管压力及溶解–淀析过程中化学势能的变化为烧结驱动力,将烧结温度、时间与烧结后的最终晶粒大小、相对密度联系起来,模拟出低温烧结动态过程中相对密度的变化趋势。(2)首次提出铁电–铁磁复合材料的复合理论并给予了系统的分析。讨论了复合材料中两相成分的化学结构及电磁性能在理论上对复合可能性的影响,根据材料的微观结构建立了复合模型,模型中假设铁电相均匀分布于铁磁相晶粒表面,并和气孔一起形成非磁性薄层将铁磁晶粒之间隔断,使铁磁颗粒孤立。通过对复合结构中铁磁晶粒内场变化的分析,推导出复合材料铁电/铁磁成分比与复合磁导率的关系方程;另外,利用微观结构中电流流通的等效电路,推导得到不同铁电/铁磁成分比时复合材料复数介电常数与频率的关系表达式。(3)研究了工艺条件对材料电磁性能的影响。按照工艺流程改变工艺参数预烧温度、二次球磨时间、烧结曲线中升温降温速度、烧结温度和保温时间,通过SEM、XRD等分析手段了解改变工艺参数对铁氧体材料微观结构的影响规律,通过对材料介电常数频谱、磁导率频谱及品质因数的测量得知工艺参数对材料电磁性能的影响规律,根据实验数据结果得到最佳铁氧体烧结工艺参数。(4)研究了不同掺杂离子及助熔剂的加入对低温烧结铁氧体LTCF材料的微观结构及电磁性能影响。首先研究了不同MnCO3和CuO含量对NiZn铁氧体烧结特性、微观结构及电磁性能的影响,首次发现了掺杂Mn离子的NiZn铁氧体其电磁性能对烧结温度具有敏感性。其次研究了不同助熔剂Bi2O3、WO3和Nb2O5对NiCuZn铁氧体烧结特性、微观结构及电磁性能的影响,实验揭示W6+对材料微观结构的改善;最后对低温NiCuZn铁氧体进行改性掺杂,研究稀土氧化物CeO2对其微观结构及电磁性能的影响,并给出NiCuZn铁氧体掺杂稀土元素时的磁频谱及介频谱。(5)开发了一新型的基于不同低温烧结NiCuZn铁氧体与高介电常数(BaTiOk+X)钙钛矿的具有电感、电容双性的铁电–铁磁复合材料,研究了不同铁电–铁磁含量对各组复合材料微观结构及电容电感双性的影响。并研究了不同助熔剂Bi2O3、WO3和Nb2O5对其烧结特性、微观结构及电容电感双性的影响。最后对复合材料进行稀土掺杂改性,研究稀土氧化物CeO2对其微观结构及电容电感双性的影响。(6)设计并制作出两种使用LTCC复合双性材料的3G通讯设备用带通滤波器。采用Ansoft HFSS电磁仿真软件对所建立的滤波器模型进行模拟仿真,通过调节滤波器结构参数使滤波器各性能指标达到要求,并实现生产制备。制得带通中心频率3.5 GHz,插损<2.8 dB,带宽>400 MHz,阻带衰减大于35 dB的微带式带通滤波器和带通中心频率1.4 GHz,插损<3 dB,带宽>160 MHz,阻带衰减大于30 dB的LC式带通滤波器。

Low-temperature sintering and microwave dielectric properties of Li_2MgTi_3O_8 ceramics doped with BaCu(B_2O_5)

The influences of BaCu（B2O5） （BCB） addition on sintering, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Li2MgTi308 ceramics were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and microwave dielectric measurements. The experimental results show that a small amount of BaCu（B2O5） addition can effectively reduce the sintering temperature to 900℃, and induce only a limited degradation of the microwave dielectric properties. Typically, the best microwave dielectric properties of er24.5, Q×f =24 622 GHz, rf=4.2×10-6℃ -1 are obtained for 1.0% BCB-doped Li2MgTi3O8 ceramics sintered at 900℃ for 3 h. The BCB-doped Li2MgTi3O8 ceramics can be compatible with Ag electrode, which may be a strong candidate for low temperature co-fired ceramics applications.