A Gasification Technology to Combine Oil Sludge with Coal-Water Slurry:CFD Analysis and Performance Determination

The development of more environment-friendly ways to dispose of oil sludge is currently regarded as a hot topic.In this context,gasification technologies are generally seen as a promising way to combine oil sludge with coal–water slurry(CWS)and generate resourceful fuel.In this study,a novel five-nozzle gasifier reactor was analyzed by means of a CFD(Computational fluid dynamic)method.Among several influential factors,special attention was paid to the height-to-diameter ratio of the gasifier and the mixing ratio of oil sludge,which are known to have a significant impact on the flow field,temperature distribution and gasifier performances.According to the numerical results,the optimal height-to-diameter ratio and oil mixing ratio are about 2.4:1 and 20%,respectively.Furthermore,the carbon conversion rate can become as high as 98.55%with the hydrolysis rate reaching a value of 53.88%.The consumption of raw coal and oxygen is generally reduced,while the effective gas production is increased to 50.93 mol/%.

The Role of Diatomite Particles in the Activated Sludge System for Treating Coal Gasification Wastewater

Diatomite is a kind of natural low-cost mineral material. It has a number of unique physical properties and has been widely used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the aerobic biodegradation of coal gasification wastewater with and without diatomite addition. Experimental results indicated that diatomite added in the activated sludge system could promote the biomass and also enhance the performance of the sludge settling. The average mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids （MLVSS） is increased from 4055 mg.L^-1 to 4518 mg.L^-1 and the average settling volume （SV） are changed only from 45.9% to 47.1%. Diatomite additive could enhance the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total phenols removal from the wastewater. The COD removal increased from 73.3% to near 80% and the total phenols removal increased from 81.4% to 85.8%. The mechanisms of the increase of biomass and pollutants removal may correlates to the improvement of bioavailability and sludge settlement characteristics by diatomite added. Micrograph of the sludge in the diatomite-activated sludge system indicated that the diatomite added could be the carrier of the microbe and also affect the biomass and pollutant removal.

Co-gasification of coal and biomass an emerging clean energy technology: Status and prospects of development in Indian context

Co-gasification of coal and biomass is emerging as potential clean fuel technology to achieve high thermodynamic efficiency with relatively low CO2 emission. The coal and biomass have been exclusively gasified more than a century to obtain gas–liquid fuels and the production of chemicals. Co-gasification has higher efficiency than the solitary coal gasification because the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of biomass help to ignite and enhance the rate of gasification. It is suggested that the extensive research on carbon reactivity pattern, heat release, reaction kinetics, etc. may support to reduce the uncertainties in the co-gasification performance of coal and biomass blends, particularly in India. The prospects of co-gasification technology in Indian context have been discussed considering the abundance of varieties of coal and biomass. The suitability of existing gasifier procedures and their limitations with operating parameters like temperature, residence time, density optimisation, feed rate, agglomeration intensity, the tar formation and techno-economics involved are described. Also, this paper reviews the research highlights of the history of co-gasification and the advancement in upcoming challenges like a design of gasifier, access and preparation of biomass, disposal of residue, environmental concerns and reassurance to the operators for execution of large and small-scale projects.

Characteristics of coal sludge slurry prepared by a wet-grinding process

Coal sludge slurry(CSS) is an alternative fuel and a potential competitive method for sludge reduction.Based on the researches of coal water slurry, we studied CSSs by using a wet-grinding process with different types of regional municipal sludge(sludge) in an orthogonal experiment. The sludge type,sludge mixing proportion, dosage of dispersant, and grinding time were tested in this study. The results show that water content and its occurrence characteristics in the sludge have primary hindering influences on slurry ability. The range of fixed-viscosity concentrations with raw wet sludge is from 50.78%to 44.40%(by weight), while the range is from 53.35% to 51.51%(by weight) with dry sludge. All of the CSSs exhibit shear-thinning behaviors with different variation trends, especially the CSSs with more than 15%(by weight) raw wet sludge in it. Adding the same proportion of raw wet sludge increases the thixotropic properties of CSSs and the highest area of thixotropy loop is 3065 Pa/s, while the highest value of dry sludge is 1798 Pa/s. Hydrophilic group plays an important role in adsorbing water and building three-dimension networks with other particles, which is the main reason for CSS properties.Therefore, the mechanism can be used to find the way for making high quality CSS.

Utilization of coal fly ash and municipal sewage sludge in agriculture and for reconstruction of soils in disturbed lands： results of case studies from Greece and China

Coal fly ash （CFA） and municipal sewage sludge （MSS） management is a great concern worldwide. An alternative gaining high interest, is their use in agriculture and for reclamation of degraded lands. The purpose of this paper was to present very briefly the results of some case studies carried out in China and Greece related to land reclamation and agricultural use of CFA and MSS separately or combined. An experiment in Platanoulia area, central Greece showed clearly that CFA applied together with MSS at appropriate rates increased substantially wheat grain and biomass yield and improved soil quality （increased soil pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available P and boron）. In a long-term experiment carried out in Huaibei city, Anhui province, China with a reconstructed soil in a subsided land by using CFA, it was found that physicochemical characteristics （infiltration rate, bulk density, total nitrogen, available P and extractable K） tended to be improved over time. In another experiment in Rodia area central Greece, MSS application improved soil quality of limestone mining spoils from bauxite mining activities. Several other experiments with MSS in Greece showed a clear positive effect on cotton and maize yield and on soil quality.

Comparative Characteristics of Hydrated Lime with Fine Sewage Sludge Ash (FSSA) and Coal Fly Ash (CFA)

The disposal of waste has become an environmental issue due to the limited available landfilling space. This paper aims to compare the characteristics of hydrated lime with fine sewage sludge ash (FSSA) and coal fly ash (CFA). Multiple techniques, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), compressive strengths, thermophysical properties, and setting time were used to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the lime-based materials. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition and phases of ashes, lime and binders. The results showed that the chemical composition of ashes is similar to that of cement. Besides glass, the main minerals identified in CFA and FSSA are quartz (SiO2) and anhydrite (CaSO4). Moreover, calcium aluminium oxide (Ca3Al2O6) was detected for CFA and phosphorus calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4-Ca3(PO4)2) for FSSA and minor phases were detected for both. FTIR measurements were carried out to characterize the inorganics components of different samples. Compressive strengths of mortars with different formulations have shown that both have a long-term positive effect which might be related to a pozzolanic activity. For the CFA the L3 binder consisting of 60% of coal fly ash and 40% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others while for the FSSA the L4 binder consisting of 80% fine ash and 20% lime has a higher compressive strength than the others. Both binders setting start times are greater than that of cement but shorter than that of lime. The study of the thermophysical properties of binders shows that they have a higher thermal resistance than cement mortar. Moreover, binders heat up less quickly because of their low effusivity compared to cement. Lime-based materials system could be a promising option to both relieve the waste disposal pressure and provide a potential sustainable construction material.

Thermal decomposition analysis of coal-waste sludge and coal-sunflower seed husk blends

The thermal decomposition analysis of coal-pharmaceutical waste sludge,coal-sewage waste sludge blends and coal-sunflower seed husk blends are studied by TG dynamic runs at the heating rate of 20 ℃/min within the temperature range of 25 ℃-900 ℃.The effect of different kinetic models on the determination of kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition has been investigated.Results show that for coal-pharmaceutical sludge blend,coal-sewage sludge blend and coal-sunflower seed husk blend the optimal model functions are the three-dimensional diffusion reaction,2-dimensional and 3-diemensional nucleation and growth reactions,respectively.The Arrhenius kinetic parameters of the pre-exponential factor and activation energy of blends,as well waste sludge and sunflower seed husk only are proposed.

Influence of fly ash and sewage sludge application on wheat biomass production,nutrients availability,and soil properties

The influence of fly ash(FA)applied alone and/or with sewage sludge(SS)on wheat(Triticum vulgare)grain yield,biomass production and soil properties was studied in a field experiment.The results showed that both FA and SS significantly increased grain yield and plant biomass.FA applied alone increased significantly soil pH and EC while FA applied together with SS did not significantly affect them compared to mono FA treatment.Soil pH and EC values increased with time in FA and FA-SS treatments.SS increased soil organic matter and total N content and SS applied together with FA increased also available soil B.From the plant nutrients tested only tissue N concentration was increased significantly in all treatments compared to control.Copper,Zn,Mn,Ni,and Pb at both available and total concentrations are significantly affected.

Improving supercritical water gasification of sludge by oil palm empty fruit bunch addition: Promotion of syngas production and heavy metal stabilization

The co-gasification of sewage sludge and palm oil empty fruit bunch(EFB) in supercritical water(SCW) was conducted at 400 °C with a pressure of over 25 MPa. This study aimed to investigate the influence of EFB addition on the syngas production and its composition. The heavy metal distribution and the leaching potential of the solid residue were also assessed. The results showed that syngas yield significantly increased with the addition of EFB into the feedstock. The cold gas efficiency(CGE) and carbon efficiency(CE) of co-gasification were higher than those of individual gasification. The actual syngas production from co-gasification of sludge and EFB was 45% higher than the theoretical total volume. The results indicated that the addition of EFB to sludge had the synergetic promotion effect on syngas production from sludge and EFB in supercritical water. This enhancement might be due to the dissolution of alkali metals from EFB and the adjustment of organic ratio. In addition, higher percentage of heavy metals were deposited and stabilized in the solid residue after SCWG. The leaching concentration of heavy metals from the solid residues was decreased to a level below the standard limit which enables it to be safely disposed of in landfill. In conclusion, the EFB addition has been proved to promote syngas production,as well as, stabilize the heavy metal in solid residues during co-SCWG.

Development of a Fuel-flexible Co-gasification Technology

As one of promising clean coal technologies used to reduce pollutant emission and CO2 discharge, co gasification has been extensively investigated. In this paper, a new co-gasification technology using coal and natural gas was developed. The distinct advantages of this technology are the excellent fuel flexibility and the availability to establish the gasifier by reconstructing the blast furnace or similar shaft furnace. Based on the concept of the new co-gasification technology, lab-scale experiments and modeling study were carried out. The obtained results indicate that gasification is undertaken at ideal thermodynamic environment where quasi-equilibrium could be reached without catalysts. The modeling results are in agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the validity of the model and that Aspen Plus is a useful tool for the analysis of the co-gasification process. Furthermore, the effect of major operation parameters, including oxygen flow rate and steam flow rate, on co-gasification process was investigated using the developed model.

Combustion of Sewage Sludge as Alternative Fuel for Cement Industry

The combustion of sewage sludge and coal was studied by thermogravimetric analysis.Both differential scanning calorimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric profiles showed differences between combustion of sewage sludge and coal,and non-isothermal kinetics analysis method was applied to evaluate the combustion process.Based on Coats-Redfern integral method,some reaction models were tested,the mechanism and kinetics of the combustion reaction were discussed.The results show that the combustion of sewage sludge is mainly in the low temperature stage,meanwhile the ignition temperature and Arrhenius activation energy are lower than that of coal.The combustion of sewage sludge has the advantage over coal in some aspects,thus sewage sludge can partly replace coal used as cement industry fuel.

Crystallization and viscosity-temperature characteristics during co-gasification of industrial sludge and coal

Co-gasification of industrial sludge(IS)and coal was an effective approach to achieve harmless and sustainable utilization of IS.The long-term and stable operation of a co-gasification largely depends on fluidity of coal-ash slag.Herein,the effects of IS addition on the crystallization and viscosity of Shuangmazao(SMZ)coal were investigated by means of high temperature stage coupled with an optical microscope(HTSOM),a scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive Xray spectrometry(SEM-EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),and FactSage software.The results showed that when the proportion of IS was less than 60%,with the addition of IS,the slag existed in an amorphous form.This was due to the high content of SiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3) in SMZ ash and blended ash,which had a high glass-forming ability(GFA).The slag formed at a high temperature had a higher polymerization degree and viscosity,which led to a decrease in the migration ability between ions,and ultimately made the slag difficult to crystallize during the cooling.When the proportion of IS was higher than 60%,the addition of IS increased the CaO and FeO content in the system.As network modifiers,CaO and FeO could provide O^(2−)at a high temperature,which reacted with silicate network structure and continuously destroyed the complexity of network structure,thus reducing the polymerization degree and viscosity of slag.At this time,the migration ability between ions was enhanced,and needle-shaped/rod-shaped crystals were precipitated during the cooling process.Finally,the viscosity calculated by simulation and Einstein-Roscoe empirical formula demonstrated that the addition of IS could significantly improve the fluidity of coal ash and meet the requirements of the liquid slag-tapping gasifier.The purpose of this work was to provide theoretical support for slag flow mechanisms during the gasifier slagging-tapping process and the resource treatment of industrial solid waste.

Suction characteristics of a thick material pump at high concentrations of coal slime

A test system was designed to study the parameters affecting the volumetric efficiency of a thick-material pump for coal slime.The parameters studied included solid concentration,the slenderness ratio of the suction cylinder and the running speed of the hydraulic cylinder.In the experiment the concentrations of coal slime were 75.7%,76.3%,74.4%,73.5%,72.1%and 70.63%;the running speeds were 0.23,0.18,0.13,0.10 and 0.08 m/s;and the slenderness ratios of the suction cylinder were 1.63,2.26,2.88,3.50,4.13,4.78 and 5.38.The results show that the suction volumetric efficiency decreases gradually with an increase in material concentration.The critical concentration value is 72%;below 72%the suction volumetric efficiency is above 90%,otherwise it decreases rapidly.When the solid concentration reaches 76.3%,the suction volumetric efficiency is only 40%.When the running speed of the piston is less than or equal to 0.23 m/s,the suction volumetric efficiency increases with an increase in running speed.

An advanced ash fusion study on the melting behaviour of coal,oil shale and blends under gasification conditions using picture analysis and graphing method

This study investigates the potential of solid fuel blending as an effective approach to manipulate ash melting behaviour to alleviate ashrelated problems during gasification,thus improving design,operability and safety.The ash fusion characteristics of Qinghai bituminous coal together with Fushun,Xinghua and Laoheishan oil shales(and their respective blends)were quantified using a novel picture analysis and graphing method,which incorporates conventional ash fusion study,dilatometry and sintering strength test,in a CO/CO_(2)atmosphere.This imagebased characterisation method was used to monitor and quantify the complete melting behaviour of ash samples from room temperature to 1520℃.The impacts of blending on compositional changes during heating were determined experimentally via Xray diffraction and validated computationally using FactSage.Results showed that the melting point of Qinghai coal ash to be the lowest at 1116℃,but would increase up to 1208℃,1161℃and 1160℃with the addition of 30%50%of Laoheishan,Fushun,and Xinghua oil shales,respectively.The formation of highmelting anorthite and mullite structures inhibits the formation of lowmelting hercynite.However,the sintering point of Qinghai coal ash was seen to decrease from 1005℃to 855℃,834℃,and 819℃in the same blends due to the formation of lowmelting aluminosilicate.Results also showed that blending directly influences the sintering strength during the various stages of melting.The key finding from this study is that it is possible to mitigate against the severe ash slagging and fouling issue arising from high calcium and iron coals by cogasification with a high silicaalumina oil shale.Moreover,blending coals with oil shales can also modify the ash melting behaviour of fuels to create the optimal ash chemistry that meets the design specification of the gasifier,without adversely affecting thermal performance.

废弃煤矸石资源化利用研究进展

随着社会的高速发展,工业废物堆积造成的环境问题日渐严重.煤矸石是一种煤炭开采和洗选过程中产生的典型工业废弃物.其大量堆积不仅占用土地资源,而且还会污染环境,引起地下水污染,造成山体滑坡、塌陷等地质灾害,严重威胁人类生存环境.近年来,“以废治废”模式成为了工业废弃物处置的研究热点之一,也是生态修复的重要研究方向.本文综述了煤矸石资源化利用的研究进展,进一步阐述了污泥改性煤矸石在生态修复与土壤改良方面的进展,为后期煤矸石和污泥的高值化利用奠定基础.

燃煤循环流化床锅炉掺烧污泥应用研究进展

利用循环流化床锅炉合理处置产量大且含有有害物质的污泥,可使其烟气中污染物排放浓度达标,因而燃煤循环流化床锅炉掺烧污泥具有广阔的应用前景。从污泥的掺烧现状、掺烧机理、燃烧工况、存在问题以及优化方案等方面对燃煤循环流化床锅炉掺烧污泥进行综述研究。煤炭与污泥混燃可实现燃料特性互补,消除单一燃料的负面特性。结合国内外燃煤循环流化床锅炉掺烧污泥相关工艺,指出现阶段我国污泥掺烧对燃烧效率、锅炉运行以及烟气污染物排放的影响,并提出优化工况的具体措施。综合认为,燃煤循环流化床锅炉掺烧污泥可实现污泥的减量化、无害化、资源化处置,需从污泥预处理、锅炉系统优化、数值模拟等多角度出发,进行系统优化设计和改造,以确保混合燃料在炉内高效燃烧、达标排放。

面向“双碳”战略的印染污泥干化焚烧技术经济环境综合评价研究

污泥干化焚烧热电联产是印染行业减污降碳的重要举措,污泥焚烧过程中控制煤炭添加比例(煤泥比)是这类项目核准和运行考核的重要指标,本研究旨在解决污泥低煤炭掺烧面临的经济收益和减碳绩效平衡问题,以期为类似工程提供借鉴。依托华东某印染园区2500t/d污泥焚烧项目,基于煤泥比不超过20%的管理要求,构建集成技术经济分析和生命周期评价的多目标优化模型,运用NSGA-II算法,揭示热电比、污泥含水率、固体回收燃料(SRF)掺烧比例等指标对项目经济性和碳排放的影响。结果表明:①当案例项目的热电比从50%提高到100%时,价格差异使经济效益提高22.0%,但碳排放平均增长约8.0%。②在稳定运行前提下,当入炉污泥含水率由45%提高到55%,入炉混合燃料量由36.7 t/h提高到41.8 t/h,原煤用量分别为7.3和8.3 t/h时,可使供热量增加28.1%、供电量增加18.1%,项目经济性提高,但该工况下化石碳排放增加。③可通过提高入炉污泥含水率使Pareto前沿面向项目经济效益提高且碳排放水平减少的方向移动,同时较高入炉污泥含水率下可通过恰当的经济性的降低获得较大的碳减排,污泥焚烧项目不应单纯追求入炉污泥的低含水率。④针对因污泥量不足导致的锅炉负荷低的情况,可通过掺加SRF稳定锅炉负荷,保持运行经济性;在污泥足量情况下,掺加SRF可替代部分煤炭,降低煤炭掺烧的碳排放。研究显示,印染污泥干化焚烧热电联产具有良好的经济效益和减污降碳效应,面向“双碳”战略,需要加快建立工业园区能源系统整体优化和污泥焚烧处置长效机制,优化技术模式,加强区域资源优化配置。

燃煤电站掺烧污泥热力学与经济性分析

我国污泥产量逐年增加,如何对其进行无害化、资源化处理成为亟待解决的问题,拟将燃煤电站与污泥干燥系统耦合,湿污泥干燥后进行掺烧。以某典型超临界660MW机组为研究对象,在THA工况下,通过对锅炉进行热力计算和对系统整体进行热力学分析及经济性分析,研究掺烧不同含水率(10%、20%、35%、50%、65%)不同掺烧量(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)的干化污泥对排烟温度、锅炉效率、净发电效率、湿污泥发电折合净效率和干化污泥发电折合净效率等参数的影响。结果表明:当干化污泥含水率超过50%时会导致参数恶化且随掺烧量的增加变化趋势加剧;干化污泥的含水率应控制在50%及以下,若超过此值,掺烧量应小于4%;掺烧污泥导致系统的㶲效率降低,主要原因是锅炉和干燥设备的㶲损失增加;当掺烧含水率为20%,掺烧量为10%的干化污泥时,系统经济性最好,动态回收周期仅为4.02年。

煤化工水处理污泥对准东次烟煤热解和燃烧及气化性能的影响

解析煤化工水处理污泥(YS)的组成结构、微观形貌及官能团种类,探究不同实验气氛下其对准东次烟煤(ZSBC)热反应性能的影响,对于合理处置煤化工水处理污泥并实现其资源化利用具有较大现实意义。以ZSBC、YS和Y_(1)Z_(9)(YS与ZSBC按质量比为1∶9混合得到的样品)为研究对象,通过改变热量实验的气体氛围,研究不同反应气氛下YS对ZSBC热反应性能的影响。结果表明:ZSBC较YS富含固定碳和挥发分,而YS中的灰分含量较高且主要组成为含P,Ca和Fe等元素的化合物;YS的官能团种类较ZSBC的官能团种类更加丰富,且YS中主要为脂肪族化合物,而ZSBC中含有大量的芳香族化合物;惰性气氛下,YS的掺杂可以降低快速热解阶段(405℃~485℃)ZSBC活化能并增加指前因子,加快了Y_(1)Z_(9)在405℃~485℃温度段的反应进程;在氧化性气氛下,YS的掺杂可使ZSBC的着火点从475℃下降到443℃,综合燃烧特性指数(S)、燃烧稳定性指数(D)以及燃烧特性因子(A_(c))都得到增加;YS的掺杂可以降低380℃~550℃温度段ZSBC活化能并增加指前因子,促进Y_(1)Z_(9)在此温度段的燃烧反应;在二氧化碳气氛下,Y_(1)Z_(9)的平均初始反应性指数(R_(i))、反应性指数(R_(f))和平均终止反应指数(R_(s))均低于ZSBC的相应参数,表明YS的掺杂会延缓ZSBC的气化反应进程。

微波作用下煤泥强化污泥干燥及能耗特性研究

煤泥作为微波吸收剂能够实现污泥低能耗和快速干燥。通过自行搭建的微波干燥装置,研究了煤泥掺入对污泥微波干燥速率及脱水能耗的影响,深入分析了恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段掺入煤泥强化污泥微波干燥的动力学机理。结果表明:500 W功率下掺比0~30%的煤泥,能够明显缩短干燥总时间、大幅提高脱水速率。由于煤泥的介电常数较高,因此煤泥污泥混合物能够吸收更多的微波能,且煤泥中残留的碱金属和碱土金属会形成热点效应,进一步提高了混合物的干燥速率,导致200 g污泥完全干燥所需总时间由42.3 min缩短为27.6 min,恒速阶段脱水速率由0.021 g[水]/(g[干物质]·min)提升为0.031 g[水]/(g[干物质]·min),比原污泥提升了14.2%(10%)~47.6%(30%)。煤泥污泥混合后恒速干燥阶段脱水能耗最低,远低于预热升温阶段和降速干燥阶段,且添加0~30%的煤泥能够将原污泥恒速干燥阶段脱水能耗从8.20 kJ/g降低到6.92 kJ/g(掺比30%),在500 W功率下脱水能耗随煤泥掺比的增加而降低。通过对比5种动力学模型,恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段的动力学特征可以分别采用线性模型和修正Page模型(Ⅰ)来描述,煤泥的添加能够将原污泥恒速阶段的模型斜率由0.032 min^(-1)增大到0.048 min^(-1),降速阶段的速率常数从0.041 min^(-1)提高到0.056 min^(-1)。