Application of the HY-1 satellite to sea ice monitoring and forecasting

The HY-1A satellite is the first oceanic satellite of China. During the winter of 2002-2003, the data of the HY-1A were applied to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea of China for the first time. The sea ice retrieval system of the HY-1 A has been constructed. It receives 1B data from the satellite, outputs sea ice images and provides digital products of ice concentration, ice thickness and ice edge, which can be used as important information for sea ice monitoring and the initial fields of the numeric sea ice forecast and as one of the reference data for the sea ice forecasting verification. The sea ice retrieval system of the satellite is described, including its processes, methods and parameters. The retrieving results and their application to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea are also discussed.

The Experimental Satellite on Electromagnetism Monitoring

The Experimental Satellite on Electromagnetism Monitoring(ESEM) was proposed in 2003 and proved in 2013 after 10-years' scientific demonstration. The ESEM mission was proposed to be the first satellite of space-based geophysical fields observation system in China with a lot of application prospects in earthquake science, geophysics, space sciences and so on. And coincide with the mission objectives, the satellite decides to use the Circular Sun Synchronous Orbit with an altitude of 507 km and descending node time at 14:00 LT. The payload assemble includes 8 instruments,Search-Coil Magnetometer, Electric Field Detector, High precision Magnetometer, GNSS occupation Receiver, Plasma Analyzer, Langmuir Probe, Energetic Particle Detector, and Three-frequency Transmitter. According to the planned schedule, the satellite is due to be launched in 2016–2017 and will be onboard operated for 5 years.

Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice and its operational monitoring method along the coast of China

Sea-ice is an important operational item for real timely monitoring and forecasting marine environment of China. This paper introduces an operational method of satellite remote sensing to monitor sea- ice using quantitative data of NOAA, and its contents include computer processing of AVHRR sounding data of NOAA and its program design, imagery processing of sea-ice imagery from satellite and their thematic analysis. The sea-ice satellite colour imageries processed via this software system are able to interpret sea-ice pattern, characterizing it by thickness, maximum position of ice boundary, floe concentration and dynamic process of ice changing. At the same time, analyses of the ice condition of the Bohai Sea for the two-year period (1986-1988) as monitored by satellite have been summarized.

Monitoring Land-Use Change in Nakuru (Kenya) Using Multi-Sensor Satellite Data

Recently land-use change has been the main concern for worldwide environment change and is being used by city and regional planners to design sustainable cities. Nakuru in the central Rift Valley of Kenya has undergone rapid urban growth in last decade. This paper focused on urban growth using multi-sensor satellite imageries and explored the potential benefits of combining data from optical sensors (Landsat, Worldview-2) with Radar sensor data from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data for urban land-use mapping. Landsat has sufficient spectral bands allowing for better delineation of urban green and impervious surface, Worldview-2 has a higher spatial resolution and facilitates urban growth mapping while PALSAR has higher temporal resolution compared to other operational sensors and has the capability of penetrating clouds irrespective of weather conditions and time of day, a condition prevalent in Nakuru, because it lies in a tropical area. Several classical and modern classifiers namely maximum likelihood (ML) and support vector machine (SVM) were applied for image classification and their performance assessed. The land-use data of the years 1986, 2000 and 2010 were compiled and analyzed using post classification comparison (PCC). The value of combining multi-temporal Landsat imagery and PALSAR was explored and achieved in this research. Our research illustrated that SVM algorithm yielded better results compared to ML. The integration of Landsat and ALOS PALSAR gave good results compared to when ALOS PAL- SAR was classified alone. 19.70 km2 of land changed to urban land-use from non-urban land-use between the years 2000 to 2010 indicating rapid urban growth has taken place. Land-use information is useful for the comprehensive land-use planning and an integrated management of resources to ensure sustainability of land and to achieve social Eq- uity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Railway Transport Infrastructure Monitoring by UAVs and Satellites

Improving the rail transport security requires development and implementation of neoteric monitoring and control facilities in conditions of increasing speed and intensity of the train movement and high level of terrorist threat. Use of Earth remote sensing (ERS), permitting to obtain information from large areas with a sufficiently high resolution, can provide significant assistance in solving the mentioned problems. This paper discusses the possibility of using various means of remote sensing such as satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as drones, for receiving information in different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. The paper states that joint using of both these means gives new possibilities in improving railroad security.

Monitoring Hotspots Using Thermal Sensors on MODIS Aqua/Terra Satellite System: A Case Study of National Park Areas in Northern Thailand

This research presents the remote sensing data on hotspots in four national parks located in Chiang Mai province, Thailand: Sri Lanna National Park, Huai Nam Dang National Park, Doi Pahom Pok National Park, and Doi Inthanon National Park. To mitigate the devastating impacts of these wildfires, effective monitoring and management strategies are necessary. Remote sensing technology provides a promising approach for mapping burnt areas and understanding fire regimes at a regional scale. The primary focus of this research is to employ the MODIS Aqua/Terra satellite system for obtaining historical remote sensing data on hotspots. The advantages of remote sensing include accurate identification and mapping of burnt areas, regular monitoring, rapid data acquisition, and historical data analysis. The MODIS sensor, specifically designed for fire monitoring, offers enhanced fire detection and diagnosis, multiple channels for qualitative and quantitative analysis, and precision positioning capabilities. The research results presented in the analysis contribute to the understanding of fire incidents and hotspot occurrences within the four national parks studied. This paper suggests the optimization of early detection of forest and land fires through the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI), presenting it as a recommendation for future endeavors. The research emphasizes the significance of implementing efficient policies and management strategies to effectively tackle the challenges associated with fires in these ecologically significant areas.

The Planned Conservation of the Urban Fortifications of Tuscany: Satellite Interferometry as an Innovative Monitoring Technology for Asset Management

The “Monitoring City Walls” research project by the University of Pisa approaches planned conservation as a process that pursues an in-depth understanding of historic city walls and their surroundings to define a system of effective risk prevention. This multidisciplinary research adopts monitoring strategies and technologies at the large scale and in relationship to natural and urban conditions. The underlying logic frames the conservation of these historic fortifications within the more general mitigation of risks generated by context. The research aims to develop an innovative approach to monitoring ancient defensive structures in historical towns. The integrated use of advanced technologies allows for the control and, most importantly, advance identification of possible risks. These new technologies, in particular satellite interferometry, make it possible to improve and increase the operational capacity of monitoring processes by facilitating the acquisition and investigation of data relative to the system defined by ancient city walls and their surroundings. These technologies also represent a cost-effective tool for managing the important transition from the observation and study of individual monuments to the monitoring of large monumental complexes or even entire historical centers.

Operation and Application of A,B Satellites for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting

Environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation A and B satellites(HJ-1-A,B) are called "environment and disaster reduction satellites A and B" for short.The constellation adopts a 10:30LT sun-synchronous circular orbit,with orbit altitude of 649km.HJ1-A and HJ-1-B are distributed with a phase difference of 180° in the same orbital plane,so as to enhance the time resolution of earth observation.The satellites have orbit maintenance capability,the lifetime is 3 years.Both satellites adopt CAST968 platforms.Two wide-coverage multispectral CCD cameras with resolution 30m and width 700km,a super-spectral imager with resolution 100m and width 50km as well as a data transmission subsystem of 120Mbit/s are deployed on HJ-1-A,which also carries Ka communication testing equipment of Thailand.HJ-1-B has two wide-coverage multispectral CCD cameras(the same as satellite A),one infrared camera with resolution 150m and width 720km and a data transmission subsystem of 60Mbit/s.The coverage period of the wide-coverage multispectral CCD camera is 48 hours.The revisit period of super-spectral imager is 96 hours and the coverage period ofinfrared camera is 96 hours.

Health Trend Analysis of In Orbit Satellite and Image Quality Monitoring of the Payload

This paper introduces the satellite system running status and key events.This satellite has been observing the Earth for six years after its launch into a 645 km sun-synchronous orbit.Through the health trend analysis of the platform and subsystems,the orbit,power supply,rotating parts status,temperature,fuel consumption and so on are introduced in detail.The cameras' status also are monitored and analyzed.

Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing Technology in China's Environmental Monitoring

The environmental conditions in China are still very serious. In the years to come, the mission for environmental treatment and protection, supervision,

HJ-1C Satellite for Environmental and Disaster Monitoring Launched into Orbit

A LM-2C launch vehicle was launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center on November 19, 2012, carrying HJ-1C, a technology demonstration satellite and the Fengniao satellite. The three satellites were placed to the preset orbits respectively. Developed by DFH Satellite Co., Ltd., HJ-1C is a SAR Earth observation satellite for civilian use, which

U-Net Inspired Deep Neural Network-Based Smoke Plume Detection in Satellite Images

Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessential for a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the Earth’s climate and for effectively enforcingemission regulations at a large scale. This work examines the feasibility of detecting and quantifying industrialsmoke plumes using freely accessible geo-satellite imagery. The existing systemhas so many lagging factors such aslimitations in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency and these factors hinder the effectiveness in supporting timelyresponse to industrial fires. In this work, the utilization of grayscale images is done instead of traditional colorimages for smoke plume detection. The dataset was trained through a ResNet-50 model for classification and aU-Net model for segmentation. The dataset consists of images gathered by European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite constellation from a selection of industrial sites. The acquired images predominantly capture scenesof industrial locations, some of which exhibit active smoke plume emissions. The performance of the abovementionedtechniques and models is represented by their accuracy and IOU (Intersection-over-Union) metric.The images are first trained on the basic RGB images where their respective classification using the ResNet-50model results in an accuracy of 94.4% and segmentation using the U-Net Model with an IOU metric of 0.5 andaccuracy of 94% which leads to the detection of exact patches where the smoke plume has occurred. This work hastrained the classification model on grayscale images achieving a good increase in accuracy of 96.4%.

Networking Observation and Applications of Chinese Ocean Satellites

This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural launch in 2002,China has achieved substantial advancements in ocean satellite technology,forming an observation system composed of the HY-1,HY-2,and HY-3 series satellites.These satellites are integral to global ocean environmental monitoring due to their high resolution,extensive coverage,and frequent observations.Looking forward,China aims to further enhance and expand its ocean satellite capabilities through ongoing projects to support global environmental protection and sustainable development.

Design and Construction of Automatic Monitoring System for Open-pit Coal Mine Slopes

[Objectives]To monitor the stability of open-pit coal mine slopes in real time and ensure the safety of coal mine production.[Methods]The automatic monitoring system of coal mine slope was explored in depth,and the core functions of the system were designed comprehensively.According to the design function of the automatic monitoring system,the slope automatic monitoring system was constructed.Besides,in accordance with the actual situation of the slope,the monitoring frequency of slopes was set scientifically,and the key indicators such as rainfall,deep displacement and surface displacement of the slopes were monitored in an all-round and multi-angle way.[Results]During the monitoring period,the overall condition of the slope remained good,and no landslides or other geological disasters occurred.At the same time,the overall rainfall in the slope area remained low.In terms of monitoring data,the horizontal displacement and settlement of the slopes increased first and then tended to be stable.Specifically,the maximum horizontal displacement during the monitoring period was 22.74 mm,while the maximum settlement was 18.65 mm.[Conclusions]The automatic slope monitoring system has obtained remarkable achievements in practical application.It not only improves the accuracy and efficiency of slope stability monitoring,but also provides valuable reference experience for similar projects.

Some recent advances in remote sensing-based monitoring of changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet

The mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet(GrIS)plays a crucial role in global sea level change.Since the 1960s,remote sensing missions have been providing extensive and continuous observation data for change monitoring of the GrIS.In this paper,we present our recent research results from remote sensing-based GrIS change monitoring.First,historical satellite data are processed and used to fill data gaps and are combined with existing partial maps,completing an ice velocity map of the GrIS from the 1960s to 1980s.This map provides valuable data for estimating the historical mass balance of Greenland.Second,the monthly gravimetry-based mass balance of the GrIS from 2002 to 2020 is estimated by combining Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)and GRACE Follow On(GRACE-FO)data.It is found that the GrIS has lost a total mass of approximately 4443±75 Gt during this period.Third,based on Global Land Ice Measurements from Space(GLIMS),an updated Greenland glacier inventory is achieved utilizing data collected between 2006 and 2020.This inventory provides more detailed and up-to-data glacier boundaries of Greenland.Overall,these advances provide essential data support for estimating the mass balance of the GrIS,contributing to the advancement of research on global sea level change.

Monitoring Crustal Deformations with Radar Interferometry: A Review

The crustal movements, probably motivating earthquakes, are considered as one of the main geodynamic sources. The quantitative measurements of ground surface deformations are vital for studying mechanisms of the buried faults or even estimating earthquake potential. A new space-geodetic technology, synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), can be applied to detect such large-area deformations, and has demonstrated some prominent advantages. This paper reviews the capacity and limitations of InSAR, and summarises the existing applications including some of our results in studying the earthquake-related crustal motions. Finally it gives the outlook for the future development of InSAR.

Application research of narrow band Internet of things buoy and surface hydrodynamics monitoring

This paper applies the narrow band Internet of things communication technology to develop a wireless network equipment and communication system, which can quickly set up a network with a radius of 100 km on water surface. A disposable micro buoy based on narrow-band Internet of things and Beidou positioning function is also developed and used to collect surface hydrodynamic data online. In addition, a web-based public service platform is designed for the analysis and visualization of the data collected by buoys. Combined with the satellite remote sensing data, the study carries a series of marine experiments and studies such as sediment deposition tracking and garbage floating tracking.

RESEARCH ON AUTOMATIC FOG IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY BY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

There is an urgent need for the development of a method that can undertake rapid, effective, and accurate monitoring and identification of fog by satellite remote sensing, since heavy fog can cause enormous disasters to China’s national economy and people's lives and property in the urban and coastal areas. In this paper, the correlative relationship between the reflectivity of land surface and clouds in different time phases is found, based on the analysis of the radiative and satellite-based spectral characteristics of fog. Through calculation and analyses of the relative variability of the reflectivity in the images, the threshold to identify quasi-fog areas is generated automatically. Furthermore, using the technique of quick image run-length encoding, and in combination with such practical methods as analyzing texture and shape fractures, smoothness, and template characteristics, the automatic identification of fog and fog-cloud separation using meteorological satellite remote sensing images are studied, with good results in application.

Drought monitoring and reliability evaluation of the latest TMPA precipitation data in the Weihe River Basin, Northwest China

The high resolution satellite precipitation products bear great potential for large-scale drought monitoring, especially for those regions with sparsely or even without gauge coverage. This study focuses on utilizing the latest Version-7 TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis （TMPA 3B42V7） data for drought condition monitoring in the Weihe River Basin （0.135×10^6 km2）. The accuracy of the monthly TMPA 3B42V7 satellite precipitation data was firstly evaluated against the ground rain gauge observations. The statistical characteristics between a short period data series （1998-2013） and a long period data series （1961-2013） were then compared. The TMPA 3B42V7-based SPI （Standardized Precipitation Index） sequences were finally validated and analyzed at various temporal scales for assessing the drought conditions. The results indicate that the monthly TMPA 3B42V7 precipitation is in a high agreement with the rain gauge observations and can accurately capture the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall within the Weihe River Basin. The short period data can present the characteristics of long period record, and it is thus acceptable to use the short period data series to estimate the cumulative probability function in the SPI calculation. The TMPA 3B42V7-based SPI matches well with that based on the rain gauge observations at multiple time scales （i.e., 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month） and can give an acceptable temporal distribution of drought conditions. It suggests that the TMPA 3B42V7 precipitation data can be used for monitoring the occurrence of drought in the Weihe River Basin.

Current Status and Main Application Achievements of Ocean Satellites

Ocean satellites have realized multi-satellite networked operation.The HY-1D satellite launched in June 2020 realized networked with HY-1C satellite,and completed the construction of ocean color satellite constellation.The HY-2D satellite launched in May 2021 is networked with the on orbit HY-2B and HY-2C satellites to complete the construction of marine dynamic environment satellite constellation.The 1 mC-SAR satellite 01 launched in November 2021 is networked with GF-3,which initially forms the marine monitoring satellite constellation.This year,the networking of 1 mC-SAR satellite 02 with satellite 01 and GF-3 is realized,and the construction of marine monitoring satellite constellation is completed.At present,the ocean satellites have the operational application capabilities of remote sensing investigation,monitoring,evaluation and supervision of marine ecology,marine disaster prevention and reduction,global oceans and Polar Regions,Sea Islands,rights and interests maintenance.