The Influence of Bond Market Opening in Trade Field on RMB Internationalization Foreign Exchange Rate

In order to verify that the open bond market is the most direct choice to promote the internationalization of RMB,the empirical analysis method is used to analyze the impact of bond liberalization on the internationalization of RMB foreign exchange rate.Firstly,the data source processing method of empirical analysis is introduced.Then the dynamic panel data regression model and panel threshold model are built to verify the influence factors of RMB internationalization foreign exchange rate and the influence of debt market opening on RMB foreign exchange rate,respectively.The results show that the opening of the creditor's rights market has a significant positive promoting effect on the internationalization of RMB foreign exchange rate,and the development of the domestic creditor's rights market has a significant promoting effect on the internationalization of RMB foreign exchange rate.The study has a certain role in promoting the status of China's currency in the international community.

Recent Experience of the Effects of Intervention on Exchange Rates

Recently, foreign exchange rates have been highly volatile all over the world. This article reports on an empirical examination of the effectiveness of foreign exchange market intervention in Tokyo foreign exchange market. In Japan, intervention in the foreign exchange market has occurred frequently and largely. In 2010, exchange rates fluctuated greatly, and the Japanese yen appreciated greatly against other foreign currencies. The Bank of Japan （BOJ） conducted an intervention in the foreign exchange market and bought massive USD to weaken the yen. They are expected to prevent too much appreciation of the yen, to promote export, and expansion of the economy. Recent foreign exchange market intervention in Tokyo has been effective in preventing the Japanese yen from appreciating against other currencies. Also, unsterilization has had a positive effect on depreciation of the yen. Moreover, news announcements by the Bank of Japan （BOJ） has led to depreciation of the yen. Effective announcements would increase the effects on markets. Sterilization in intervention and market communication are both taken into account in this article. The BOJ＇s news announcements seem to convey to markets adequately and communication between the bank and markets functions well. Moreover, the past exchange rate （i.e., the signaling effect） also is important to the movement of exchange rates. On the other hand, portfolio channel is not found

Foreign Exchange Rate Reform

China must expand opening up and develop foreign trade and economic cooperation to make the Chinese and international economies complementary and speed up the modernization drive. The most basic needs are to intensify restructuring of the foreign trade system, set up rules and regulations in line with the

Exchange Rate Risk, Political Environment and Chinese Outward FDI in Emerging Economies： A Panel Data Analysis

This study attempts to investigate the effect of financial and political risk on Chinese outward FDI activities in 56 emerging economies for a period from 2003 to 2013. Exchange rate is taken as a main indicator of financial risks and political risks are evaluated using ICRG （International Country Risk Guide） index. Generalized method of moments with panel data of Chinese outward FDI （foreign direct investment） in new emerging economies is used to find how Chinese finns intend to invest abroad with respect to exchange rate level, volatility, and expectation. The major findings show that RMB appreciation proved to have a positive effect on Chinese outward FDI in emerging economies. But Chinese OFDI （outward foreign direct investment） seems not to respond to exchange rate volatility. The expectation of RMB＇s appreciation has positive effect on Chinese OFDI in emerging economies. Results also show that more political risk leads to more Chinese OFDI in emerging economies.

Policy Adjustments Required to Balance China's International Payments——A theoretical analysis of China's excess foreign exchange reserves

The paper deals with the rapid growing twin surpluses and surging foreign exchange reserves in China’s international accounts withessed in recent years.It observes the characteristics of the phenomenon against the standard economic theory and empirical experiences.Then it offers explanation factors:the combined effects of processing trade and foreign direct investments,China’s opening development model underpinned by the intra-product specialization of the contemporary globalization era,and the undervalued exchange rate for the Chinese currency.

To Accomplish the Unaccomplished Reform： Lessons and Options of RMB Exchange Rate Reform

The exchange rate reform initiated on August 11,2015 is an important attempt by the PBoC to transform China's exchange rate regime from the "crawl-like arrangement" to a floating regime.However,after a three-day experiment,the PBoC abandoned the original goal of the reform.Since then,the central bank has implemented a new exchange rate-setting mechanism.Under this mechanism,the central parity of the renminbi(RMB) against the US dollar is decided by the arithmetic average of the RMB exchange rate that keeps the index of a currency basket unchanged over the past 24 hours and the previous day's closing price of USD/CNY.Due to the introduction of the index of a currency basket,additional uncertainty has been introduced into the determination of the RMB exchange rate,because of the uncertainty of the dollar index(USDX).As a result,to a certain extent,the one-way bet on the RMB expectations is weakened.However,the current exchange rate formation mechanism cannot reverse the trend of devaluation of the RMB,nor can it eliminate depreciation expectations.Meanwhile,it hinders the effectiveness of central bank's independent monetary policy based on the domestic economic fundamentals.And also,the "two-way float" created by the new price-setting mechanism is artificial and has led to significant losses of foreign exchange reserve.The paper explains how the new price-setting mechanism works,and identifies the important features of the mechanism and its pros and cons.The paper argues that despite some advantages,the new exchange rate regime as a soft peg regime is not sustainable and the PBoC should stop foreign exchange market intervention as soon as possible.We hope that the PBoC can learn the lessons from the failure of the "August 11 reform" and accomplish the unaccomplished reform in an urgent manner.

Accounting of Foreign Currencies： Difference in Exchange Transactions and Relation With Taxation of Indonesia （Case Study in Fishery Company）

Future need of globalization in business is no longer focused on the local transaction; instead, it has involved many countries so as to affect the exchange rate of rupiah against foreign currencies. As a result, differences in the exchange rate will lead to foreign exchange, be it a foreign exchange gain or foreign exchange losses. Exchange rate used at the beginning of the transaction is the exchange rate on the transaction, but in Indonesian currency transactions, what is often used is the exchange rate issued by the Directorate General of Taxation （DGT）. If at the end of the period, a balance of foreign currency still exists, then it will be adjusted using a fixed rate or an exchange rate of Central Bank of Indonesia. The results showed that the treatment of foreign exchange at the fishery company was using both the exchange rate allowed in the accounting and taxation regulations in Indonesia. The balance of transactions is related to export, be it a balance of accounts receivable on the sale of the outstanding balance of exports and export freight carried at the exchange rate adjustment of Central Bank of Indonesia, subsequent transactions relating to the purchase of imports were adjusted to a fixed exchange rate, which means that the balance payable on imports will continue to use the exchange rate at the beginning of the transaction

Enterprises＇ foreign exchange risk management in the floating exchange risk era

Since the foreign exchange reform on July 21^st 2005, the flexibility of RMB exchange rate has becoming big, so has the foreign exchange risk. How to effectively manage foreign exchange risk has become an emergent task to enterprises. This paper introduces the method of foreign exchange forecast which is the base of foreign exchange risk management, and then deeply discusses different measures of managing the risk.

Analysis of the Moderator Effect of RMB Exchange-- Rate on Export The Case of Guangdong Province in China

An important limitation of the research literatures which study the effect on the export of the real effective exchange rates is the lack of application of interaction or moderator effect among the independent variables. To remedy this lacuna, the authors developed a model in which real effective exchange rate moderated the effect of import and utilization of foreign capital on export. The sample comprised 11 years＇ data in Guangdong China. The result showed that real effective exchange rate of RMB affected the export by interacting with utilization of foreign capital. Moreover, to some degree, the real effective exchange rate can also act as moderator between import and export.

外汇衍生品监管与跨境投资企业信用评级——基于“企业层面外汇衍生品监管指数”的实证分析

“一带一路”倡议和“走出去”战略加速了外汇衍生品市场的发展,而加强外汇衍生品监管是市场平稳运行的重要保障。在创新性地构建“企业层面外汇衍生品监管指数”的基础上,基于2007—2019年中国跨境投资企业数据,实证检验了外汇衍生品监管对企业信用评级的影响及作用机制。研究发现,加强外汇衍生品监管能够有效提升企业信用评级,且主要通过减少企业违规行为、增强信息透明度和抑制管理者过度自信三种渠道提升信用评级。异质性分析表明,上述提升效果在国有企业中更大。进一步研究发现,加强外汇衍生品监管可以抑制企业信用评级的调整动机。因此,监管部门应优化衍生品监管法规,倡导套期保值原则,提高评级机构违规成本,提升衍生品交易信息透明度,进而促进外汇衍生品市场的健康发展。

人民币汇率预期度量的新方法:从外汇期权中提取风险中性概率密度

预期管理,已成为新时期人民币汇率制度改革的重要抓手,不仅可以缓解对中国操纵汇率的指责、为稳定人民币汇率提供新的手段和方式,还可以降低外汇管理成本,产生“四两拨千斤”的效果。加强预期管理,关键在于科学评估各类工具的效果,并相机抉择对其加以搭配组合,这有赖于准确度量人民币汇率预期。实践中,常用的汇率预期代理变量是远期NDF汇率和汇率预期调查。其中,使用最广的是远期NDF汇率,但其主要依据来自简单的可视化分析,缺乏严谨的经验证据支持。事实上,在大多数情况下,远期和期货价格都小于预期的未来现货价格,因而难以成为人民币汇率预期的有效测度。汇率预期调查则在技术上存在两个难题:一是在调查结果上存在人际不可比性;二是调查数据的样本量通常较小,无法充分反映预期异质性。近年来,金融衍生品市场不断发展为前沿金融工程技术的应用提供了重要条件。本研究提出了一种借助香港交易所美元兑人民币期权数据提取隐含的风险中性概率密度函数度量人民币汇率预期的新方法。基于风险中性密度函数基础上的人民币汇率预期度量,相关研究拟在如下三方面取得突破:一是基于新提取的汇率预期分布数据对已有研究进行实证再检验;二是通过比较汇率预期分布的变化评估外汇市场直接干预与间接干预的短期效果,继而为科学选择人民币汇率预期管理工具提供指导;三是可以尝试建立外汇市场压力和人民币汇率预期之间的联系。

汇率风险、双边关系与中国纺织产业OFDI

纺织产业是传统制造业的典型代表,也是全球化最高的产业之一,随着中国纺织产业成为第五次国际转移的投资方,汇率风险成为纺织产业对外投资的重要风险之一。基于2015—2019年中国纺织产业对56个东道国(地区)的对外直接投资面板数据,实证分析了东道国(地区)汇率风险、双边关系对中国纺织产业对外直接投资的影响。研究结果表明:中国纺织产业对外直接投资存在汇率风险偏好特征;双边关系显著降低中国纺织产业对外直接投资的汇率风险偏好倾向;双边关系的调节效应在未与中国签订货币互换协议、非洲地区国家样本中更加显著。

An Analysis of the Determinants of the Changes in China's Foreign Exchange Reserves' Nominal and Real Rates of Return

We use decomposition and regression to examine the reasons for the changes in nominal and real rates of return of China＇s foreign exchange reserves between 2002 and 2009. The results show that the US financial market risk premium is the most important determinant of changes in the nominal rate of return, while the US dollar exchange rate and the bulk commodity price are the two key determinants of changes in the real rate of return. From empirically based research, one may conclude that the loose monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve increases China＇s foreign exchange reserves＇ nominal rate of return but decreases the real rate of return and that the European debt crisis has an uncertain impact on China＇s foreign exchange reserves＇ nominal rate of return but may well raise the real rate of return.

金融衍生品交易降低了商业银行风险承担水平吗?——兼论利率类与外汇类金融衍生工具对不同商业银行的影响

本文基于我国42家商业银行2012—2021年间的年度数据,通过建立非平衡面板数据模型,考察金融衍生品对商业银行风险承担水平的影响。结果表明,商业银行使用金融衍生工具能够显著降低其风险承担水平,这一结论通过了稳健性检验。本文还探究了商业银行交易不同类型衍生工具的异质性影响,发现利率类金融衍生工具显著降低了银行的风险承担水平,而外汇类金融衍生工具并未对银行的风险承担水平产生显著影响。进一步研究发现,金融衍生工具能够显著降低地方性银行的风险,而利率类金融衍生工具对全国性银行没有显著影响,外汇类金融衍生工具会显著增加全国性银行的风险。本文丰富了商业银行风险承担的理论研究,对商业银行金融衍生品的交易和监管有一定的借鉴意义。

提高风险中性认知 推进国有企业汇率风险管理

随着人民币汇率市场化程度不断提高,部分企业风险意识薄弱问题凸显。涉外企业需提升风险中性认知,合理进行外汇套期保值,积极应对人民币汇率弹性增强产生的影响。文章介绍了汇率避险基本理念、交易流程及操作要点,通过分析国有企业汇率风险管理现存问题,从提升认知、规范流程、考核机制等方面尝试提出解决方案。

中国纺织外贸企业面临的多重冲击及应对策略

随着近年来国际贸易环境的变化和国际市场竞争的加剧,中国纺织外贸企业面临诸多困境和挑战,如原料成本增大、汇率波动起伏、国际船运紧张、市场需求不稳定等。但各种稳外贸措施的出台、对东盟及“一带一路”沿线各国进出口贸易的持续增长、海外仓及多式联运货运方式的发展也给中国纺织外贸企业带来新机遇。鉴于此,政府应加强对纺织行业的规范管理,建立解决贸易壁垒的专门机构,中国纺织外贸企业要建数字外贸平台、树品牌形象、开拓多元市场、利用好海外营商环境等,多措并举,才能转危为机,更好地在全球纺织行业站稳脚跟。

风险冲击下外汇储备的多因素时变效应

俄乌冲突等重大风险下,精准把握外部冲击对我国外汇储备的影响非常必要.采用TVP-SV-VAR模型,分别从供给端和需求端寻找对我国外汇储备贡献较大的因素.结果表明:汇率、利率对我国外汇储备的影响具有时变特征,2008年以来,我国进出口商品需求缺乏弹性,并不满足马歇尔-勒纳条件,人民币贬值不利于外汇储备积累.利率与通货膨胀通过汇率影响我国外汇储备,但通货膨胀对于外汇储备增加量的贡献较为稳定,即使有突发冲击,外汇储备受通货膨胀影响迅速做出反应后短时期内即回归平稳.

央行政策对汇率稳定的非线性调控效果——来自中国、日本和英国的证据

如何有效调控汇率稳定是推动高质量发展和高水平对外开放的重要现实议题之一。本文构建了包含央行汇率稳定政策的内生理论模型,并基于时变参数结构向量自回归模型(TVP-SVAR),采用1985—2021年我国、日本和英国的季度数据集,检验了价格型货币政策、数量型货币政策和外汇干预三类央行政策对汇率的非线性影响效应和传导效率,得出如下结论:(1)我国货币政策对宏观经济的整体调控效果优于日本和英国,且数量型货币政策优于价格型货币政策;(2)与其他国家不同,我国价格型货币政策对本国汇率的平均调控效果优于数量型货币政策,体现出稳定的逆向调控作用;(3)外汇干预与货币政策协调,能够有效维护人民币汇率稳定,但其调控效果具有短期性和“靶向性”。基于此,本文进一步从优化货币政策调控机制、加强外汇干预的定向性和时机选择、制定长期战略规划等方面提出了政策建议,旨在为有效调控汇率,防范化解重大风险提供政策启示。

跳扩散模型下的外汇联动交换期权定价

在风险中性测度下,建立以外币计价的在境外上市的具有跳扩散过程的股票价格和汇率满足的随机微分方程,研究了附有汇率在某一区间变动的示性函数的外汇联动交换期权的定价问题.在实证分析中,结合港元/人民币汇率和沪港通股票价格的真实数据,讨论了所研究期权的定价问题,并与相关期权进行价格比较,同时对该期权的敏感度进行了分析.