Co-seismic changes of well water level and volume strain meter in capital area and its vicinity,due to the Nov.14,2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake,China

The Kunlunshan Mountain Ms8.1 earthquake, occurred in Nov.14, 2001, is the first event with magnitude more than 8 in the China earthquake monitoring history, specifically at the beginning of digital techniques in precursor monitoring networks. Any investigation of recorded data on this earthquake is very important for testing the operation of the digital monitoring networks and understanding the preparation, occurrence, and adjustment of stress/strain of strong continental earthquakes. In this paper we investigated the coseismic response changes of well water level of groundwater and volume strain meter of bore hole in digital earthquake monitoring network of Capital area and its vicinity, due to the Nov.14, 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The responding time, shapes or manners, amplitudes, and lasting time of well water level and strain-meters to seismic wave are studied in comparison. Then we discussed the possibility that the response changes of groundwater to strong distant earthquakes can be understood as one kind of observing evidence of stress/strain changes induced by distant earthquake.

Co-seismic strain changes of Wenchuan Mw7.9 earthquake recorded by borehole strainmeters on Tibetan plateau

Co-seismic strain changes of the Wenchuan MwT. 9 earthquake recorded with three four-component borehole strainmeters showed NW-SE and roughly EW extensions, respectively, at two locations in the interior and northern part of Tibetan plateau, and NS shortening at a location south of the epicenter, in agreement with the tectonic stress field of this region retical values obtained with half-space effects, such as local crustal structure The observed values of as much as 10-7 are, however, larger than theo- and spherical-earth dislocation theories, implying the existence of other and initial stress.

Application of observed strain steps to the study of remote earthquake stress triggering

A study of the Kunlunshan earthquake of MS = 8.1 based on observed coseismic strain steps from the borehole strain monitoring network over China has been carried out with some interesting results. Firstly, many recordings disagree with theoretic calculation using static dislocation model. Secondly, abnormally large strain steps are ob-served at quite a few stations in the tectonically active east-northern China, while in the relatively inactive east-southern China no obvious steps are recorded. It is inferred that seismic stress triggering may significantly affect remote seismic strain field. In other words, whether remote faulting be seismically triggered or not may de-termine the pattern of local seismic strain changes. Further comparison study results of March 11, 1999 Zhangbei earthquake and November 1, 1999 Datong earthquake show that the specific pattern of seismic zones has obvious influence on seismic strain changes in the region. This supports the idea that observed abnormal strain steps might be produced by coseismicly stress-triggered local faulting.

The Co-seismic Response of Underground Fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake

In this paper,statistics are taken on the co-seismic response of underground fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal M_S8. 1 earthquake,and the co-seismic response characteristics of the water level and water temperature are analyzed and summarized with the digital data. The results show that the Nepal M_S8. 1 earthquake had greater impact on the Yunnan region,and the macro and micro dynamics of fluids showed significant co-seismic response. The earthquake recording capacity of water level and temperature measurement is significantly higher than that of water radon and water quality to this large earthquake; the maximum amplitude and duration of co-seismic response of water level and water temperature vary greatly in different wells. The changing forms are dominated by fluctuation and step rise in water level,and a rising or falling restoration in water temperature. From the records of the main shock and the maximum strong aftershock,we can see that the greater magnitude of earthquake,the higher ratio of the occurrence of co-seismic response,and in the same well,the larger the response amplitude,as well as the longer the duration. The amplitude and duration of co-seismic response recorded by different instruments in a same well are different. Water temperature co-seismic response almost occurred in wells with water level response,indicating that the well water level and water temperature are closely related in co-seismic response,and the well water temperature seismic response was caused mainly by well water level seismic response.

Deep postbuckling and nonlinear bending behaviors of nanobeams with nonlocal and strain gradient effects

In this paper, multi-scale modeling for nanobeams with large deflection is conducted in the framework of the nonlocal strain gradient theory and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with exact bending curvature. The proposed size-dependent nonlinear beam model incorporates structure-foundation interaction along with two small scale parameters which describe the stiffness-softening and stiffness-hardening size effects of nanomaterials, respectively. By applying Hamilton's principle, the motion equation and the associated boundary condition are derived. A two-step perturbation method is introduced to handle the deep postbuckling and nonlinear bending problems of nanobeams analytically. Afterwards, the influence of geometrical, material, and elastic foundation parameters on the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of nanobeams is discussed. Numerical results show that the stability and precision of the perturbation solutions can be guaranteed, and the two types of size effects become increasingly important as the slenderness ratio increases. Moreover, the in-plane conditions and the high-order nonlinear terms appearing in the bending curvature expression play an important role in the nonlinear behaviors of nanobeams as the maximum deflection increases.

Inversion of coseismic stress-triggered fault slips using borehole strainmeter observations

Coseismic stress-triggering is becoming a new hot spot of research. Coseismic strain steps recorded by borehole strainmeters are particularly valuable in studying coseismic stress-triggered fault slips. Based on the theory of dis location, one can invert the triggered fault slips with such data if he/she has a well understanding about the local faults. Genetic algorithm can be applied to significantly raise the efficiency of searching a best solution among all possibilities in this kind of inversion. A testifying check of the program and analyses of each parameter＇s influence may further enhance the reliability of inversion results. Taking complexity of geological structure into account, the inversion results should be regarded as the predominant property or a comprehensive effect of triggered local faults＇ activities. As an attempt, we inverted the assumingly active faults＇ slips triggered by the Ms=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake over Beijing area.

Bending Properties of GCr15 Steel Guide Rail under the Multi-step Loading

To analyze the bending properties of GCr15 steel guide rail based on the elastic-plastic theory, the novel bending loading method consisting of multi-step loading and corresponding unloading was applied in three specimens with different cross section shape and different heat treatment condition. According to the experimental results, using numerical calculation software program and the numerical simulation with finite element analysis （FEA）, the relationships among the maximal load and displacement on cross section shape with each step bend loading, the loading stroke with the heat treatment condition, and the loading stroke with cross section shape were gained, and also those curves were discussed qualitatively. Finally, the contrast results between the numerical simulation and experiment were carried out to study the influence about the multi-step loading on specimen. It is put forward that enlightenment for the straightening stroke in the precision linear guide rail manufacture process.

考虑蠕变变形的格室加筋土力学性质研究

格室条带的蠕变变形会对土工格室的网格尺寸和条带刚度产生影响。采用加速蠕变试验和分级等温法(SIM法)建立了分别由HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)、PP(聚丙烯)和PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)三种材料制作的格室条带的主蠕变曲线和等时应力应变曲线,研究了蠕变对网格尺寸和条带长期刚度的影响。基于加筋土应力应变响应计算模型研究了格室条带的蠕变变形对加筋土强度和刚度的影响规律。结果表明,蠕变变形导致网格尺寸的增量较小,而长期刚度衰减主要在蠕变前期较明显;拉伸应变较小时,条带刚度随时间增加衰减较明显;因蠕变变形影响,格室加筋土的峰值偏差应力减小明显,其幅度范围约30%~55%;蠕变后加筋土变形模量的衰减随着轴向应变的增加逐渐明显。

考虑多因素耦合效应的冻结兰州黄土动力学参数研究

为了探究多因素耦合效应对冻结兰州黄土动力参数的影响,以分布在我国西部季节冻土区的兰州黄土为研究对象,通过动三轴试验研究了不同围压(0.1、0.2、0.3 MPa)、温度(−1、−3、−5℃)、含水率(14%、16%、18%)及加载频率(1、2、4 Hz)影响下冻结兰州黄土的动力参数变化特征。基于试验结果,分析了冻结兰州黄土最大动弹性模量、等效黏滞阻尼系数、参考应变幅值在温度、围压、含水率、加载频率等多因素耦合影响下的变化规律。结果表明,温度、含水率、加载频率和围压等耦合因素对冻结兰州黄土动弹性模量、参考应变幅值和等效黏滞阻尼系数的影响程度有差异。可以发现,冻结兰州黄土动弹性模量和参考应变幅值随温度变化的影响最显著,等效黏滞阻尼系数随加载频率变化表现最敏感。基于试验数据,对影响冻结兰州黄土的4种因素进行归一化和无量纲化处理,采用多元回归分析方法提出了冻结兰州黄土动力学参数的预测公式,有助于快速预测冻结兰州黄土在多因素耦合效应影响下的动力学参数变化特征。

一步法快速制备Mg^(2+)-壳聚糖/聚丙烯酰胺多功能复合水凝胶

文中采用一步法制备了具有黏附性、导电性、应变传感性能和自愈性的Mg^(2+)-壳聚糖(CS)/聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)双网络复合水凝胶。将Mg^(2+)直接加入到水凝胶反应体系中,原位形成金属离子交联键,避免了复杂的浸泡过程;此外,采用紫外光引发比热引发聚合更方便快捷。Mg^(2+)-CS/PAM水凝胶与多种材料具有较强的黏附能力,如橡胶、玻璃、塑料、金属、皮肤和石头等,其中与橡胶表面的黏附强度为32.09 kPa。由于其中丰富的自由离子,Mg^(2+)-CS/PAM水凝胶表现出良好的导电性和应变敏感性,可用于监测人体的大运动和细微运动。而且切割后的水凝胶在室温4 h内可完全愈合,还能拉伸至原来长度的4倍。

泸定M_(S)6.8地震同震应变状态及震前应变异常变化分析

1研究背景北京时间2022年9月5日12时52分,四川甘孜州泸定县发生M_(S)6.8地震(29.59°N,102.08°E),震源深度16 km。此次泸定M_(S)6.8地震发生在鲜水河断裂带南端,鲜水河断裂是中国大陆地壳运动最强烈的断裂带之一,与甘孜—玉树断裂、东南部的安宁河、则木河、小江断裂等共同构成了川滇活动块体的北东边界,该区域构造复杂,川滇地区绝大部分强震发生于该断裂系。

Mapping three-dimensional co-seismic surface deformations associated with the 2015 MW7.2 Murghab earthquake based on InSAR and characteristics of crustal strain

Three-dimensional(3 D) co-seismic surface deformations are of great importance to interpret the characteristics of coseismic deformations and to understand the geometries and dynamics of seismogenic faults. In this paper, we propose a method for mapping 3 D co-seismic deformations based on InSAR observations and crustal strain characteristics. In addition, the search strategy of correlation points is optimized by adaptive correlation distance, which greatly improves the applicability of the proposed method in restoring deformations in decorrelation areas. Results of the simulation experiment reveal that the proposed method is superior to conventional methods in both the accuracy and completeness. The proposed method is then applied to map the 3 D co-seismic surface deformations associated with the 2015 MW7.2 Murghab earthquake using ascending and descending ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 images. The results show that the seismogenic fault is the Sarez-Karakul fault(SKF), which is dominated by NE-SW strike slips with an almost vertical dip angle. The north section and the south segment near the epicentre have obvious subsidence along with a southwestward motion in the northwest wall, and the southeast wall has northeast movement and surface uplift trend along the fault zone. The strain field of the earthquake is also obtained by the proposed method. It is found that the crustal block of the seismic area is obviously affected by dilatation and shear forces, which is in good agreement with the movement character of the sinistral slip.

钻孔应变观测同震阶变时的一个问题及对策分析

针对分量式钻孔仪记录同震应变阶跃时常出现的ΔεⅠ+ΔεⅢ与ΔεⅡ+ΔεⅣ观测值不等,无法自检,且观测到的应变/应力阶跃大于理论计算值等现象,利用有限元方法计算分析可能的原因,建立不同围压和地震波应力扰动条件下的多种模型,运用各向同性"杀死单元"和横向各向同性"杀伤单元"法,模拟分量式钻孔仪的金属外壁和固结水泥环之间产生张裂隙或剪切滑动的情况。计算结果显示,若钻孔内的金属圆筒和水泥环之间发生剪切滑动,基本不会影响到观测;然而两者之间发生张裂会使得ΔεⅠ+ΔεⅢ与ΔεⅡ+ΔεⅣ出现较大差异,严重影响到同震阶变的观测。今后在井下安置探头时应该尝试新的改进方法。

光纤光栅位移传感器的研究

分析研究了光纤布拉格光栅传感信号解调原理;提出了基于步进电机调控的等强度悬臂梁光纤布拉格光栅传感信号解调方案;设计了一种基于悬臂梁调谐和匹配光栅解调技术的光纤布拉格光栅传感信号解调技术方案;推导了传感光栅中心反射波长的变化量与参考光栅中心反射波长变化量的关系式,并根据以上原理设计了系统的各个部分。步进电机将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件,在非超载的情况下,电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数,而不受负载变化的影响。该系统具有结构简单,精度较高,成本低等特点。

山丹地应力监测站体应变仪的地震效应

本文简要介绍了山丹地应力监测台站的概况,用多种方法对该台站安装的TYB-2000A体应变仪在2007年8月至2008年7月记录的174次MS4.0~MS8.6地震数据进行了处理与分析,其中汶川地震及余震共85次,并与其他台站记录的地震资料进行比对,对记录的应变地震波、同震应变阶跃、地震前后地球自由振荡的变化及其所包含的物理意义等信息深入分析,揭示出地震前后应变波的变化规律,为今后的地震预测和灾害防治提供了科学依据。

分级加载下冻土动弹性模量的试验研究

基于黏弹性理论,将动态弹性模量的最大值定义为冻土的动模量,通过计算滞回曲线中直线斜率的方法来计算冻土的动模量。通过动三轴试验,对不同频率、围压和负温条件下冻土的动模量随动应变幅的变化规律进行了试验研究,结果表明:在不同频率(0.1～20 Hz)、围压(0.3～2 MPa)和负温(-0.2～-2℃)条件下,青藏黏土的动模量取值范围为393～1749 MPa,兰州黄土的动模量取值范围为101～713 MPa;同一级加载下,动模量随着振次的增加基本不变,可以采用平均值来表征该级加载下的动模量;对于青藏黏土和兰州黄土,不同频率条件下,动模量随动应变幅的增加最终趋于一稳定值,该稳定值随加载频率的增加而增大;不同温度和围压条件下,随着动应变幅的增加,动模量先减小再趋于一个稳定值,该稳定值随围压的变化较复杂,随温度的降低而增大。

成梯度增加的拉伸刺激对成骨细胞胶原合成的影响

使用四点弯曲加载装置研究机械拉伸对成骨细胞胶原合成的影响 ,在生理应变范围 (5 0 0～ 15 0 0 με)研究了不同加载时间、不同应变水平对成骨细胞胶原合成的影响 .发现在 5 0 0 με下的拉伸刺激提高了成骨细胞合成胶原的能力 ,而在 10 0 0 με和 15 0 0 με下的拉伸刺激使成骨细胞的胶原合成受到了明显抑制 (P <0 0 1) .设计了应变成梯度增加的加载方式 :使细胞在 5 0 0 με加载一段时间后 ,将应变增加到 10 0 0 με加载同样长的时间 ,最后将应变增加到 15 0 0 με加载同样长的时间 .在梯度加载实验中发现 ,成骨细胞接收到有利于其胶原蛋白合成的信号时 ,大量地吸收用于合成胶原的脯氨酸 ,当力学刺激变为抑制信号时 ,储存在胞内的3 H 脯氨酸又重新释放回溶液中 .说明在应变逐渐增加的加载过程中 。

多菌种分步固态发酵果渣生产菌体蛋白饲料的工艺优化

实验研究了多菌种分步固态发酵果渣生产菌体蛋白饲料的工艺条件,以果渣为主要原料,麸皮、豆粕、谷糠等为辅料,通过对多菌种(黑曲霉、产朊假丝酵母、热带假丝酵母和酿酒酵母)接种及培养方法、菌液的接种量、发酵的最佳温度、共发酵时间、固液比及物料酸碱度因素的优化研究,获得了优化后的多菌种分步固态发酵果渣生产菌体蛋白饲料生产工艺。通过单因素试验及正交试验,确定最佳发酵条件为固液比60%,初始pH5.5,温度30℃,黑曲霉的接种量为7.50%,复合酵母液的接种量为10%,黑曲霉在发酵初期接入,复合酵母液在发酵24h后接入,共培养时间为72h。在最佳菌种配比和发酵条件下,发酵终产物的粗蛋白质含量从4.97%增加至27.60%,增长了22.63个百分点,达到优质蛋白饲料标准。

Sacks体应变地震波的观测结果分析

研究宝坻台Sacks钻孔体应变仪的地震响应能力,发现它与震级及震中距有关,即体应变地震波振幅与震级和震中距的数理统计关系是随震级增大呈指数增加、随震中距增大呈幂函数衰减;分析了京津地区6台Sacks体应变仪在多次地震发生时,震时应变阶的响应特征,显示其极性(压、张)与观测点所在断层有一定关系。

用钻孔应变资料反演同震应力触发断层活动

沿着同震应力触发的思路,提出了利用钻孔应变观测记录的同震应变阶反演同震应力触发断层活动的方法.这种反演是在对当地断层活动有比较清楚的了解的基础上,依据位错理论进行的.用遗传算法进行这种反演可以在进行全局搜索的同时大大提高计算效率.对算法和程序的有效性检验以及对各影响参数的分析,可以进一步保证反演结果的可靠性.考虑到实际地质构造的复杂性,这样的反演结果可能反映的是当地被触发的断层活动的主要影响或综合效果.作为尝试,对昆仑山口西MS8.1地震触发的北京地区断层活动进行了反演.