Theoretical description of drawing body shape in an inclined seam with longwall top coal caving mining

Understanding the characteristics of drawing body shape is essential for optimization of drawing parameters in longwall top coal caving mining.In this study,both physical experiments and theoretical analysis are employed to investigate these characteristics and derive a theoretical equation for the drawing body shape along the working face in an inclined seam.By analyzing the initial positions of drawn marked particles,the characteristics of the drawing body shape for different seam dip angles are obtained.It is shown that the drawing body of the top coal exhibits a shape-difference and volume-symmetry characteristic,on taking a vertical line through the center of support opening as the axis of symmetry,the shapes of the drawing body on the two sides of this axis are clearly different,but their volumes are equal.By establishing theoretical models of the drawing body in the initial drawing stage and the normal drawing stage,a theoretical equation for the drawing body in an inclined seam is proposed,which can accurately describe the characteristics of the drawing body shape.The shape characteristics and volume symmetry of the drawing body are further analyzed by comparing the results of theoretical calculations and numerical simulations.It is shown that one side of the drawing body is divided into two parts by an inflection point,with the lower part being a variation development area.This variation development area increases gradually with increasing seam dip angle,resulting in an asymmetry of the drawing body shape.However,the volume symmetry coefficient fluctuates around 1 for all values of the seam dip angle variation,and the volumes of the drawing body on the two sides are more or less equal as the variation development volume is more or less equal to the cut volume.Both theoretical calculations and numerical simulations confirm that the drawing body of the top coal exhibits the shape-difference and volume-symmetry characteristic.

Research on attenuation characteristic of sound wave in coal or rock body

In order to using power sound wave increase permeability of coal, rules of attenuation of sound wave in coal should be studied. In this paper, characteristic and mechanism of attenuation of sound wave in coal was researched according to acoustic theory and attenuation coefficients was estimated by acoustic parameter of coal. The research results show that the main attenuation mechanism of sound wave in coal is absorption attenuation and scattering attenuation. The absorption attenuation includes viscous absorption, thermal conduction absorption and relaxation absorption. Attenuation coefficient of sound wave in gaseous coal is 38.5 Np/m. Researches on attenuation characteristic of sound wave will provide the theoretical basis for power sound wave improving permeability of coal and accelerating desorption of coal bed gas.

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

Joint Bearing Mechanism of Coal Pillar and Backfilling Body in Roadway Backfilling Mining Technology

In the traditional mining technology,the coal resources trapped beneath surface buildings,railways,and water bodies cannot be mined massively,thereby causing the lower coal recovery and dynamic disasters.In order to solve the aforementioned problems,the roadway backfilling mining technology is developed and the joint bearing mechanism of coal pillar and backfilling body is presented in this paper.The mechanical model of bearing system of coal pillar and backfilling body is established,by analyzing the basic characteristics of overlying strata deformation in roadway backfilling mining technology.According to the Ritz method in energy variation principle,the elastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is deduced in roadway backfilling mining technology.Based on elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle,combining with the burgers rheological constitutive model and Laplace transform theory,the viscoelastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is obtained in roadway backfilling mining technology.By analyzing the compressive mechanical property of backfilling body,the time formula required for coal pillar and backfilling body to play the joint bearing function in roadway backfilling mining technology is obtained.The example analysis indicates that the time is 140 days.The results can be treated as an important basis for theoretical research and process design in roadway backfilling mining technology.

Theory and test research on permeability of coal and rock body influenced by mining

Stress distribution rules and deformation and failure properties of coal and rockbodies influenced by mining were analyzed.Experimental research on permeability of coaland rock samples under different loading conditions was finished in the laboratory.In-situmeasurement of coal permeability influenced by actual mining was done as well.Theoryanalysis show that permeability varied with damage development of coal and rock understress,and the influence of fissure on permeability was greatest.Laboratory results showthat under different loading conditions permeability was different and it varied with stress,which indicated that permeability was directly related to the loading process.In-situ testsshowed that permeability is related to abutment stress to some degree.The above resultsmay be referenced to gas prevention and drainage.

Nonlinear multi body dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of a double drum coal shearer

The double drum coal shearer is widely applied for the underground coal exploration in the mining industry.The vibration and noise control are significant factors for the stability design of the double drum coal shearer.In this paper,the vibration properties of a double drum coal shearer are firstly investigated.The horizontal,transverse and torsional vibrations of the motor body and the angle displacements of the rockers are taken into account.The walking units and the hydraulic units are modeled by the stiffness-damping systems.The nonlinear equation of motion of the double drum coal shearer is established by applying the Lagrange’s equation.The nonlinear vibration response of the system is calculated by using the Runge Kutta numerical method.The effects of the shearing loads,the equivalent damping and stiffness of the walking units,the inclination angels of the rockers and the equivalent damping and stiffness of the hydraulic units on the vibration properties of the system are discussed.

DETECTION OF IGNEOUS BODIES IN HUAIBEI COAL MINESBY HIGH RESOLUTION MAGNETIC SURVEY

The present paper investigates the application of high resolution magnetic survey to detecting igneous bodies. The slight difference in magnetism between igneous bodies and their surrounding rocks is measured first and then the magnetic survey data are processed to determine whether there exist igneous bodies by analog among several measuring lines, and finally the modified Marquart inversion was used to determine the occurrence and distribution of the igneous bodies.

建筑物下特厚煤层镁渣基全固废连采连充开采技术与实践

我国建筑物下压煤量巨大,同时煤矸石、粉煤灰等煤基工业固体废弃物排放量日益增加,严重制约地方经济社会发展。以榆林麻黄梁煤矿为试验矿井,针对其特厚煤层、建筑物下压煤、充填成本高等问题,提出了特厚煤层全固废连采连充开采技术。采用四阶段工序并将特厚煤层分为上、下2部分二次回采压覆煤炭,最大程度控制地面沉降。为降低充填原材料成本,采用化学优化剂对镁渣进行源头改性,抑制镁渣冷却粉化,稳定水化活性,协同粉煤灰、脱硫石膏等煤基固废,研发了改性镁−煤渣基胶凝材料。采用改性镁−煤渣基胶凝材料胶结煤矸石、粉煤灰制备了全固废充填材料。针对麻黄梁煤矿四阶段强、弱充填强度要求,设计不同配比的改性镁渣基充填材料试验,优选配比并应用于井下充填。论述了膏体充填系统与充填接顶方法。麻黄梁煤矿全固废胶结充填工艺试验显示,井下28 d龄期充填体钻芯平均单轴抗压强度超设计强度27%,钻芯浸出毒性满足相关国家标准要求,成功回收了建筑物下压覆煤炭资源,社会经济效益显著。麻黄梁煤矿特厚煤层全固废胶结充填开采实践为国内类似矿井提供了有益借鉴,同时为我国大型煤炭基地的“煤−电−化−冶”固废大规模资源化利用提供了新的思路。

基于正交设计的大比例模型采场煤体相似材料配比试验研究

针对传统模型材料难以满足大比例模型采场材料需求,结合大比例模型相似模拟试验特点及相似理论,以陶粒、河沙、粉煤、水泥和石膏为原料,设计正交试验,测试试件的物理力学等参数。结果表明:大比例模型采场材料基本特征为低容重、高强度。煤体材料密度随陶粒/骨料比值的增大而减小,抗压强度和抗拉强度随陶粒/骨料、水膏比的增大而减小,随水胶比的增大而增大,弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角随陶粒/骨料和骨胶比的增大而减小。通过多元线性回归分析反算大比例模型采场煤体相似材料配比模型,并通过试验得到不同尺寸试件各试验指标误差在20%内波动,证实了该配比模型的可靠性。

济阳坳陷潜山风险勘探方向浅析

济阳坳陷油气资源丰富,但随着勘探程度的不断深入,古近系常规油气藏的勘探难度不断加大,亟需拓展新领域,保障资源有效接替。济阳坳陷地层发育齐全,前古近系潜山分布广、厚度大,勘探潜力显著,但受限于深层潜山形成时间早、经历地质演化历程复杂、深部地震资料品质差等因素,勘探效果相对较差。近年来,随着实验技术持续攻关、基础地质研究不断深化、地震资料处理手段更加丰富,潜山钻探获得了不少好苗头,形成了多期构造共控成山、多套源岩联合供烃、多元共控优势成储、多种模式有序控藏的潜山油气成藏认识。通过对已发现油气藏的深入解剖,同时借鉴邻区的勘探经验,明确了济阳坳陷深层潜山勘探的风险方向和勘探目标,为济阳坳陷油气勘探潜力的进一步挖掘指明了方向。具体来讲,各层系的风险勘探方向为:太古界潜山内幕的断缝体、断溶体圈闭等;下古生界隐蔽性断块圈闭以及内幕颗粒滩、沿层溶蚀作用形成的岩性圈闭;上古生界埋深大于2000m的深层煤系气藏;中生界裂缝-砂体双控的岩性圈闭。

顶煤运移轨迹监测实验平台研制与教学实践

为丰富“采矿学”课程实践教学内容,促进本科生对综合机械化放顶煤开采技术的了解,该文研制了顶煤运移轨迹监测实验平台。实验平台包括模型框架、综放支架、辅助铰轮、磁场发射装置、轨迹识别装置和数据采集系统,平台基于电磁波技术精准定位顶煤位置和精准识别顶煤运移轨迹,可用于研究煤层地质赋存条件、开采技术条件等对顶煤运移规律的影响。实验设计了“模型搭建、标志点安装、模拟放煤、数据采集、轨迹反演”等环节,培养了学生团队合作和创新思考能力。

煤矿采动影响体微生物采残煤与CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同充填关键技术

煤矿采空区是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要突破口,煤炭开采形成的、能够富集煤层气、为后期微生物活动和矿化充填提供底物和空间的地质体定义为采动影响体。以采动影响体为研究对象,提出了采动影响体微生物采残煤与CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同矿化充填关键技术,并从必要性和可行性2个方面阐述了该技术在采动影响体资源二次开发、CO_(2)安全封存以及燃煤电厂粉煤灰固废高效处置等的广阔前景。其总体思路是将采动影响体作为一个厌氧发酵“工厂”,高产高效产甲烷菌群作为“劳动者”对“工厂”已有的原材料——残煤、薄煤层和分散有机质以及注入的CO_(2)进行加工,其“产品”是甲烷,进而实现微生物采残煤和CO_(2)资源化。同时,CO_(2)与碱性的粉煤灰结合,在实现了CO_(2)矿化封存的同时,也实现了采动影响体的充填。该技术涉及的关键科学问题包括采动影响体类型划分与有机质特征、采动影响体原位条件下厌氧发酵产甲烷机制、微生物-CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同矿化/固化机制以及微生物采残煤与充填关键技术示范工程建设。实验室物理模拟采动影响体原位条件实验表明其中残煤和富含有机质的泥页岩能够在微生物作用下生成生物甲烷,且添加少量的粉煤灰能够进一步强化甲烷的产出。物理模拟地下水补给的动态实验表明营养物质的补给对厌氧发酵系统的影响尤为重要,补给循环周期为14 d的厌氧发酵系统恰与产甲烷菌群繁殖的周期一致,能够保证厌氧发酵系统的持续高效运行。高钙粉煤灰-CO_(2)-矿井水协同胶结的试件经过28 d的养护后抗压强度为12.31 MPa,其矿化封存潜力约为21.99 m3 CO_(2)/t(粉煤灰),说明粉煤灰在实现采空区固化的同时能够实现CO_(2)减排。此外,基于微生物采残煤与粉煤灰充填目的对工程试验靶区进行优选,地下水滞留区是CO_(2)矿化和粉煤灰充填的最佳场所,因采掘活动自然形成的自然圈闭和人工充填形成的圈闭是较有利的工程试验靶区之一。针对这些靶区提出了微生物采残煤与CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同充填关键技术,旨在为中国碳减排和采空区生态环境治理提供一条新的技术路径。

预裂炮孔近区煤体爆破损伤特性研究

为探究工作面预裂炮孔近区煤体动力损伤及应力传递过程,选用HJC、RHT损伤模型,对单孔装药及双孔爆破工况开展爆破模拟。研究结果表明:单孔爆破下RHT模型的损伤随时间呈近似线性增长,HJC模型的爆破损伤随时间呈二次函数增长;单孔爆破中峰值压力与爆心距呈二次函数;双孔爆破下HJC、RHT模型的爆炸近区压力峰值相差2.27%,但远区峰值压力差值≥8.0 MPa;双孔爆破下RHT模型应力波传播:两孔贯穿-后向外扩展;HJC模型应力波传播:由爆破孔向四周扩展,后作用孔间区域;单孔/双孔爆破中HJC模型能量吸收时间分别为RHT模型的6~10倍,RHT模型可表征煤岩爆破演化。研究成果可为工作面安全高效施工提供参考。

循环水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学响应及劣化机制

煤矿地下水库的建立解决了我国西部干旱-半干旱生态脆弱区的缺水问题。地下水库不断进行着蓄水-抽水,地下水库水位的反复升降对水库坝体产生反复损伤作用,而半煤岩坝体、煤岩夹矸坝体为地下水库常见的坝体。基于此,设计进行了不同“干燥-饱和”循环次数的砂岩-煤组合体不同围压下的轴向压缩试验,分析循环浸水作用下煤岩组合体力学特性劣化规律和劣化机制。结果表明:(1)随着循环次数的增加,组合体的饱和含水率逐渐增大。饱和含水率与循环次数呈对数关系。(2)随着循环次数的增加,应力-应变曲线压密阶段增长,弹性阶段斜率减小,峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,屈服阶段愈加明显,应力跌落变缓。(3)随着循环次数的增加,组合体抗压强度逐渐降低,循环1~3次,抗压强度劣化幅度较为明显。抗压强度阶段劣化度具有非均匀性。(4)循环1~5次,黏聚力下降了70.87%,内摩擦角下降了60.65%。(5)循环1~3次,组合体弹性模量下降了53.06%,变形模量下降了61.10%。(6)循环浸水作用下,试样微观裂纹逐渐发育,矿物颗粒由原来的棱角分明的多边形向浑圆形逐渐发展,大的矿物颗粒逐渐崩解为小颗粒,颗粒间胶结作用逐渐弱化,由紧凑致密结构向松散软弱结构转变。(7)循环浸水作用下,水岩发生反复的物理、化学、力学作用,对煤岩产生反复损伤,最终导致宏观力学特性的劣化。

不同功率微波预处理煤样增透效果及能量变化研究

为探究不同功率微波下受载煤体渗透率及破坏变形能量演化特征,采用高压三维可视力学实验设备,开展不同功率微波预处理后煤样的三轴压缩渗流实验。结果表明:不同功率微波处理后煤样弹性模量呈现先降后升趋势,峰值应力与泊松比均呈现下降趋势;随微波功率增加,煤样更容易被压密,径向及体应力-应变曲线整体应变值变大,扩容膨胀现象更加显著;煤样渗透率随功率增加呈现上升趋势,符合对数函数关系;不同预处理煤样峰值应力处的总能量U与弹性能Ue总体呈下降趋势,煤样在弹性阶段积聚弹性能Ue的能力减弱;相同照射时间下相比200 W和600 W微波预处理,400 W微波预处理时各能量变化量明显变大,煤样耗散能Ud占总能量U比值最小,为24%。研究成果可为微波致裂煤层促进瓦斯抽采研究提供参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式

近十几年来,鄂尔多斯盆地北部煤矿开采频频受到了直罗组地下水的威胁,甚至出现了突水事故。区内以直罗组地下水为充水水源的大水矿井连片分布,且与直罗组古河道砂体关系密切。为阐释神府南区直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式,在直罗组古河道砂体空间分布及其对地下水赋存控制作用研究的基础上,从研究区尺度、井田尺度和工作面尺度,分析了直罗组古河道砂体与矿井涌水的关系,提出了直罗组古河道砂体下矿井涌水模式。结果表明:神府南区直罗组古河道冲刷带沿红碱淖—尔林兔—锦界一线发育,冲刷带内延安组第5段几乎被冲刷剥蚀殆尽,在局部地区延安组第4段也遭受了冲刷。根据砂分散体系分析和隔水岩组发育特征,将冲刷带内充填沉积的古河道砂体分为3级。直罗组古河道砂体富水性的强弱主要受控于砂体规模、物性特征和风化作用,一级砂体(主河道)区域富水性强于二级砂体(分支河道)及三级砂体(三角洲间湾、分流间湾)区域,当砂体遭受风化后,其富水性将进一步增强。基于不同尺度下砂体分级、风化砂体厚度与矿井涌水关系的分析,提出了研究区东部现阶段古河道砂体下生产矿井的3种涌水模式。强涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体分布区,风化砂体厚度一般≥30 m。中等涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体的边缘或二级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般10~30 m。弱涌水模式,主要位于三级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般<10 m。

裂隙煤岩组合体单轴压缩力学响应及失稳机制

煤岩系统中煤层与岩层之间的层间薄弱带是裂隙分布的主要区域,这些裂隙贯穿于两岩层,严重影响着煤岩系统的力学性质与工程稳定。为探究贯穿裂隙对煤岩系统力学性质的影响,对5种裂隙长度、5种裂隙角度的裂隙煤岩组合体开展轴向加载试验,结果表明:(1)随裂隙长度的增加,抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值能量、冲击能量指数呈线性减小。随裂隙角度的增大,抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值能量、冲击能量指数先减小后增大。(2)试样破坏声发射活动均经历平静期、活跃期、剧烈期3个阶段。随裂隙长度的增加,声发射累计能量先增加后减小。随裂隙角度的增大,声发射峰值能量和累计能量先增大后减小。(3)裂隙长度和角度对翼裂纹、次生倾斜裂纹、次生共面裂纹、斜裂纹、次生衍生裂纹、翼裂纹衍生裂纹、远场裂纹以及剥落现象有一定影响。(4)随裂隙长度的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角逐渐降低。随裂隙角度的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角先减小后增大。(5)构建了考虑裂隙长度和裂隙角度的Drucker-Prager强度准则,合理性验证发现:试样误差在1.367%~5.055%合理范围之内。(6)基于耗散结构理论,分析了组合体失稳破坏机制,组合体破坏主要经历了准稳态、亚稳态、失稳、新稳态4个阶段;构建了裂隙煤岩组合体能量运移模型,分析了裂隙煤岩组合体失稳破坏过程中的能量运移规律。裂隙两端是能量积聚的主要区域,煤组分裂隙端破坏时,一部分能量运移到岩石组分裂隙端,以岩石组分破坏或变形的形式释放出去。研究结果可为探究深部煤岩力学性质、揭示煤岩动力灾害发生机制提供有益参考。

爆炸荷载作用下深部煤体损伤特征试验研究

为研究深部地应力影响下爆破后煤体的损伤情况及裂纹扩展规律,建立了地应力下煤体损伤模型和爆破孔环向应力分布规律。通过相似模拟试验和数值模拟与分形维数相结合的方法,探讨了地应力作用下煤体爆破后裂纹扩展规律。理论分析表明,炮孔受地应力的影响会发生二次应力分布;在双向等压条件下,裂纹沿偏离主应力方向45°发展,在双向异压条件下,裂纹朝与主应力角度为θ(θ=arctan(σ_(x)/σ_(y)))方向发展。对比四组相似模拟试验:相对于无地应力条件下,3组对照试验各测点的应力大小和动载作用时间均减少,证明地应力对煤体爆破后的裂纹扩展起抑制作用;煤体裂纹会朝最大主应力方向扩展,最小地应力方向裂纹长度会随着应力差的增大而减小。通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了三维煤体模型对不同地应力条件下进行了爆破模拟,模拟结果表明:平行于最大主应力方向的裂纹发育受到促进作用,而垂直于最大主应力方向的裂纹则会受到抑制。同时,通过线性拟合得到损伤量w和分形维数D之间的函数关系,建立了w=5.4381D10.45381的煤体损伤预测模型。

单轴冲击荷载下煤体损伤及破坏特征分析

为探究单轴冲击荷载下煤体损伤破坏特性及演化规律,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)装置,通过调节储气室气压值,获得煤样在5 m/s冲击速度下的动力学响应结果,并以此为主要参考依据,确定模型细观物理力学参数;利用PFC3D软件,进行了在单轴冲击荷载作用下,含不同角度的闭合和非闭合直裂隙(0°、30°、60°、90°)的煤体在5 m/s冲击速度下,以及不含裂隙煤体在不同冲击速度下损伤破坏过程的数值模拟试验;探究了单轴冲击荷载下,冲击速度、裂隙分布角度等因素对煤体损伤破坏特征的影响。试验结果表明:冲击速度较低的时候,煤样主要遵循变形破坏准则,当冲击速度增长到一定程度时,则主要遵循强度破坏准则;裂隙通常由4个角和裂隙的尖端等介质突变处产生,呈现“V”形或“X”形扩展趋势,最终呈现出X形破坏带;煤样内外层呈现出不同的破坏形式,内层较于外层更接近三向应力状态,因此更容易发生剪切破坏,而外层就更容易发生拉伸破坏;总的来说,在单轴冲击荷载作用下,煤样主要破坏形式为拉伸破坏。

三维静载与循环冲击共同作用下组合煤岩体力学特性试验研究

为进一步研究循环冲击载荷下煤岩体的力学特性,以岩-煤-岩结构试样为研究对象,利用改进后霍普金森压杆试验系统,开展三维静载与循环动态冲击试验,研究冲击入射能及围压对岩-煤-岩结构试样的强度、变形及破坏特征的影响。研究结果表明:相同围压下,总循环次数随冲击入射能的增加而逐渐减少;相同入射能下,总冲击次数随围压的增大而增加;相同围压下,平均应变率随着冲击次数、冲击入射能的增加而逐渐增加;相同入射能下,围压9 MPa时应变率较低且前期增长幅值较为缓慢,围压3 MPa时应变率较高且增长速度较快;峰值应力、变形模量随入射能增加而逐渐递增,随冲击次数增加而逐渐递减;相同入射能下,峰值应力及变形模量随围压的增大而增加;相同围压下,峰值应力与应变率呈幂函数递减,变形模量与应变率呈线性函数递减;循环冲击下,煤岩体破碎程度明显高于单次冲击,破坏主体是煤,破坏形式为剪切-拉伸复合破坏,并且具有明显的率相关性,随着冲击入射能的增加或者围压的减少,煤碎块尺寸较小且块数较多。研究结果可为深部煤岩体动力灾害控制提供理论参考。