Geological characteristics and exploration breakthroughs of coal rock gas in Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China

To explore the geological characteristics and exploration potential of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation coal rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the coal rock distribution,coal rock reservoirs,coal rock quality,and coal rock gas features,resources and enrichment.Coal rock gas is a high-quality resource distinct from coalbed methane,and it has unique features in terms of burial depth,gas source,reservoir,gas content,and carbon isotopic composition.The Benxi Formation coal rocks cover an area of 16×104km^(2),with thicknesses ranging from 2 m to 25 m,primarily consisting of bright and semi-bright coals with primitive structures and low volatile and ash contents,indicating a good coal quality.The medium-to-high rank coal rocks have the total organic carbon(TOC)content ranging from 33.49%to 86.11%,averaging75.16%.They have a high degree of thermal evolution(Roof 1.2%-2.8%),and a high gas-generating capacity.They also have high stable carbon isotopic values(δ13C1of-37.6‰to-16‰;δ13C2of-21.7‰to-14.3‰).Deep coal rocks develop matrix pores such as gas bubble pores,organic pores,and inorganic mineral pores,which,together with cleats and fractures,form good reservoir spaces.The coal rock reservoirs exhibit the porosity of 0.54%-10.67%(averaging 5.42%)and the permeability of(0.001-14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2)(averaging 2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2)).Vertically,there are five types of coal rock gas accumulation and dissipation combinations,among which the coal rock-mudstone gas accumulation combination and the coal rock-limestone gas accumulation combination are the most important,with good sealing conditions and high peak values of total hydrocarbon in gas logging.A model of coal rock gas accumulation has been constructed,which includes widespread distribution of medium-to-high rank coal rocks continually generating gas,matrix pores and cleats/fractures in coal rocks acting as large-scale reservoir spaces,tight cap rocks providing sealing,source-reservoir integration,and five types of efficient enrichment patterns(lateral pinchout complex,lenses,low-amplitude structures,nose-like structures,and lithologically self-sealing).According to the geological characteristics of coal rock gas,the Benxi Formation is divided into 8 plays,and the estimated coal rock gas resources with a buried depth of more than 2000 m are more than 12.33×10^(12)m^(3).The above understandings guide the deployment of risk exploration.Two wells drilled accordingly obtained an industrial gas flow,driving the further deployment of exploratory and appraisal wells.Substantial breakthroughs have been achieved,with the possible reserves over a trillion cubic meters and the proved reserves over a hundred billion cubic meters,which is of great significance for the reserves increase and efficient development of natural gas in China.

New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan

Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan. Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented. Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1 titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and 3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10 km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in a short period (67 - 66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and sauropods, there is a need to extend list of characters for phylogenetic analyses. This broad feature list should include main characters of titanosaurs from Pakistan and also from global world.

The Status Quo and Outlook of Chinese Coal Geology and Exploration Technologies

Coal is China＇s dominant energy resource. Coal geological exploration is the basis of sustainable development of coal industry. Since the late 1990s, the advances in Chinese coal geology and exploration techniques have been shown in the following aspects. （1） The basic research of coal geology has changed from traditional geological studies to earth system science; （2） Breakthroughs have been achieved in integrated exploration techniques for coal resources; （3） Evaluation of coal and coalbed methane resources provides important basis for macropolicy making for China＇s coal industry and construction of large coal bases; （4） Significant advances have been made in using information technology in coal geological exploration and 3S （GPS, GIS, RS） technology. For the present and a period of time in the future, major tasks of Chinese coal geological technology are as follows： （1） solving resources replacement problem in eastern China and geological problems of deep mining; （2） solving problem of integrated coal exploration of complex regions in energy bases of central China, and resources problems induced by coal exploitation; （3） making efforts to enhance the level of geological research and resources evaluation of coal-accumulation basins in western China; （4） strengthening geological research of clean coal technologies; （5） strengthening geological research of the problems in modern coal mining and safe production; （6） promoting information technology in coal resources and major geological investigations.

New prospecting progress using information and big data of coal and oil exploration holes on sandstone-type uranium deposit in North China

1.Objective A series of Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins exist in North China,coexisting with coal,oil/gas,and salt resources.Many previous drilling projects have been conducted within these basins to explore coal,petroleum,and mineral resources,however,these data have not been integrated due to different industries owners.In order to efficiently explore the large-sized,easily extracted,and environmentally friendly,sandstone-type uranium deposits,previous coal and oil exploration drilling-hole data are systematically collected, processed,and analyzed to improve the sandstone-type uranium prospecting exploitation.At the same time,we also discussed the uranium source,ore-forming process and model for the sandstone-type uranium deposits.

Coordinated Exploration Model and its Application to Coal and Coal-associated Deposits in Coal Basins of China

China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM),an unconventional natural gas resource.Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources has also led to the discovery of rare,precious,and scattered metal minerals,including sandstone-type U and Ga–Ge–Li.High-grade and industrial-value deposits have been discovered in the Ordos,Junggar,and other basins across China during exploration for coal resources.Application of coordinated exploration theories and techniques in multiple energy and coal-associated ore deposits,such as coal and unconventional natural gas in coal,achieves efficient and practical exploration of natural resources.Based on the systematic study of accumulation and occurrence of coal and coal-associated mineral resources in coal basins,the basic idea of coordinated exploration for coal and coal-associated deposits is proposed,and multi-targets and multi-methods based on a coordinated exploration model of coal-associated deposits is developed.Coordinated exploration expands the main exploration objective from coal seams to coal-associated series,extending the exploration target from targeting coal only to coal-associated deposits.Entrance times for exploration are decreased to realize coordinated exploration for coal,unconventional natural gas and syngenetic/associated mineral resources in coal by implementing a’one-time approach’―one time in and out of a coal seam to minimize disturbance and time needed for extraction.According to the differences of geological background in China’s coal basins,four coordinated exploration model types,including co-exploration of coal and coal-associated unconventional natural gas,coal and solid minerals,coal and metal minerals,and coal with water resources are established.Other models discussed include a multi-target coordinated exploration model for the combination of coal,coal-associated gas,solid minerals,and metal minerals accordingly.The exploration techniques of coal and coal-associated resources include regional geological investigation and research and synthetic application of other techniques including seismic surveys,drilling,logging,and geochemical exploration.Particularly,applying the’multi-purpose drill hole’or reworking coalfield drill holes into parameter wells,adding sample testing and logging wells,determining gas-bearing layers by logging and gas content measurement,jointly measuring multiple logging parameters,sampling,and testing of coal-strata help in the exploration and evaluation of coal resources,coal-associated unconventional natural gas resources,and coal-associated element minerals.Accordingly,a system of integrated Space–Air–Ground exploration techniques for coordinated exploration of coal and coal-associated minerals is established.This includes high-resolution,hyperspectral remote-sensing technique,high-precision geophysical exploration and fast,precise drilling,testing of experimental samples,as well as coordinated exploration and determination methods of multi-target factors,multi-exploration means,multi-parameter configuration and optimization,big data fusions and interpretation techniques.In recent years,the application of this integrated system has brought significant breakthroughs in coal exploration in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang and other provinces,discovering several large,ten-billionton coalfields,such as the Eastern Junggar and Tuha basins,and also in exploration and development of CBM from lowrank coals in Fukang,Xinjiang,discovery the Daying U Deposit in Inner Mongolia,the Junggar Ultralarge Ga Deposit,Lincang,Yunnan,and the Wulantuga,Inner Mongolia,Ge-bearing coal deposits,and the Pingshuo Ultralarge Li–Ge Deposit.

Geological characteristics and co-exploration and co-production methods of Upper Permian Longtan coal measure gas in Yangmeishu Syncline, Western Guizhou Province, China

Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methane,coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas)from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation,which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources,maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development.For the first time,in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province,the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation,identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources.The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×109 m3 and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×106 m3/km2.In this area,the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams,large total thickness,thin to the medium thickness of the single layer,good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone,good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient.According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir,the most favorable intervals are No.5-2,No.7 and No.13-2 coal seam in Well YMC1.And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone,such as staged perforation,increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and"three gas"production.The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m3 has been obtained,which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China.Based on the above investigation results,the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the coexploration and co-production methods,such as the optimization method of favorable intervals,the highefficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures,and the"three gas"drainage and production system,are systematically summarized in this paper.It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Exploration Prospect of Coal-Derived Tight Sandstone Gas in China： Case Study of the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim Basins

This work extensively investigated global tight sandstone gas, and geologically and geochemically analyzed the tight sandstone gas in China＇s Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins. We compared typical tight sandstone gas in China with that in North America. We proposed six conditions for the formation of China＇s tight sandstone gas, and illustrated the geological characteristics of tight sandstone gas. In China, gas-bearing tight sandstones were mainly deposited in continental lake deltas and marine-terrigenous facies basin environments, associated with coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried deeper than 2000 in under a formation pressure of 20-30 MPa, with pressure coefficients varying from overpressure to negative pressure. In other countries, tight gas bearing sandstones were dominantly deposited in marine to marine-terrigenous facies environments, occurred in coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried shallower than 2000 m in low-pressure systems. We systematically analyzed tight sandstone gas in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins in terms of chemical compositions, geochemical characteristics of carbon isotopes, origins, and sources. Tight sandstone gas in China usually has a hydrocarbon content of 〉95%, with CH4 content 〉90%, and a generally higher dry coefficient. In the three above-mentioned large tight sandstone gas regions,δ13C1 and δJ3C2 mainly ranges from -42%o to -28%o and from -28%o to -21%o, respectively. Type III coal-measure source rocks that closely coexist with tight reservoirs are developed extensively in these gas regions. The organic petrology of source rocks and the carbon isotope compositions of gas indicate that tight sandstone gas in China is dominantly coal-derived gas generated by coal-measure strata. Our analysis of carbon isotope series shows that local isotope reversals are mainly caused by the mixing of gases of different maturities and that were generated at different stages. With increasing maturity, the reversal tendency becomes more apparent. Moreover, natural gas with medium-low maturity （e.g., Xujiahe Formation natural gas in the Sichuan Basin） presents an apparent reversal at a low-maturity stage, a normal series at a medium -maturity stage, and a reversal tendency again at a high-maturity stage. Finally, we proposed four conditions for preferred tight sandstone gas ＂sweep spots,＂ and illustrated the recoverable reserves, proven reserves, production, and exploration prospects of tight sandstone gas. The geological and geochemical characteristics, origins, sources, and exploration potential of tight sandstone gas in China from our research will be instructive for the future evaluation, prediction, and exploration of tight sandstone gas in China and abroad.

New Progress in High-Precision and High-Resolution Seismic Exploration Technique in Coal Industry of China

In the past twenty years, the proportion of coal in primary-energy consumption in China is generally between 71.3% and 76.5%. The output of coal was 1.374 billion tons in 1996, and 1.21 tons in 1998, which ranked first in the world. Now coal is mined mainly with mechanization in China, which is planned to reach 80% in major State-owned coal mines in 2000 according to the planning of the government (Li et al., 1998; Tang Dejin, 1998).

Major progress in the natural gas exploration and development in the past seven decades in China

China has made significant progress in the exploration and development of natural gas in the past 70 years,from the gas-poor country to the world’s sixth largest gas production country.In 1949,the annual gas output in China was 1117×104 m3,the proved gas reserves were 3.85×108 m3,and the average annual gas consumption and available reserves of per person were 0.0206 m3 and 0.7107 m3,respectively.By 2018,the average domestic annual gas production per person was 114.8576 m3 and the reserves were 12011.08 m3,and the average domestic annual gas production and reserves per person in the past 70 years increased by 5575 times and 16900 times,respectively.The exploration and development of large gas fields is the main way to rapidly develop the natural gas industry.72 large gas fields have been discovered in China so far,mainly distributed in three basins,Sichuan(25),Ordos(13)and Tarim(10).In 2018,the total gas production of the large gas fields in these three basins was 1039.26×108 m3,accounting for 65%of the total gas production in China.By the end of 2018,the cumulative proved gas reserves of the 72 large gas fields had amounted to 124504×108 m3,accounting for 75%of the total national gas reserves(16.7×1012 m3).New theories of natural gas have promoted the development of China’s natural gas industry faster.Since 1979,the new theory of coal-derived gas has boosted the discovery of gas fields mainly from coal-measure source rocks in China.In 2018,the gas production of large coal-derived gas fields in China accounted for 50.93%and 75.47%of the total national gas production and total gas production of large gas fields,respectively.Guided by shale gas theories,shale gas fields such as Fuling,Changning,Weiyuan and Weirong have been discovered.In 2018,the total proved geological reserves of shale gas were 10455.67×108 m3,and the annual gas production was 108.8×108 m3,demonstrating a good prospect of shale gas in China.

鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组煤岩气地质特征与勘探突破

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组煤岩分布、煤岩储层特征、煤质特征、煤岩气特征以及煤岩气资源和富集规律等方面开展系统研究,评价其勘探潜力。研究表明:①煤岩气是有别于煤层气的优质天然气资源,在埋深、气源、储层、含气性、碳同位素组成等方面具有独特特征;②本溪组煤岩分布面积达16×10^(4)km^(2),厚度2~25m,以原生结构的光亮和半亮煤为主,挥发分和灰分含量低,煤质好;③中高阶煤岩TOC值为33.49%~86.11%,平均值为75.16%,演化程度高(Ro为1.2%~2.8%),生气能力强,气体稳定碳同位素值高(δ^(13)C_(1)值为-37.6‰~-16.0‰,δ^(13)C_(2)值为-21.7‰~-14.3‰);④深层煤岩发育气孔、有机质孔和无机矿物孔等基质孔隙,与割理、裂缝共同构成良好储集空间,储层孔隙度为0.54%~10.67%,平均值为5.42%,渗透率为(0.001~14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2),平均值为2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2);⑤纵向上发育5种煤岩气聚散组合,其中煤岩-泥岩聚气组合与煤岩-灰岩聚气组合最为重要,封闭条件好,录井全烃气测峰值高;⑥构建了广覆式分布的中高阶煤岩持续生气、煤岩基质孔和割理裂缝规模储集、源-储一体赋存、致密岩盖层密闭封堵的煤岩气富集模式,存在煤岩侧向尖灭体、透镜体、低幅度构造、鼻状构造和岩性自封闭5种高效聚气类型。⑦依据煤岩气地质特征评价划分出8个区带,估算埋深超过2000m的煤岩气资源量超过12.33×10^(12)m^(3)。上述认识指导风险勘探部署,两口井实施后分别获得工业气流,推动进一步部署预探井和评价井,获得规模突破,提交超万亿方预测储量和超千亿方探明储量,对中国天然气效益增储和高效开发具有重大意义。

煤田震电协同勘探技术研究与应用

近年来煤田震电协同勘探技术在设计、处理分析方面都取得了较大的发展,从采区最常使用的三维地震勘探、瞬变电磁勘探方法入手,对采集到的各种数据运用主成分分析(PCA)进行融合处理,解译煤矿采区工作面的异常地质体及富水性等隐蔽致灾因素。该技术实现了三维地震、瞬变电磁勘探在数据层面的综合勘探,提高了物探解释煤矿采区工作面地质异常体(富水性)的准确性,为震电协同勘探技术体系的构建提供了新思路,为煤矿安全、高效、绿色生产提供了保障。

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查理论与技术体系框架探讨

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型的建立,是实现煤系战略性金属元素向金属矿产转变的前提条件,煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查基础理论与关键技术研究,则是建立协同勘查模型的核心任务。从煤系战略性金属元素的基本特点分析入手,论证了实施煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查的必要性;通过对协同勘查概念演变历史的梳理,阐明了煤炭综合勘查与协同勘查的关系,认为协同勘查是综合勘查的继承和发展,强调2种或多种矿产综合勘查过程中的协调有序和科学组织,其核心是协同组织勘查工程、协同实施关键技术。在论述煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查原则的基础上,初步提出煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查理论与技术方法体系框架,作为建立煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型的基础。煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查应以煤系战略性金属元素富集成矿机制、组合类型与赋存规律研究为前提条件,以煤地质学、矿床学、地球化学、地球物理学、勘查工程学等多学科理论为基础,以精准钻探、精细物探和精细化探等关键技术构成的协同勘查技术体系为支撑,以固体矿产勘查规范等标准为工作依据,遵循固体矿产资源勘查和综合勘查及单矿种勘查的一般性原则,以及研究先行、技术有效、精细勘查、动态调整、分区施策、协调同步等原则,协同组织勘查工程、协同实施关键技术,实现煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查的最佳技术效益和最佳经济效益的平衡,在完成煤炭地质勘查任务的基础上,查明共伴生战略性金属矿产的地质特征和开发地质条件,获得相应的资源量或元素分布特征,为煤系矿产资源综合开发利用提供地质依据。煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查值得关注并深入研究的核心问题包括:协同勘查对象的确定,勘查技术的选择和协同实施,勘查工程的协同部署,资源量的科学估算。

黄河流域煤炭开发区地下水污染成因分析及防治建议

[研究目的]黄河流域内由于煤炭资源开发导致地下水污染严重,从整体角度对流域内重点煤炭开发区地下水进行归纳总结,为其可持续健康发展和地下水资源改善提供防治建议。[研究方法]从黄河流域战略地位出发,对地下水污染成因和污染模式进行归纳总结。采用改进后的综合水质指数法对流域内九大煤炭基地的地下水进行水质评价。选用主成分分析法赋权指标,并引入改进的内梅罗污染指数法,按照WPI分级法进行评价。[研究结果]通过对黄河流域各重点断面水质评价,得到目前流域内煤炭基地水质结果中Ⅲ、Ⅳ类占比较多,水质较差。分析成因当前流域内存在高矿化度矿井水、酸性矿井水和含特殊组分矿井水污染,同时阐述污染地下水形成的浅层和深层两种污染模式。[结论]对3种矿井水采用相应防治方法,并提出膏体充填技术和微生物修复技术2种防治技术建议,通过应用实际矿山为例,印证污染防治技术能够改善由煤炭开采引发的流域内地下水污染严重的问题,以期研究结果能够对成功推动中国绿色矿山的快速发展具有参考意义。

黄骅坳陷上古生界煤岩气成藏条件与勘探方向

黄骅坳陷上古生界太原组—山西组煤层分布广、厚度大、埋藏深,具备煤岩气勘探条件,但勘探亟待明确主力煤层分布、顶板封挡性、煤层含气性与资源规模等地质问题。文章基于坳陷内40余口煤层钻遇井钻井、测井、录井及地球化学资料,进行了煤层分布、太原组煤岩气形成条件、含气性及资源量等前期评价。研究认为:黄骅坳陷太原组—山西组煤层发育孔店—关家堡、泊头—盐山地区南北两个聚煤区,主体埋深为1500~4500m,“煤薄层多”,单层厚度为0.5~6.2m,大多为1~3m,累计厚度可达32.7m;受深埋和火山活动的热作用,太原组煤岩镜质组反射率R_(o)普遍大于0.85%,处于中等热演化阶段;研究区内煤岩与顶板岩层具有煤—泥、煤—灰、煤—砂3种储盖组合类型,其中广泛发育的煤—泥储盖类型,封挡条件较好;利用测井参数多元回归分析等方法,预测太原组Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组煤层含气量分布,初步计算太原组煤岩气资源量超1.1×10^(12)m^(3)。优选乌马营地区王官屯斜坡为突破方向,探索煤岩气“常非储层共生、吸附气和游离气共存”成藏模式。

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型

战略性金属矿产资源在国民经济发展和国防安全中发挥重要作用。煤系作为一种特殊的含煤沉积岩系,在特定地质环境下可形成大型乃至超大型战略性金属矿床,煤系战略性金属矿产已成为矿产资源勘查的新领域和新方向。本文分析了煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,从煤与煤系战略性金属矿产有效的协同勘查技术方法(组合)和协同勘查工程布置方面,构建了地质-地球物理-地球化学-钻探等关键技术的煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,确定协同勘查对象包括煤-锂/镓矿床、煤-锗矿床、煤-铌-锆-镓-稀土矿床、煤-铀矿床。在煤炭勘查的技术上,煤-锂/镓矿床协同勘查需加强地震和测井资料的处理分析,增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层、煤层顶底板、夹矸的采样测试;煤-锗矿床协同勘查增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层的采样测试;煤-铌、锆、镓、稀土矿床协同勘查技术手段要加强测井技术(自然伽马)及岩石地球化学勘探对自然伽马高异常层样品的采集测试;煤-铀矿床协同勘查充分利用煤炭钻孔自然伽马测井、地震勘探、电磁法勘探及磁法勘探资料进行分析,在自然伽马高异常区划定铀潜力资源区,加强自然伽马能谱测井、伽马能谱录井、穿透性地球化学测量及岩石地球化学勘探等技术手段协同运用。基于煤系战略性金属矿产的分布特征和经济性,遵循“全面筛查,分区施策”的原则,依据勘查对象相应的矿产地质勘查规范,确定煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查类型和协同勘查工程布置方案,包括勘查系统选择、勘查工程布置、勘查施工顺序,探讨了资源量估算方法和估算参数。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的协同勘查技术方法(组合)和协同勘查工程布置,分别构建了煤-锂/镓矿床、煤-锗矿床、煤-铌-锆-镓-稀土矿床、煤-铀矿床的协同勘查模型,为煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查工作提供理论基础和方法依据。

河南平顶山矿区含煤地层沉积环境及其对煤系气成藏的控制

近几年来,河南省平顶山矿区煤系气勘探开发取得了新突破,采动井、采空井和预抽井的单井日抽采量分别达到40500 m^(3)、20000 m^(3)和4500 m^(3)。为了查明煤系气生成与赋存的沉积背景,本次工作采用地层学与沉积学的研究方法,开展了精细的地层、沉积特征和沉积序列以及气测录井资料分析,从而揭示出本区主要含煤地层山西组和下石盒子组中煤系气(煤层气、页岩气和致密砂岩气)生成与赋存的沉积环境,也就是潮坪上的泥炭沼泽(泥炭坪)、三角洲分流间湾沼泽和分流河道沉积环境控制了煤系气的成藏。基于地层沉积特征在垂向上的变化规律,划分出9种不同沉积环境的沉积序列类型,并在综合分析的基础上,提出了平顶山矿区山西组—下石盒子组煤系气赋存的沉积环境模式。研究还表明,区内煤系气含量变化及区域分布特征不仅与滨岸潮坪沼泽、三角洲分流河道砂体和分流间湾沼泽的时空变化密切相关,而且还与储集层厚度变化相关。该成果可为今后平顶山地区煤系气勘探开发井的设计、部署与施工提供科学依据。同时,对华北地区相同含煤地层的煤系气开发也具有重要借鉴意义。

准噶尔盆地侏罗系煤岩气成藏条件及勘探潜力

准噶尔盆地侏罗系西山窑组、八道湾组两套煤层广覆式分布,煤系地层气资源十分丰富。但作为一个全新的天然气领域,盆地煤岩气基础研究薄弱、成藏特征、富集规律及资源规模不清。为探索深部煤岩的含气性,2020年钻探风险探井CT1H井,测试获最高日产气5.7×10^(4)m^(3),试采日产气量稳定在2×10^(4)m^(3),证实煤岩气领域具备高产稳产能力。通过对深部煤岩岩石学特征、煤岩储集性能、演化特征、煤岩气成藏控制因素等系统研究,明确了盆地煤岩演化程度低,属于中—低阶煤,西山窑组煤岩以中—大孔为主,八道湾组煤岩以微—小孔为主;构建了盆地煤岩气古生中储与自生自储两类成藏模式;结合烃源岩、构造、煤岩储层特征及气测异常响应等多种控藏因素对盆地煤岩气潜在领域进行了分类评价,优选了滴南—白家海、齐古两大煤岩气勘探有利区,计算二者2000~4000m埋深煤岩气资源量超万亿立方米。

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤岩气成藏地质条件及勘探方向

为了进一步提高鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩气勘探开发效益,综合钻井、录井和分析测试等资料,从盆地尺度上系统地研究了上古生界煤系地层聚煤环境、煤质特征、储层物性和含气性,分析了盆地煤岩气成藏条件,总结了煤岩气勘探开发关键技术,评估了盆地煤岩气资源,并指出了煤岩气的勘探方向。研究结果表明:①盆地石炭纪本溪期海陆交互相沉积与二叠纪山西期陆相三角洲沉积发育形成广泛分布的煤岩,热演化程度较高,镜质组含量高,生烃规模大。②盆地深层煤质优良,以光亮煤和半亮煤为主,煤体结构良好,以原生结构煤为主,固定碳含量高,挥发分和灰分产率低。③煤岩储层发育储集空间包括气孔、植物组织孔和无机矿物质孔,割理和裂隙发育,平均孔隙度为4.80%,平均渗透率为2.35 mD,属于致密储层;煤岩平均含气量为22.53 m^(3)/t,其中游离气平均含量为5.65 m^(3)/t,占总含气量的25.08%。④煤岩与上覆不同岩性形成了煤岩-泥岩、煤岩-石灰岩和煤岩-砂岩3种储盖组合,控制了游离气富集分布,提出了“源储一体、持续生烃、盖层封堵”的煤岩气成藏模式。⑤在煤岩气勘探实践中形成了地震地质综合建模、水平井钻完井、压裂改造和限压排采等一系列配套工程技术。⑥盆地本溪组8号煤岩和山西组5号煤岩埋深1500 m以深煤岩叠合总面积16.70×104 km^(2),估算煤岩气总资源量23.47×10^(12) m^(3)。其中8号煤岩分布面积10.63×104 km^(2),煤岩气资源量17.43×10^(12) m^(3);5号煤岩分布面积6.06×104 km^(2),煤岩气资源量6.04×10^(12) m^(3)。结论认为:①鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩气地质条件优越,资源潜力巨大,勘探配套技术已基本形成,煤岩气勘探开发前景良好;②神木周边、榆林周边、乌审旗周边、米脂北、佳县、绥德、吴堡、大宁-吉县等区带8号煤岩,神木-伊金霍洛旗、榆林-佳县、乌审旗北、横山-子洲等区带5号煤岩是近期煤岩气的重点勘探方向。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部地区石炭系本溪组煤岩气储层特征

近年来,鄂尔多斯盆地多口风险探井在石炭系本溪组煤岩中获得工业气流,展示出该盆地煤岩气良好的勘探前景,但关于该盆地煤岩气储层特征的研究较少,煤岩气储层分布规律认识不清,制约了下一步勘探部署。为此,以本溪组8号煤为例,综合岩心、扫描电镜及物性等分析化验资料,对盆地深层煤岩的宏观煤岩类型、显微组分、煤质特征、孔-裂隙发育特征、物性特征和甲烷吸附能力等储层特征开展了系统研究,建立煤岩气储层评价标准,并预测了煤岩气的有利分布区。研究结果表明:①8号煤以原生结构的光亮煤、半亮煤为主,显微组分中镜质组含量高,灰分平均值为17.77%,镜质体最大反射率为1.08%~2.23%,以肥煤-贫煤为主。②8号煤储集类型以胞腔孔、气孔和裂隙为主,其中裂隙包括宏观割理和微裂隙;孔裂隙体积分布以“U”字形结构为主,微孔贡献最大,其次为微裂隙;比表面积分布呈“L”字形,呈现出微孔单峰。③8号煤氦气法孔隙度平均值为6.25%,渗透率平均值为4.21 mD,煤岩在地层状态下具有良好的渗透性。④8号煤空气干燥基兰氏体积为7.79~26.08 m^(3)/t,平均值为18.60 m^(3)/t,兰氏压力为2.03~4.17 MPa,平均值为3.12 MPa,煤岩吸附能力与灰分含量呈负相关性,与成熟度呈正相关性。结论认为,鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组8号煤发育2类有利区,其中横山-米脂-绥德一带为Ⅰ类有利区,面积约11200 km^(2);乌审旗西和榆林北为Ⅱ类有利区,面积约13300 km^(2),2类有利区资源量超过4.5×10^(12) m^(3),可形成煤岩气规模增储上产的现实领域。