Analytical model and application of stress distribution on mining coal floor

Given the analysis of underground pressure, a stress calculation model of coal floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity. The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor: the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth, the decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth. The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face. The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests, which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers.

Comprehensive evaluation of water-inrush risk from coal floors

Lower groups of coal seams are presently being mined in the Yanzhou coal mining area. We need to evaluate the risk from water-inrush from coal floors in order to have safe production in the lower groups of coal seams in mines. Based on a system-atic collection of hydrogeological data and some data from mined working faces in these lower groups, we evaluated the factors affecting water-inrush from coal floors of the area by a method of dimensionless analysis. We obtained the order of the factors af-fecting water-inrush from coal floors and recalculated data on depths of destroyed floors by multiple linear regression analysis and obtained new empirical formulas. We also analyzed the water-inrush coefficient of mined working faces of the lower groups of coal seams and improved the evaluation standard of the water-inrush coefficient method. Finally, we made a comprehensive evaluation of water-inrush risks from coal floors by using the water-inrush coefficient method and a fuzzy clustering method. The evaluation results provide a solid foundation for preventing and controlling the damage caused by water of an Ordovician limestone aquifer in the lower group of coal seams in the mines of Yanzhou. It provides also important guidelines for lower groups of coal seams in other coal mines.

Suitable retention and recovery technology of floor coal at ends of fully mechanized face with great mining heights

在大采矿高度的脸的网关主要沿着煤缝接的房顶被驾驶。为网关高度限制， 13 m 地板煤被保留，离开在脸结束的三角形的地板煤，引起煤的损失。为了改进煤恢复率并且在煤采矿保证设备的效率，面对，我们在脸结束调查了合适的保留方法和地板煤的恢复技术。上面的地板煤能被 shearer 直接与地板 dinting 恢复。在推进了地板 dinting 以后，更低的地板煤被 shearer 与地板 dinting 恢复并且为在一道拖拽网关保护煤方面保留步。地实践证明这个方法能改进恢复与大采矿高度在充分使机械化的工作的脸评估的煤。

Analysis of the Harmfulness of Water-Inrush from Coal Seam Floor Based on Seepage Instability Theory

A theory of seepage instability was used to estimate the harmfulness of water-inrush from a coal seam floor in a particular coal mine of the Mining Group,Xuzhou. Based on the stratum column chart in this coal mine,the distribu-tion of stress in mining floors when the long-wall mining was respectively pushed along to 100 m and to 150 m was simulated by using the numerical software (RFPA2D). The permeability parameters of the coal seam floor are described given the relationship between permeability parameters. Strain and the water-inrush-indices were calculated. The wa-ter-inrush-index was 67.2% when the working face was pushed to 100 m,showing that water-inrush is possible and it was 1630% when the working face was pushed to 150 m,showing that water-inrush is quite probable. The results show that as long-wall mining is pushed along,the failure zone is enlarged,the strain increased,and fissures developed cor-respondingly,resulting in the formation of water-inrush channels. Accompanied by the failure of the strata,the perme-ability increased exponentially. In contrast,the non-Darcy flow β factor and the acceleration coefficient decreased ex-ponentially,while the increase in the water-inrush-index was nearly exponential and the harmfulness of water-inrush in the coal mine increased accordingly.

Control mechanism and technique of floor heave with reinforcing solid coal side and floor corner in gob-side coal entry retaining

Floor heave is the most common convergence in gob-side entry retaining.The paper analyzes the form,process and characteristics of gob-side entry retaining with the comprehensive methods of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and the field trial.Research results present that bending and folding floor heave is the main factor in the stage of the first panel mining;squeezing and fluidity floor heave plays a great role in the stable stage of gob-side entry retaining;the combination of the former two factors affects mainly the stage of the second mining ahead;abutment pressure is a fundamental contribution to the serious floor heave of gob-side entry retaining,and sides corners of solid coal body are key part in the case of floor heave controlling of gob-side entry retaining.Floor heave of gob-side entry retaining can be significantly controlled by reinforcing sides and corners of solid coal body,and influence rules on the floor heave of gob side entry retaining of sides supporting strength and the bottom bolt orientation in solid coal side are obtained.Research results have been successfully applied in gob-side entry retaining of G20-F23070 face haulage roadway in #2 coal mine of Pingmei Group,and the field observation shows that the proposed technique is an effective way in controlling the floor heave of gob-side entry retaining.

Feasibility Analysis on the Integrated Application of Solar Energy, Biogas, Coal-fired Boiler and Radiant Floor Heating for Rural Residence

The feasibility of adopting a balanced energy mix mode (domestic solar energy, biogas, coal-fired boiler and radiant floor heating) was proposed. Taking a typical rural residence in Zhengzhou City for example, the study through theoretical analysis and calculation showed that such a balanced energy mix is an economic way and efficient in saving energy and reducing air pollution, and elaborated the theoretical feasibility of popularizing such a heat supply mode in rural areas.

Determining areas in an inclined coal seam floor prone to water-inrush by micro-seismic monitoring

当采矿在限制含水土层上面被执行时，煤缝接地板的失败深度是必须被记住的一重要考虑。决定地板失败深度是为预言地板的抵抗水的能力的必要前提。我们使用了一种高精确的微地震的监视技术克服从域大小可得到的数据的有限数量。一块煤缝接地板的失败深度，一块特别使倾向的煤缝接地板，可以被监视地板的连续、动态失败更精确地估计。监视结果在 workface 运输车道(更低的 crossheading ) 附近显示煤缝接地板的失败深度更深并且失败范围与回来航线(上面的 crossheading ) 附近的煤缝接地板相比在这里是更宽的。微地震的监视的结果证明为从煤缝接地板的水流入的危险区域可以被识别。这提供帮助在 Taoyuan 煤矿在限制含水土层上面保证使倾向的煤缝接的安全、高度有效的采矿的重要的地大小。

Application of the coal mine floor rating(CMFR)to assess the floor stability in a Central Appalachian Coal Mine

Estimating the overall floor stability in a coal mine using deterministic methods which require complex engineering properties of floor strata is desirable,but generally it is impractical due to the difficulty of gathering essential input data.However,applying a quantitative methodology to describe floor quality with a single number provides a practical estimate for preliminary assessment of floor stability.The coal mine floor rating(CMFR)system,developed by the University of New South Wales(UNSW),is a rockmass classification system that provides an indicator for the competence of floor strata.The most significant components of the CMFR are uniaxial compressive strength and discontinuity intensity of floor strata.In addition to the competence of the floor,depth of cover and stress notch angle are input parameters used to assess the preliminary floor stability.In this study,CMFR methodology was applied to a Central Appalachian Coal Mine that intermittently experienced floor heave.Exploratory drill core data,overburden maps,and mine plans were utilized for the study.Additionally,qualitative data(failure/non-failure)on floor conditions of the mine entries near the core holes was collected and analyzed so that the floor quality and its relation to entry stability could be estimated by statistical methods.It was found that the current CMFR classification system is not directly applicable in assessing the floor stability of the Central Appalachian Coal Mine.In order to extend the applicability of the CMFR classification system,the methodology was modified.A calculation procedure of one of the CMFR classification system’s components,the horizontal stress rating(HSR),was changed and new parameters were added to the HSR.

煤层底板含水层区域注浆改造浆液扩散范围现场示踪试验

近年来,为解放底板高承压灰岩水上煤炭资源,华北煤田普遍采用地面定向钻技术,对太原组薄层灰岩进行区域性注浆加固改造(习称“底板区域治理”),以全面封堵灰岩岩溶裂隙并阻断垂向导水通道。该技术中,与浆液扩散范围(半径)密切相关的“水平分支孔”孔间距设计问题,一直备受学界和业界的广泛关注。皖北矿区底板区域注浆工程量大,特别是深部资源开采,将有数十亿元的注浆工程,有必要查清浆液扩散范围真实数据。为此,以皖北矿区恒源煤矿为研究基地,依托Ⅱ63采区底板区域治理工程,设计并实施浆液扩散范围示踪试验,在中间的水平分支孔(Z8-7)投放荧光剂(示踪剂),在两侧的水平分支孔(Z8-6、Z8-8)以及交叉分支检测孔(Z8JC)取岩屑样鉴别荧光水泥,以获得浆液扩散范围,进而在浆液扩散影响因素分析基础上,构建恒源煤矿底板区域注浆治理浆液扩散范围计算公式。结果表明:①综合岩屑现场及室内鉴别结果分析,获得恒源煤矿Ⅱ63采区底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围为38.3~44.0 m,且水泥分布密集区在水平分支孔浆液扩散范围30 m以内,该区域内注浆效果最佳。②通过现场岩屑快速鉴别与室内岩屑精准鉴别,取得的浆液扩散范围基本一致,证明了荧光示踪浆液扩散范围的有效性。③通过对比分析,认为在计算参数、边界约束等符合实际注浆工况条件下,浆液扩散范围理论计算和数值模拟结果,与现场示踪试验实测结果较为接近。④利用示踪试验过程中的压水试验及注浆参数、钻遇构造及水文地质响应等数据,考虑重力、构造、地下水径流等因素影响,借助SPSS非线性拟合软件,得到恒源煤矿Ⅱ63采区底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围计算公式。⑤基于恒源煤矿受注层实际地质、水文地质条件,利用拟合的浆液扩散范围计算公式得出Ⅱ63采区Z8场地浆液扩散范围为37.8~42.9 m,与浆液扩散范围示踪试验实测结果相近,计算公式可在类似条件下推广应用。本次煤矿底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围现场示踪工程试验,不仅取得了浆液扩散范围的真实数据,而且阐明了浆液扩散与多种地质、水文地质因素之间的内在联系,揭示了超深、超长定向钻注浆浆液扩散机理,构建了浆液扩散范围计算公式,为类似条件下底板区域治理工程水平分支孔孔间距的合理设计提供了参考依据。

煤层采动底板突水物理模拟试验研究进展与展望

【目的】底板突水受特定地质构造、水-岩-应力及采掘扰动等因素叠加作用影响,具有复杂性、隐蔽性、突发性等特点。【方法】物理模拟试验能较好地还原底板岩层与承压水赋存环境、直观展现采动底板裂隙扩展及突水路径演化全过程、实时获取灾变各阶段多源数据信息,因而在底板突水研究方面具有独特优势。【结果和结论】对底板突水经典理论、标准规范、模拟试验及工程实践等方面的研究成果进行了回顾,重点梳理了试验加载装置及水压模拟方式、相似材料研制及其特性指标、监测技术及其观测系统设计3个方面的研究进展,其中在模拟水-岩-应力耦合环境下的三维模型底板突水全过程信息捕捉方面有较大突破。面对数智化研究大背景,分析当前底板突水物理模拟试验领域存在的不足,并据此指出未来应重点关注大型三维底板突水综合试验平台研制、基于标准化的多特性相似材料配比数据库建立、多相多场多维耦合监测预警系统构建、人工智能等数智化技术融合应用研究等发展方向。提出的思考有助于从装置、材料、技术等方面提升未来物理模拟试验水平,从而更好支撑煤矿底板水害数智化防治基础研究工作高质量发展。

基于孔间直流电透视的煤层底板采动破坏电阻率时移变化规律与机理

煤层采动过程中,底板应力状态的改变会产生变形与破坏,而不同煤层采动过程中底板破坏具有一定的规律。目前基于直流电阻率法的煤层底板水害监测主要集中于底板变形与破坏的电阻率响应特征上。为了研究工作面回采过程中煤层底板的电性时移变化特征,采用孔间直流电透视观测系统和时移电阻率反射系数法,通过数值模拟和现场试验揭示了煤层底板采动破坏电阻率时移规律。首先,针对典型地电模型,对比单独反演和时移电阻率变化率的结果,验证了孔间直流电透视时移方法的可靠性。然后,针对煤层底板采动破坏,分析了采动过程中底板承压水导升与底板破坏带的电性响应规律与特征,并讨论了时移电阻率反射系数确定煤层底板破坏深度的可行性,为野外施工提供理论依据。最后,通过现场监测试验,获得工作面回采过程中煤层底板的电性变化特征,并采用时移电阻率反射系数R确定了工作面底板岩层的破坏深度为15 m。结果表明:利用孔间直流电透视法获得的煤层底板采动破坏电阻率时移特征可在一定程度上消除了监测数据中的地层因素和随机噪声影响,且时移电阻率反射系数可用来确定煤层底板破坏深度。该方法将探测目标从单一的研究地质异常转换到对煤层采动过程中工作面底板破坏的全生命周期动态监测,进而实现了工作面底板结构破坏的精细刻画。

特厚煤层底板断层破坏与顶板垮断联动效应的CFDEM模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、覆岩扰动范围广,顶板垮断产生的强扰动加卸荷载易导致底板断层破坏加剧。通过数值模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应机理规律是开展水害防治的基础,关键在于掌握加卸载下岩体渐进破坏与裂隙流耦合特征。构建加卸载下拉、剪损伤演化方程,结合有效偏/球应力为基本变量的屈服准则与塑性势函数,得到完整岩块的塑性损伤本构;建立拉/剪、混合型加卸载过程中塑性位移与强度劣化关系,以平方拉剪应力与B-K准则为初始、完全断裂准则,形成非贯通裂隙断裂本构;提出岩块分离、压缩、剪切判据,结合实验数据建立离散块体间挤压、剪切摩擦本构与剪胀方程。基于质量/动量守恒、状态方程,并结合流体体积与浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体气−水二相流模拟理论。由此形成CFDEM数值计算程序,并将加卸载下塑性损伤、断裂、挤压/摩擦、流体属性分别赋予实体单元(岩块)、黏聚力单元(非贯通裂隙)、接触对(贯通裂隙)、欧拉单元(水和气)。根据宁武煤田北部矿区工程地质条件,建立特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应数值计算模型。结果表明:①CFDEM耦合程序及相应的理论模型可数值实现特厚煤层覆岩及底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及地下水在裂隙中运移;②模拟条件下特厚煤层含断层底板的采动裂隙包络线呈w形,最深处超过55 m位于断层及其上盘,最浅处23 m位于断层下盘,而无构造底板处的破坏深度为24~36 m,已导通奥灰含水层;③特厚煤层底板普遍出现二次破坏现象。表现为无构造底板在超前工作面处破坏深度为24.0~29.3 m,但在采空区内普遍增加至31.5~36.0 m;断层及其上盘在超前工作面处裂隙总开度为0.34~0.86 m,但在采空区内迅速增加至3.6 m,形成突水优势通道。④底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应的根源在于覆岩高位关键岩层垮断失稳、砌体梁下沉与二次断裂,并导致底板二次破坏,突水风险加剧。

基于ZOA CNN GRU模型的煤层底板突水等级预测

针对传统循环神经网络煤层底板突水等级预测模型存在预测精度低、模型参数过多造成模型训练速率下降和出现过拟合现象等问题,引入斑马优化算法对卷积神经网络和门控循环单元神经网络的组合模型进行优化,建立ZOA CNN GRU神经网络煤层底板突水等级预测模型。为验证模型的可行性,采用九龙矿区煤层底板突水数据对模型进行训练,并将所建模型和CNN GRU神经网络以及GRU神经网络进行对比分析。研究结果表明:与CNN GRU神经网络和GRU神经网络模型相比,ZOA CNN GRU神经网络模型预测准确率最高,达到98%,且ZOA CNN GRU神经网络模型稳定性、泛化能力均优于对比模型。

大采深高承压水条件下煤层底板突水问题及解决对策

在当前煤矿普遍面临大采深、底板高承压水、高地应力等采掘条件下,正确评价煤层底板承压水突水危险是做好防治水工作的基础。以河南省受底板灰岩承压水突水威胁的大水矿井为例,就底板破坏深度计算、突水系数计算及临界值、脆弱性指数法、不同水文地质单元的“双层水位”效应等问题进行了剖析。分析表明:在大采深和高地应力开采条件下,底板破坏深度较现有用经验公式计算得到的值偏大,一些矿井突水系数虽小于全国临界值,但回采过程中却发生了突水,脆弱性指数法有待于规范化。此外,井田范围内水文地质条件存在着时空变化,甚至会出现“双层水位”等现象。鉴于此,提出了建立大采深和高地应力开采条件下的底板破坏深度计算模型、确定矿区或矿井范围的临界突水系数值、规范脆弱性指数评价方法、查明水文地质条件的时空变化和不同单元的水动力参数、制定同各单元水文地质条件相适应的防治水措施等各项对策。

断层影响下深井工作面底板破坏深度预测

底板破坏深度的预测是底板突水防治研究中的重要一环。为研究断层影响下深井工作面底板采动破坏深度,基于现场实测数据,运用多元线性回归分析方法,构建了断层影响下深井工作面底板破坏深度预测模型,并检验了模型的准确性。通过现场监测方法,验证了预测模型的合理性。结果表明,与传统的统计公式相比,提出的预测模型相对误差平均值至少降低了25.49%,采用新预测模型预测含断层的工作面底板破坏深度为44.96 m,现场监测底板破坏深度为45.7 m,新预测模型预测值与现场监测基本一致。该预测模型对预测断层影响下深井底板破坏深度和防治底板突水具有一定的实用价值。

矿井煤层底板承压水危险性评价及治理方案分析

煤矿地下突水问题不仅会干扰正常的采矿作业和采矿效率,还会增加煤矿安全工程的投入,甚至会导致严重的煤矿透水事故,严重威胁煤矿开采人员的人身安全。文章以我国某煤矿为例,对该矿开采面的突水危险性进行分析和评价,并利用综合探测、疏水降压和注浆加固技术对该煤矿煤层底板承压水问题进行治理,取得了较好的防治效果。

近距离下伏煤层沿空掘巷围岩破坏特征及支护技术研究

近距离煤层群上覆煤层及本煤层邻近工作面开采造成叠加应力扰动,导致下伏煤层下区段工作面回采巷道围岩稳定控制困难。以许疃煤矿72210工作面近距离煤层开采条件为工程背景,模拟分析了上覆7_(1)煤层开采及下伏7_(2)煤层邻近工作面开采后,下伏煤层72210工作面回风巷围岩应力演化及损伤特征;基于近距离煤层沿空掘巷采动损伤岩体锚注一体化长锚强化支护思想,提出了72210工作面回风巷的支护参数并成功进行了工业性试验,实现了该类围岩的稳定控制,可为类似条件巷道支护提供参考。