100 Million Ton Oil and Gas FieldWill Be Formed in Liaohe

UptothebeginningofOctober,15milliontonsofnewlyaddedprovenreserveshadbeenfoundinYuedongareabyLiaoheOffshoreOilExplorationandDevelopmentCompany.Oilandgasfieldswithascaleofapproximately100milliontonswillbeformedontheentireHainanstructuralbeltbytheendoft...

Whole petroleum system in Jurassic coal measures of Taibei Sag in Tuha Basin,NW China

Based on the latest results of near-source exploration in the Middle and Lower Jurassic of the Tuha Basin,a new understanding of the source rocks,reservoir conditions,and source-reservoir-cap rock combinations of the Jurassic Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag is established using the concept of the whole petroleum system,and the coal-measure whole petroleum system is analyzed thoroughly.The results are obtained in three aspects.First,the coal-measure source rocks of the Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation and the argillaceous source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation in the Shuixigou Group exhibit the characteristics of long-term hydrocarbon generation,multiple hydrocarbon generation peaks,and simultaneous oil and gas generation,providing sufficient oil and gas sources for the whole petroleum system in the Jurassic coal-bearing basin.Second,multi-phase shallow braided river delta–shallow lacustrine deposits contribute multiple types of reservoirs,e.g.sandstone,tight sandstone,shale and coal rock,in slope and depression areas,providing effective storage space for the petroleum reservoir formation in coal-measure strata.Third,three phases of hydrocarbon charging and structural evolution,as well as effective configuration of multiple types of reservoirs,result in the sequential accumulation of conventional-unconventional hydrocarbons.From high structural positions to depression,there are conventional structural and structural-lithological reservoirs far from the source,low-saturation structural-lithological reservoirs near the source,and tight sandstone gas,coal rock gas and shale oil accumulations within the source.Typically,the tight sandstone gas and coal rock gas are the key options for further exploration,and the shale oil and gas in the depression area is worth of more attention.The new understanding of the whole petroleum system in the coal measures could further enrich and improve the geological theory of the whole petroleum system,and provide new ideas for the overall exploration of oil and gas resources in the Tuha Basin.

Analysis of the Strategies of the 'Replacement of Coal and Oil' with Natural Gas in Sichuan Province

Sichuan Province boasts rich clean energy such as natural gas and hydroelectricity. In order to realize the blueprint of a beautiful China, it is both necessary and feasible for Sichuan Province to ＂replace coal and oil＂ with natural gas. Based on the actual situation of Sichuan Province, through research and investigation, rational thinking and summarization, this paper analyzes the current demand for energy supply in Sichuan, defines the development goals and ideas concerning Sichuan＇s ＇replacement of coal and oil＂ with natural gas, examines the action plan related to such replacement and puts forward relevant policies and suggestions.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LONGITUDINAL SUBMERGED ARC WELDED STEEL PIPES USED FOR GAS PIPELINE OF OFFSHORE OIL

Since the development of offshore oil and gas, increased submarine oil and gas pipelines were installed. All the early steel pipes of submarine pipelines depended on importing because of the strict requirements of comprehensive properties, such as, anti-corrosion, resistance to pressure and so on. To research and develop domes- tic steel pipes used for the submarine pipeline, the Longitudinal-seam Submerged Arc Welded （LSAW） pipes were made of steel plates cut from leveled hot rolled coils by both the JCOE and UOE （the forming process in which the plate like the letter “J”, “C”, “0” or “U” shape, then expansion） forming processes. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the pipe base metal and weld metal were tested, and the results were in accordance with the corresponding pipe specification API SPEC 5L or DNV- OS-FI01, which showed that domestic LSAW pipes could be used for submarine oil and gas pipelines.

Geological characteristics and co-exploration and co-production methods of Upper Permian Longtan coal measure gas in Yangmeishu Syncline, Western Guizhou Province, China

Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methane,coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas)from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation,which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources,maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development.For the first time,in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province,the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation,identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources.The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×109 m3 and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×106 m3/km2.In this area,the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams,large total thickness,thin to the medium thickness of the single layer,good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone,good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient.According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir,the most favorable intervals are No.5-2,No.7 and No.13-2 coal seam in Well YMC1.And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone,such as staged perforation,increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and"three gas"production.The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m3 has been obtained,which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China.Based on the above investigation results,the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the coexploration and co-production methods,such as the optimization method of favorable intervals,the highefficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures,and the"three gas"drainage and production system,are systematically summarized in this paper.It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.

Distribution and genesis of mercury in natural gas of large coal derived gas fields in China

The mercury content in natural gas samples from more than 500 gas wells in eight large gas bearing basins of China was tested, mercury release experiments on two coal samples from different areas were conducted, and the mercury content of 11 coal samples from different gas wells of Ordos Basin was tested. The mercury distribution of the coal derived gas has three features: The first is that mercury content of coal derived gas is generally much higher than that of oil derived gas, the second is that the coal derived gases from different fields vary widely in mercury content, the third is that the mercury content in coal derived gas increases with the increase of production layer depth. Mercury in coal derived natural gas mainly originates from the source rock. Besides three evidences, namely, coal derived gas mercury content is much higher than that of oil derived gas, mercury content of gas with high carbon dioxide content decreases with the increase of carbon dioxide content, and the coal bearing strata have the material base to generate natural gas with high mercury content, the pyrolysis experiment of two coal samples show that coal can produce natural gas with high mercury content during the process of thermal evolution. The mercury content of coal derived natural gas is controlled mainly by the temperature of source rock and the sulfur environment of reservoir. According to lithospheric material cycling process and oil-gas formation process, the formation of mercury in coal derived gas can be divided into four stages, transportation and deposition, shallow burial, deep burial, and preservation and destruction.

乳化剂修饰重污油水煤浆的成浆性及燃烧特性分析

乳化剂添加对于修饰重污油水煤浆的成浆性和燃烧特性具有重要影响。本研究通过实验方法,研究不同类型乳化剂在重污油水煤浆中的应用效果。结果表明,添加乳化剂能显著提高重污油水煤浆的成浆性,并在燃烧过程中改善其燃烧特性。当乳化剂添加量为0.5%时,重污油水煤浆的稳定性最佳,具有较高的含水率和较低的黏度。同时,添加乳化剂能降低重污油水煤浆的灰渣生成率和氮氧化物排放量,提高其燃烧效率。

Layer-block tectonics of Cenozoic basements and formation of intra-plate basins in Nansha micro-plate, southern South China Sea

Layer-block tectonics （LBT） concept, with the core of pluralistic geodynamic outlook and multilayer-sliding tectonic outlook, is one of new keys to study 3-dimensional solid and its 4-dimensional evolution history of global tectonic system controlled by global geodynamics system. The LBT concept is applied to study the lithospheric tectonics of the southern South China Sea （SCS）. Based on the analysis of about 30 000 km of geophysical and geological data, some layer-blocks in the Nansha micro-plate can be divided as Nansha ultra-crustal layer-block, Zengmu crustal layer-block, Nanwei （Rifleman bank）-Andu （Ardasier bank） and Liyue （Reed bank） North Palawan crustal layer-blocks, Andu-Bisheng and Liyue-Banyue basemental layer-blocks. The basic characteristics of the basemental layer-blocks have been dicussed, and three intra-plate basin groups are identified. The intra-plate basins within Nansha micro-plate can be divided into three basin groups of Nanwei- Andu, Feixin-Nanhua, and Liyue-North Palawan based on the different geodynamics. In the light of pluralistic geodynamic concept, the upheaving force induced by the mid-crust plastic layer is proposed as the main dynamical force which causes the formation of the intra-plate basins within the Nansha micro-plate. Finally, models of a face-to-face dip-slip detachment of basemental layerblock and a unilateral dip-slip-detachment of basemental layer-block are put forward for the forming mechanisms of the Nanwei Andu and Liyue-North Palawan intra-plate basin groups, respectively.

Reservoir Characteristics and Guidance for Exploration in the Beach Area of Shengli Oilfields

The beach area of Shengli Oilfield lies 1n the east and north of Zhanhua sag which is located in the southern end of Bohai Bay Basin(Fig.1).Its geological situation is generally similar to that in Zhanhua sag.Several decades of exploration shows that this area is the most enriched petroleum area in Bo-hai Bay Basin.Oil and gas distributed there in a same way as in Bohai Bay Basin,but also distributed in its own unique way.

Approach and potential of replacing oil and natural gas with coal in China

China’s fossil energy is characterized by an abundance of coal and a relative lack of oil and natural gas.Developing a strategy in which coal can replace oil and natural gas is,therefore,a necessary and practical approach to easing the excessive external dependence on oil and natural gas.Based on the perspective of energy security,this paper proposes a technical framework for defining the substitution of oil and natural gas with coal in China.In this framework,three substitution classifications and 11 industrialized technical routes are reviewed.Then,three scenarios(namely,the cautious scenario,baseline scenario,and positive scenario)are developed to estimate the potential of this strategy for 2020 and 2030.The results indicate that oil and natural gas replaced by coal will reach 67 to 81 Mt and 8.7 to 14.3 Gm^3 in 2020 and reach 93 to 138 Mt and 32.3 to 47.3 Gm^3 in 2030,respectively.By implementing this strategy,China’s external dependence on oil,natural gas,and primary energy is expected to be curbed at approximately 70%,40%,and 20%by 2030,respectively.This paper also demonstrates how coal,as a substitute for oil and natural gas,can contribute to carbon and pollution reduction and economic cost savings.It suggests a new direction for the development of the global coal industry and provides a crucial reference for energy transformation in China and other countries with similar energy situations.

Geological conditions of coal and gas(oil)-bearingbasins in China

There are various types of coal basins in China. Indosinian movement can be re- garded as their evolutionary limit, and the basins can be divided into two developmental stages, three structural patterns and two sedimentary environments. However, only those coal measure strata that have been deeply buried in the earth are possible to be converted into coal and gas (oil)-bearing basins. Among which, only part of the coal measures possess the essential geo- logical conditions to the formation of commercial humic oil. However, humic gas will be the major exploration target for natural gas in China. Among various coal basins, foreland basins have the best prospect for humic gas. Rift (faulted) basins accumulate the most abundance of humic gas, and are most favorable to generate humic oil. Craton basins have relatively low abundance of humic gas, but the evolution is rather great. The three kinds of coal basins mentioned above constitute China’s three primary accumulation areas of humic gas: western, central and offshore areas. The major basins for humic gas field exploration include Tarim, Ordos, Sichuan, East China Sea and Yingqiong basins.

Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-based and coal-based production

China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)in the world.Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a,which suffers from large waste and CO_(2) emissions.Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource,and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas.In this study,CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas(partial oxidation)-based and natural gas(plasma cracking)-based routes(abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes,respectively),and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes.Meanwhile,considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure,and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field,which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes,the authors conducted a scenario analysis.The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits.However,the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens,and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050.Additionally,the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.

三塘湖盆地原油地球化学特征及其成因类型

依据生物标志物分布和组成特征， 把三塘湖盆地的原油和油显示划分为中生界煤成油和上古生界湖相成因原油两大类。中生界煤成油以塘参１ 井中侏罗统西山窑组的原油为代表，含蜡量高（３０％ 以上） ， 其正构烷烃系列具有明显的奇碳优势，Ｐｒ／Ｐｈ 值高（ 大于４．０） ，四环萜烷／三环萜烷值大于１．０，三环萜烷系列中Ｃ１９ 、Ｃ２０ 相对丰度高于Ｃ２１ 、Ｃ２３ ，有Ｃ３１ 六环藿烷，无伽马蜡烷，Ｃ２９ 甾烷占绝对优势，此类原油源于中生界煤系烃源岩。上古生界湖相成因原油包括塘参３ 井、条２ 井、条３ 井油显示，其正构烷烃系列没有明显的奇偶优势，Ｐｒ／Ｐｈ 值低，三环萜烷／四环萜烷（ 仅检测到Ｃ２４ 一个化合物）值大于１．０，且Ｃ２１ 、Ｃ２３ 三环萜烷的相对丰度高于Ｃ１９ 、Ｃ２０ ，无Ｃ３１ 六环藿烷，但伽马蜡烷和β胡萝卜烷的含量高，Ｃ２７ 甾烷丰度较高， 此类原油源于上古生界湖相烃源岩。依据成熟度， 又可把上古生界原油分成未熟－ 低熟油和成熟油。

库车坳陷陆相烃源岩及原油中的氧芴系列化合物

分析了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系、侏罗系 7个湖相泥岩和 3个煤岩以及 5个陆相原油样品中的萘、联苯、氧芴、芴、二笨并噻吩、菲、蒽、惹烯、和苯并蒽系列 10种重要芳烃化合物。研究发现 ,氧芴系列化合物在煤岩样品中丰度高 ,在湖相泥岩样品中丰度低。据岩、油芳烃总离子流图中氧芴系列化合物 ,特别是氧芴之相对丰度对比研究结果判识 ,沙 3井白垩系原油、羊塔克 5井下第三系和白垩系原油以及却勒 1井下第三系原油可能为库车坳陷下侏罗统阳霞组或中侏罗统克孜勒努尔组的煤成油 ,英买 7井奥陶系原油和牙哈 1井下第三系原油可能为库车坳陷三叠系、侏罗系湖相泥岩成油。该研究结果对进一步开展库车坳陷油源对比研究和油气勘探具有一定的意义。

冀中坳陷苏桥—文安地区混源油定量识别模式研究——典型原油混合实验及混源油识别模式

通过典型原油混合实验及其产物的地球化学剖析,揭示当煤成油和下第三系原油混合时,随着下第三系原油的增加,C19三环萜烷,C24四环萜烷,C30重排藿烷,C29甾烷和重排甾烷逐渐变小;而姥鲛烷和植烷,伽马蜡烷和C27甾烷含量则逐渐增加。利用饱和烃生物标志物和芳烃化合物绝对浓度的变化规律,建立了冀中坳陷苏桥—文安地区混源油定量识别模式图版。根据混源油识别的模式,判断苏49井的混源油是由10%的下第三系原油和90%的煤成油混合而成;相反文1021井混源油则是由90%的下第三系原油和10%的煤成油混合而成。

吐哈盆地煤油源岩形成条件与生油评价

系统剖析了不同成煤环境下煤的成油潜力。对吐哈盆地煤层划分出四种煤相类型：干燥森林沼泽相、潮湿森林沼泽相、流水沼泽相及开阔水体沼泽相。不同煤相煤的生烃潜力存在差异，干燥森林沼泽相形成的煤，其惰质组含量高，为氧化环境下形成的产物，生烃潜力＜１２０ｍｇ／ｇ，基本为非生油岩；潮湿森林沼泽相形成的煤，其沼泽水介质可以从弱氧化到弱还原环境，成油性范围较宽，从差生油煤到中等生油煤均存在；流水沼泽相形成的煤，沼泽水介质从弱还原到还原环境，基本具中等生油能力；而开阔水体沼泽相主要形成于还原环境，富含壳质组分，应属于好生油煤。流水沼泽相是煤成油源岩发育的最有利相带，三角洲分流间湾沼泽应是煤成烃勘探最有利的场所。以生烃潜力为基准，提出煤作为油源岩的评价标准。

依兰盆地煤与油页岩赋存特征及成矿规律研究

以典型的新生代断陷盆地依兰盆地为例,通过野外实测剖面、室内综合分析,研究其发育的丰富的泥页岩、油页岩、煤资源的赋存特征及形成条件,并从古气候、古环境及古构造等条件揭示了煤和油页岩的成因及成矿规律。在盆地初期的幕式构造沉降的背景下容易形成煤与油页岩伴生的含煤岩系,煤主要沉积在扇前浅水湖盆,油页岩直接沉积在煤层之上;而在盆地形成的扩张时期,容易形成稳定的油页岩沉积。该盆地的煤主要发育在湖沼相沉积,而油页岩主要发育在湖沼相和湖泊相。依兰盆地控盆断裂控制了煤和油页岩的分布规律,在靠近断裂F1的煤和油页岩厚度较厚,随着湖盆的沉积范围扩大,表现了一种从湖平面逐渐向岸上超的过程。综合孢粉分析结果可知:煤形成的气候总体为温暖潮湿,而油页岩形成的气候总体呈现向气候温和、温度下降的发展趋势。在达连河组的湖泊发育时期,温暖、潮湿亚热带气候,水面风力较弱的气候,容易形成有利于油页岩形成的还原稳定的深湖环境。

冀中坳陷苏桥-文安油气田混源油定量识别模式研究(一):原油成因分类及地球化学特征

通过对原油的族组成、碳同位素、饱和烃和芳烃地球化学特征的剖析,查明苏桥-文安地区原油中不仅存在煤成油,而且存在由煤成油与下第三系原油混合而成的混源油。煤成油表现出饱和烃含量极其丰富、Pr/Ph值高(大于2)、三环萜烷以低碳数(C19～C21)化合物占优势并有递减变化趋势、C24四环萜烷丰富和伽马蜡烷含量低等地球化学特征。下第三系原油与煤成油的地球化学特征恰恰相反,Pr/Ph值低(小于1)、低碳数三环萜烷含量低并有递增变化趋势、C24四环萜烷的含量不高和伽马蜡烷含量相对丰富。混源油的地球化学特征介于煤成油与下第三系原油之间,但参数值受控于端元油混入的绝对含量。在以上地球化学特征基础上提出了冀中坳陷煤成油、下第三系油和混源油的识别指标。