Damage and deterioration mechanism and curing technique of concrete structure in main coal cleaning plants

Concrete structures in main coal cleaning plants have been rebuilt and reinforced in the coal mines of the Shanghai Datun Energy Sources Co. Ltd., the first colliery of the Pingdingshan Coal Co. Ltd. and the Sanhejian mine of the Xuzhou Mining Group Co. Ltd. In these projects, the operating environment and reliability of concrete structures in the main plants of the three companies were investigated and the safety of the structures inspected. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made on the special natural, technological and mechanical environments around the structures. On the basis of these analyses, we discuss the long-term, combined actions of the harsh natural (corrosive gases, liquids and solids) and mechanical environments on concrete structures and further investigated the damage and deteriorating mechanisms and curing techniques of concrete structures in the main coal cleaning plants. Our study can provide a theoretical basis for ensuring the reliability of concrete structures in main coal cleaning plants.

Synergistic effects of phosphoric acid modified hydrochar and coal gangue-based zeolite on bioavailability and accumulation of cadmium and lead in contaminated soil

In this paper,a novel compound was developed by mixing H_(3)PO_(4)-modified cauliflower leaves hydrochar(CLH)and coal gangue-based Na-X zeolite(ZL).An alkaline soil contaminated with cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)was amended through the individual and synergistic application of CLH and ZL(1%CLH,2%CLH,1%ZL,2%ZL and 1%CLH+1%ZL),and Chinese cabbage was grown on it.Individual application of CLH was superior to ZL on decreasing the pH of alkaline soil and increasing soil available phosphorus(Olsen-P)and soil organic matter(SOM).In contrast,their combined application significantly improved the soil cation exchange capacity(CEC).Besides,the 1%CLH+1%ZL was the most efficient treatment in decreasing diethylenetriamine pentaacetate(DTPA)-extractable Cd/Pb and concentrations of these two metals in cabbage root and shoot.Their synergistic application could better increase Cd and Pb immobilization and cabbage yield than their alone application.Furthermore,the immobilization of Pb for all treatments was higher than that of Cd.The synergistic immobilization mechanism of CLH and ZL reflected that the CLH precipitated and complexed with these two metals,which may block the pores of hydrochar or wrap on the surface of hydrochar.So the continuous adsorption and complexation were prevented.Nevertheless,ZL could probably alleviate this obstacle.This finding provides helpful information about using CLH combined with ZL as a soil stabilizer to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated alkaline soil.

Experimental Study on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance of Coal Gangue Concrete under Multi-Factor Comprehensive Action

In order to investigate the chloride ion penetration resistance of coal gangue concrete under multi-factor comprehensive action, the non-steady-state accelerated chloride ion migration test was used to test the chloride diffusion law of coal gangue concrete specimens by crack width, curing temperature and water-cement ratio. Three groups of crack width (0 mm, 0.05 - 0.12 mm, 0.12 - 0.2 mm), three curing temperatures (high temperature 45, medium temperature 25, low temperature 10), three water cement ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were set in the experiment. The results show that when the curing temperature and water cement ratio are constant, the crack width less than 0.12 mm has little effect on the chloride content and chloride diffusion coefficient. When the crack width is larger than 0.12 mm, the chloride penetration depth increases with the crack width. The resistance to chloride ion penetration of gangue concrete is greatly influenced by the water cement ratio. The influ-ence degree of three factors on chloride ion migration coefficient of gangue concrete is as follows: water cement ratio > crack width > curing temperature.

Study on durability of concrete in coal mine

There are sulfate and chloride ions corrosion and carbonation to concrete in coal mine. Based on taking test of accelerated carbonation, corrosion of 3.5% weight of NaCl solution and 5% weight of Na2SO4 solution of coal mine concretes, durability of con- cretes which include spray concrete of C20,high performance concretes of C30 and C50 and effect of fly ash on durability have been studied. Results suggest that the coal mineral high performance concretes show good resistance capacities of carbonation, sulfate and chloride corrosion to meet the coal mine construction. And the higher the strength grade is, the better the resistance capacity of corrosion of carbonation is, chloride and sulfate. Moreover, fly ash improves resistance capacity of high performance concrete(HPC) to chloride and sulfate but decreases the resistance capacity of C30’s to carbonation and average dynamic modulus.

Use of Coal Waste as Fine Aggregates in Concrete Paving Blocks

The aim of this work was to study the use of coal waste to produce concrete paving blocks. The methodology considered the following steps: sampling of a coal mining waste;gravity separation of the fraction with specific gravity between 2.4 and 2.8;comminution of the material and particle size analysis;technological characterization of the material and the production of concrete paving blocks. The results showed that the coal waste considered in this work can be used to replace conventional sand as a fine aggregate for concrete paving blocks. This practice can collaborate in a cleaner coal production.

Tekcrete Fast~: Fiber-reinforced, rapid-setting sprayed concrete for rib and surface control

Fiber-reinforced spayed concrete has been used for several years in civil and tunneling operations.Research conducted to reduce cure times and increase compressive and flexural strengths resulted in the development of Tekcrete Fast~, a cementitious product capable of obtaining 41 MPa compressive strength and 8 MPa flexural strength in only 3 h and reaching 7 d strengths of 62 and 11.7 MPa, respectively.A single bag product that uses conventional shotcrete and gunite application systems makes it a natural crossover product for mining applications.The discovery of incredible adhesion properties and high resistance to chloride permeability helps ensure long-term stability and increases the ease of application.Project results from Disaster City~ in Texas and the application for rehabilitating a coal mine belt entry are presented.The case study illustrates the effectiveness of the product in stabilizing a coal mine beltway and adjacent cross-cuts that were subjected to progressive sloughage due to humidity and cyclical loading.

煤矸石在土木工程材料中的应用研究进展

煤矸石作为煤基固废系列的重要成员,其资源化利用一直是煤基固废的热点研究方向。多年来,在研究人员和工程技术人员的共同努力下,我国煤矸石资源化利用技术水平与利用效率均得到大幅提升,在多个领域(能源、化工、土木工程)成功实现了煤矸石“由废变宝”的转化过程。特别地,土木工程材料领域兼具“大体量”特点和“多元固废协同处置”等技术优势,成为大宗消纳煤矸石的中坚领域。本文综述了煤矸石作为胶凝材料/辅助胶凝材料和骨料在水泥混凝土、地质聚合物、道路工程及地下工程等方向的最新研究进展,总结并对比了煤矸石用作不同组分时的技术要点、难点及对应的质量控制措施和改性增强手段等。然而,矸石建材化的同时也容易导致矸石内部的“有价资源”未得到充分利用;矸石构筑物的长期耐久性和环境影响监测等工作也亟待补充。综上,受煤矸石理化性质、矸石资源化利用技术水平、经验及政策扶持力度等区域化差异因素的影响,煤矸石原料在用于多类型建材制品的生产过程中依然缺少因地制宜、明确且规范的分类管理和分级处置方法,“多领域技术-规范-政策”的逐步发展、完善和有机结合是今后建立高效有序的矸石建材市场及产业链的关键所在。

Effective Utilization of Coal Fly Ash in Building Material Production

This paper is aimed at verifying utilization possibilities of alkaline modified coal fly ash as cement replacement in the concrete. The influence of alkaline activated coal fly ash originating from Slovakian power plant in Novsky （Si/Al = 3,1） as a partial cement replacement in concrete on compressive strength of hardened composites after 28 and 90 days was investigated. Alkaline activation of coal fly ash was realized in an autoclave at 130 ℃ and pressure of 160 kPa during 5 hours and in a reactor under normal conditions （equal temperature during 36 hours） at solid/liquid ratio of 0.5. Coal fly ash/cement mixtures were prepared with 25 % cement replacement by starting and modified coal fly ash and given in forms. Compressive strengths of composites after 28 and 90 days of hardening were compared to referential composite without coal fly ash and evaluated according to the standard of STN EN 450 by the value of relative strength KR （compressive strength of coal fly ash/cement composite to compressive strength of comparative concrete）. The final compressive strengths of hardened composites based on alkaline activated coal fly ash reached values in the range of 6 up to 50 MPa. In the set of experimental composites based on alkaline activated coal fly ashes, the highest value of relative strength after 28- and 90- days of hardening reached composite with cement replacement by coal fly ash zeolitized in autoclave （105% of compressive strength of referential sample）, what is connected with formation of zeolitic phases on surface of coal fly ash particles. The achieved results confirm that alkaline activation of coal fly ash in an autoclave under observed conditions can be successfully used as a partial cement replacement in concrete of C20/25 and C25/30 in accordance with requirements of standards （STN EN 450 and STN EN 206）.

活化煤废料替代水泥制备混凝土的基本特性

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为探索煤废料替代水泥进行混凝土制备的可行性,利用活性化处理的煤渣粉和煤矸石粉按照0、10%、20%、30%和40%的比例替代水泥进行混凝土试样的制备并对混凝土试样的坍落度、抗压和抗折强度进行测试,同时耐高温性能实验,结果证明:随着替代比的增加,坍落度、抗压强度和抗折强度均先增后减;煤废料的较优替代比为20%~30%。活化煤渣粉试样的早期强度增长率大;而活化煤矸石粉试样的长期强度增长率较大。当水灰比=0.45时,试样的抗压强度随着温度的升高先增后减,在100℃时达到极大值;当水灰比=0.5时,混凝土试样的抗压强度均随着温度的升高逐渐降低;活性煤渣粉试样界面区域的水合胶结构较最多,对照组次之,活化煤矸石粉试样较少。随着温度升高,试样表面的孔隙和裂缝明显增多且破坏面的破碎程度逐渐加剧。

煤矸石粉混凝土冻融损伤模型与劣化机制

为促进寒区煤矸石在混凝土中的利用,通过快速冻融实验,研究了冻融循环作用下,不同取代率的机械-微波活化的煤矸石粉混凝土(Coal gangue powder concrete,CGPC)冻融损伤规律,依据波速损失对损伤层厚度进行修正,建立了基于修正后损伤层厚度的冻融损伤方程,并对冻融作用下CGPC的孔结构参数、微观形貌和水化产物进行了测试分析。结果表明:10%和20%掺量的活化煤矸石粉(Activated coal gangue powder,ACGP)能提高混凝土力学性能和抗冻性能,掺量达到30%后的抗冻性能提高效果显著减弱,力学性能有所降低;冻融300次20%和0%掺量组抗压强度分别下降了16.4%和26.5%,质量损失率分别为1.77%、4.03%,相对动弹性模量分别为68.940%、91.321%,损伤层厚度分别达到了11.9 mm和17.4 mm;基于波速差异修正后的损伤层厚度能更准确地表征CGPC损伤程度;ACGP的微粒填充作用以及二次水化作用提升了CGPC的强度和抗冻性能。

煤矸石机制砂C20混凝土力学性能研究

为探究煤矸石机制砂对低强度等级C20混凝土力学性能的影响,调控煤矸石机制砂掺量和水灰比浇筑混凝土试块,开展抗压和抗折强度试验。结果表明:相同水灰比下,随煤矸石机制砂掺量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增强后降低;相同取代率下,混凝土的抗压和抗折强度随水灰比增大而降低。相较于煤矸石机制砂取代率,水灰比对混凝土抗折强度的影响更大。取代率不超过30%时,对混凝土的抗压和抗折强度均有利,水灰比为0.55、取代率为25%时,混凝土抗压和抗折强度提高最多。

基于Weibull分布的煤矸石对混凝土断裂损伤特性的影响

为探索煤矸石质量取代率、粉煤灰质量取代率、水灰比对I型裂缝煤矸石混凝土荷载-裂缝张开位移、荷载-跨中挠度曲线、断裂韧性、断裂能的影响规律,对I型裂缝煤矸石混凝土进行三点弯曲试验,将所得结果结合损伤力学及Weibull分布函数建立煤矸石混凝土的断裂损伤本构模型。结果表明:煤矸石质量取代率对预制I型裂缝的煤矸石混凝土断裂性能影响最大,粉煤灰质量取代率对其断裂韧度影响较大,水灰比对其断裂能影响较大;提升煤矸石混凝土断裂时断裂韧度及断裂能的最佳组合的煤矸石质量取代率为25%、粉煤灰质量取代率为10%、水灰比为0.5;经对比可知,所得损伤本构模型对应的应力-应变曲线与试验曲线高度吻合。研究成果为煤矸石混凝土的制备及工程实际应用研究提供了参考。

硅粉和活化煤矸石粉改性透水混凝土强度和耐久性研究

为研究硅粉和活化煤矸石粉对透水混凝土强度和耐久性的影响规律,分别利用硅粉和活化煤矸石粉代替0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的水泥进行透水混凝土试样制备,对新拌混凝土的流动性以及硬化混凝土强度、耐久性进行了测试分析,研究了硅粉和活化煤矸石粉对透水混凝土基本特性的影响规律,以及2种材料的掺量范围和适用性。结果表明:①掺入10%~15%的硅粉和10%的活化煤矸石粉可以有效提高混凝土强度,且硅粉对强度的提升效果更为明显,但对混凝土流动性和透水性会有不利影响;②随着硫酸溶液侵蚀时间和冻融循环次数增加,混凝土抗压强度和质量比均不断下降。根据上述分析可知:①掺入5%~10%的硅粉和5%的活化煤矸石粉对混凝土的抗H_(2)SO_(4)溶液长期侵蚀性有利;②掺入5%~20%的硅粉和10%~15%的活化煤矸石粉对混凝土的抗酸雨—冻融循环侵蚀性有利;相比之下,硅粉对混凝土的长期冻融耐久性更有利。

煤矸石混凝土性能研究现状

煤矸石是在原煤开采过程中产生的一种工业固体废弃物,其堆存量大,利用率相对较低。若将煤矸石用作混凝土骨料,不仅能有效解决煤矸石堆存造成的环境污染,还能缓解天然砂石资源短缺的问题,为煤矸石的大规模利用开辟一条有效途径。该文针对煤矸石作为混凝土骨料的应用特性,系统分析了煤矸石化学成分、矿物组成以及物理特性,概述了国内外关于煤矸石作为骨料对混凝土的工作性能、力学性能、体积稳定性以及耐久性的影响规律,并展望了煤矸石在混凝土骨料应用中的发展趋势,以期为煤矸石在混凝土中的大规模推广利用提供参考。

基于均匀实验的自燃煤矸石透水混凝土配合比优化研究

为减少自燃煤矸石的堆存,拟将自燃煤矸石制备透水混凝土,并对其配合比进行优化。首先运用均匀设计实验法和回归分析法,分析骨胶比、细骨料占比和水灰比对试件力学性能、透水性能的影响,以获得综合性能最优的配合比方案。然后以机制砂等质量替代自燃煤矸石细骨料,分析替代率对试件性能的影响,最后借助SEM分析试件微观形貌的变化。结果表明:骨胶比、细骨料占比和水灰比与抗压强度、透水系数的回归关系皆成三次多项式,且拟合精准度较高。综合性能最优配合比方案为骨胶比2.6,水灰比0.28,细骨料占比60%。自燃煤矸石透水混凝土的抗压强度随机制砂替代率的增大而增大,而透水系数相对稳定。通过微观分析可知,煤矸石透水混凝土中水化产物主要是Ca(OH)2、C-S-H和AFt,内部结构较为稳定,机制砂替代煤矸石细骨料后,AFt数量减少,形状由细短状变为粗长状,与C-S-H相互交错,整体结构更加紧密,力学强度更大。研究成果可为自燃煤矸石在建筑材料领域的应用开辟新的途径。

综放面采空区漏风规律及防治技术研究

综放工作面采空区漏风易导致遗煤自燃,危及矿井安全。以大南湖一矿1305综放工作面为研究背景,采用数值模拟和现场试验的方法,研究了综放工作面采空区漏风规律,提出了综放工作面端头封堵采空区防漏风技术方案,并在现场进行了试验。结果表明,工作面端头是综放工作面采空区漏风的主要通道,其中进风巷侧端头漏风率达19%;风流在采空区内渗透深度约160 m;工作面端头封堵后,风流在采空区内渗透深度缩减至100 m左右;1305综放工作面端头封堵后,采空区漏风率降低17个百分点。

电解锰渣-赤泥-粉煤灰路面砖的力学性能及浸出毒性研究

针对大宗工业固废回收利用难的问题,实现多种固废减量化、无害化、资源化的目标,通过利用取自中国西南地区企业的石膏类、碱性及硅铝质三类典型大宗固废中的电解锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰协同处理的无害化渣制备环保型透水混凝土路面砖(permeable concrete paving bricks,PCB),研究了水洗、掺渣量对所制备PCB的力学性能与浸出毒性的影响,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对最佳性能PCB的物相组成与微观形貌结构进行分析.结果表明:①随着无害化渣与水洗无害化渣掺入量的提升,路面砖的劈裂抗拉强度、线性破坏荷载发生明显变化,总体呈下降趋势.当无害化渣掺入量为6%、水洗无害化渣掺入量为14%时,经28 d养护,所制备砖体的劈裂抗拉强度分别为4.09和3.46 MPa,达到了《透水路面砖和透水路面板》(GB/T 25993-2010)中规定的f_(ts)4.0与f_(ts)3.0等级.②路面砖的重金属与NH_(4)^(+)-N的浸出毒性均低于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物技术规范》(GB 30760-2014)的要求.路面砖的主要物相中方解石、石英与钙矾石是主要支撑性物质.研究显示,电解锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰协同处理的无害化渣可替代部分原材料制备透水混凝土路面砖,满足力学性能与浸出毒性相关标准,能有效促进固体废弃物的减量化与资源化,建议进一步开展砖体在实际应用场景中的环境风险试验,以期为电解锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰的综合利用技术发展提供更明确的支撑.

高掺量煤气化渣制备免蒸压加气混凝土

为实现煤气化渣资源化利用,以煤气化渣为主要原料,高盐废水作拌合水,辅以Ca(OH)_(2)和NaOH制备出免蒸压加气混凝土。前期用正交试验和单因素试验方式,制备煤气化渣基胶凝材料。选取强度最高配比作为加气混凝土基体材料配比。主要研究双氧水和硬脂酸钙对加气混凝土物理力学性能及孔结构影响,并用XRD及SEM等微观检测方法分析不同养护温度加气混凝土的水化产物。结果表明:以煤气化渣的质量基准,外掺入占煤气化渣总量10%的NaOH、10%的Ca(OH)_(2),拌合水为高盐废水,煤气化渣基胶凝材料28 d抗压强度最高,达68.8 MPa。此外,向该胶凝材料中掺入双氧水作发气剂、硬脂酸钙作稳泡剂,制备出免蒸压加气混凝土。随双氧水掺量增加,加气混凝的孔径逐渐增大,连通孔增多,故干密度和强度一同降低。加入适量硬脂酸钙后,孔分布更均匀且孔的形态趋于规则的圆形,故强度明显提升。当双氧水和硬脂酸钙的掺量分别为5%、1.5%,养护温度80℃时加气混凝土的抗压强度最高,达2.9 MPa,对应干密度617.2 kg/m^(3)。微观分析表明:高掺量煤气化渣基加气混凝土的水化产物主要为C-S-H凝胶、C-A-H凝胶和沸石。孔壁处主要为相互交错重叠的箔片状C-S-H凝胶,存在少量杂乱交织的细长针棒状C-S-H凝胶。这些水化产物相互交联,使孔壁结构较为密实,利于强度的提高。

非自燃煤矸石粗骨料高性能混凝土耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能

为扩大非自燃煤矸石(NCCG)混凝土应用范围,减少煤矸石堆放对环境造成的污染,将NCCG代替天然碎石制备绿色高性能混凝土,系统地研究不同水胶比、粗骨料取代率、矿物掺合料种类与掺量、硅灰裹浆水灰比对其耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,并借助扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)与X线衍射(XRD)探讨损失机理.结果表明:水胶比越大,各项损伤指标越大;复掺质量分数20%矿渣粉与质量分数10%粉煤灰时耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能最佳;硅灰裹浆NCCG骨料对提高耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能不明显.NCCG取代率越大、水胶比越大生成的钙矾石和石膏等侵蚀产物越多,复掺粉煤灰与矿渣粉时生成的侵蚀产物最少,建议工程中NCCG取代率不宜超过30%,按照矿渣粉与粉煤灰2∶1的质量比复掺使用2种矿物掺合料.

煤矸石骨料混凝土力学和耐久性能研究进展

煤矸石作为我国最多的工业固体废弃物之一,大量煤矸石露天堆放给生态环境带来巨大压力,若将其加工制备成混凝土骨料,既可解决对环境的污染,还可弥补天然砂石资源的短缺,符合绿色可持续发展理念。煤矸石骨料存在薄弱组分较多、均匀程度差等问题,这会对煤矸石混凝土性能产生较大的负面影响。本文总结了煤矸石骨料的基本特性,分析了混凝土用煤矸石骨料存在的主要问题。基于煤矸石存在的问题,本文阐述了提升煤矸石骨料性能的技术途径(如表面裹浆技术、热活化处理技术和微生物矿化技术),综述了煤矸石骨料对混凝土力学及耐久性能的影响,并提出了改善其性能的方法,以期为煤矸石骨料在混凝土中高效资源化利用提供理论和技术支持。