An experimental study of the effect of ionic liquids on the low temperature oxidation of coal

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and constant heating rate experiments were performed to study the low temperature oxidation of coal treated by an ionic liquid,1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride.The inerting effect of the ionic liquid toward the low temperature oxidation process is discussed.The results show that:(1) The hydroxyl content associated with hydrogen bonds,the aliphatic methyl content,the methylene group content,and the ether oxygen bond content are reduced in the treated coal.At the same time the content of aromatic C@C bonds is constant but these chemical bonds weaken and some substituted aromatic hydrocarbon content increases while other types decrease.This demonstrates that(AMIm)Cl dissolves and destroys the coal surface microstructure;(2) The oxygen consumption of the treated coal is less than what is seen in raw coal.The CO,CO 2,C 2 H 4,and C 2 H 6 content from the treated coal is reduced compared to the untreated coal;(3) The apparent activation energy for the oxidizing reaction is different in the treated and raw coals.Micro-structural changes and macroscopic gas production allow us to conclude that(AMIm)Cl can effectively inhibit low temperature oxidation of coal.

Inhibiting effect of[HOEmim][BF_4]and[Amim]Cl ionic liquids on the cross-linking reaction of bituminous coal

In order to reduce the hazard of coal spontaneous combustion,the cross-linking reaction between O-containing functional groups of coal should be inhibited.So the inhibitory effect of an ionic liquid(IL) on the cross-linking reaction was studied.The O-containing functional groups change the weight loss and H_2O,CO_2,CO yields of bituminous coal before and after[H0Emim][BF_4]and[Amim]Cl pre-treatment and were detected by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy(FT1R) and Thermo Gravimetric(TC) analysis.The results show that | AmimjCI has a weaker ability to inhibit the cross-linking reaction of bituminous coal compared to[HOEmim][BF_4].Besides,based on Quantum Chemistry calculation,it was found that the different inhibiting effects of |H0Emim][BF_4]and[Amim]Cl are greatly related to their anions and the H linked with C2 atom on the imidazole ring.The H-donor ability of coal will be enhanced by[HOEmim][BF_4]leading to a weaker cross-linking reaction of coal.

Supported liquid membrane extraction to treat coal gasification wastewater containing high concentrations phenol

The hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction was introduced to treat coal gasification wastewater to recover phenolic compounds,with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as carrier,kerosene as the membrane solvent,sodium hydroxide solution as the stripping agent and PVDF as the membrane material. Factors having strong impact on the extraction efficiency were studied in detail,including the mass transfer mode,twophase flow rate,stripping phase concentration. As extraction system with 20% TBP-kerosene,parallel flow mass transfer,stripping phase concentration 0.1 mol/L,the optimal operating conditions could be obtained. Under the optimum operating conditions,the time required to reach equilibrium for the extraction is 50 min, and extraction efficiency of phenol is 86. 2% and the phenol concentration of effluent is 98.64 mg/L.

A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

The Future of Gas to Liquids as a Gas Monetisation Option

The paper introduces gas to liquids (GTL) as a monetising option from a technology, marketing and project perspective. GTL is complementary to LNG and pipelines. At the same time, using natural gas as a source for fuels in the form of GTL helps countries around the world to diversify their energy supplies. Furthermore, gas-based products are inherently cleaner than oil products. Shell's proprietary GTL technology or SMDS (Shell Middle Distillates Synthesis), is discussed in some detail. The paper also covers the challenges for successful implementation of GTL projects and why Shell is well positioned to take a lead in the industry on the basis of its long standing and broad experience in GTL research, plant operations, marketing and excellent track record in mega projects in the last thirty years. Shell's commitment to GTL is best demonstrated by the recent signing of a Heads of Agreement with Qatar Petroleum for the construction of the world's largest GTL plant. A key success factor is Shell's experience with marketing quantities of high quality GTL products from its 12,500 barrels per day plant at Bintulu, Malaysia since 1993. Further marketing opportunities will arise when new GTL capacity comes on-stream in the middle east when more quantities will become available to bulk users. Amongst the most interesting market will be automotive transportation, where clean GTL fuels can be positioned as an 'alternative fuel beyond oil' providing energy security to host countries. Shell is actively engaging with a number of regulators, automotive companies and governments worldwide including China, to demonstrate the performance of GTL and its cost effectiveness in reducing local emissions. An added benefit is that GTL can use existing infrastructure and requires no investment. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the coal to liquids (CTL) process as an alternative route to produce high quality GTL products and the key issues relating to the process.

Coal and gas outburst prevention using new high water content cement slurry for injection into the coal seam

As coal and gas outburst is one of the most serious mine disasters, it is very important to at least control it if not prevent it from occurring. Injecting cement slurry or grouting into the coal seam can strengthen the seam, increase its rigidity coefficient(f), and reduce the volumetric expansion due to gas energy release.This paper reports the results of laboratory experiments on cement-based high water content slurry having different water-cement ratios(W/C) to be used for coal injection. The results show that as the W/C increases, the mobility of the slurry and its setting time increase. The compressive strength and rupture strength, however, are reduced. Furthermore, high W/C grout shows early strength after 7 days, which can be 80% of its 14-day compressive strength. To achieve rapid setting and early strength, the addition of Na_2SiO_3has proven to give the best result, when the concentration of the additive is 3%. The initial and final setting times are 13 and 21 min shorter than samples without Na_2SiO_3, while the compressive strength is more than double. As a retarder, the initial setting time can be extended to 83 min when tartaric acid of 0.4% concentration is added. Through the orthogonal experiment, the optimum recipe of the new high water content slurry has been determined to be: W/C = 2, tartaric acid = 0.2%, Na_2SiO_3= 3%, and12% bentonite. Reinforcement by injection simulation experiments show that the grouting radius of the new slurry mix is 250 mm when the applied grouting pressure is 60 k Pa, 7-day rupture strength and compressive strength are 5.2 and 6.4 MPa, respectively, and are 37% and 88% higher than ordinary cement grout. It can be concluded that the newly developed slurry mix is more effective than the ordinary mix for reinforcing coal and controlling gas outburst.

基于氮气吸附-扫描电镜的构造煤孔隙特征研究

煤的孔隙结构特征与瓦斯的吸附和运移密切相关,构造煤的孔隙结构特征由于受到构造应力的破坏而趋于复杂,因此开展构造煤孔隙发育的研究是提升瓦斯治理水平的重要方向。以西山煤田南部东于煤矿三组构造煤和一组原生煤为研究对象,采取低温液氮吸附法和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),联合观测构造煤与原生煤的孔隙特征。研究表明:三组构造煤的氮气吸附量为原生煤的2.04倍、1.49倍和2.90倍,三组构造煤的孔容为原生煤的2.08倍、1.53倍和2.96倍;三组构造煤的孔容大部分由微孔和小孔提供均达到69.71%以上,孔比表面积大部分由微孔提供均达到了79.04%以上;原生煤的孔容大部分由微孔和小孔提供达到了89.38%,孔比表面积微孔占比93.97%;三组构造煤的孔隙结构相比原生煤更加复杂,具有更大的分形维数(2.6985~2.7106);三组构造煤(10000倍)表面分形维数分别为1.962、1.979、1.947均大于原生煤1.945,构造煤与原生煤相比有更为发育的孔隙特征;分形维数D1与总孔比表面积、微孔比表面积成正比;挥发分含量在一定范围内与总孔比表面积、微孔比表面积、小孔比表面积成正比。

ML-QSPR方法预测煤基液体的燃料性能

煤基液体混合物如煤焦油、煤直接液化油的分子结构描述和性质预测是开发煤基液体产品高值化工艺和技术的重要基础。由于煤基液体主要由C、H、O、N、S元素构成数量庞杂、芳环结构各异的混合物,因此,使用Python中的RDKit工具包,利用简化分子线性输入规范(Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System,SMILES)语言构建煤基液体中物质分子描述符,描述符包含样品元素信息、环数与环结构信息、原子数及分子量信息等共计115个分子描述符。对比人工信息提取方法,将所构建的分子描述符能够体现煤基液体分子结构碎片、分子量及原子个数信息等作为机器学习的特征输入变量,用于建立预测煤基液体的燃料性能的分子机器学习-定量结构性质关系方法 (ML-QSPR),实现对燃料低位热值(LHV)、液体密度(ρ)、闪点(FP)、十六烷值(CN)4个关键燃料性能参数的快速预测。模型验证分析表明LHV、ρ、FP模型的R^(2)分别为0.996、0.988、0.987;CN预测中加入混合物数据进行预测,R^(2)=0.959。与已公开报道的预测LHV、ρ、FP、CN性质方法对比,笔者提出ML-QSPR方法在预测4个关键燃料性能参数准确度方面有提升,在获取结果速度方面有显著优势。利用ML-QSPR模型预测得到的煤基液体制特种燃料性能参数数据库中的信息,分析增加不同族组分物质的碳原子数量时4个燃料性能参数的演变趋势,发现LHV、ρ、FP、CN四个燃料性能参数均受碳数(n)影响显著。由于LHV主要由n决定,不同族组分物质的LHV差距小;而不同族组分物质的ρ、FP和CN性质差距明显。此外,本研究训练好的模型可用于预测新的分子,为新型燃料分子设计提供参考;ML-QSPR方法作为迁移学习模型可在今后用于煤基液体其他场景相关理化性质的分析。

风化煤暗发酵生物制氢与关键代谢途径分析

风化煤热值低、利用方式单一且污染环境,为拓宽风化煤的利用途径,实现资源利用和环境保护,对风化煤进行暗发酵制取生物氢气。选取山西晋城和太原、内蒙古乌海三个矿区的自然风化煤,以煤层矿井水作为菌种来源,通过生物产氢试验、GC-MS、三维荧光和宏基因组学等测试手段揭示风化煤生物制氢可行性及关键代谢产物和途径。结果表明:不同矿区风化煤可以被转化为生物氢气,其中乌海风化煤产氢量最大(10.26 mL/g),远高于晋城风化煤产氢量(5.22 mL/g)。风化煤产氢系统偏酸性环境,pH和COD质量浓度具有一定的规律性变化,随着发酵的进行部分有机物得到利用产生乙酸和氢气。风化煤产氢过程中液相有机物主要以酸类(乙酸、丙酸、正戊酸和丁酸)和醇类(2,3-丁二醇,糖醇和(S)-1,2-丙二醇)为主,可溶性有机质以腐殖酸和色氨酸蛋白类有机质为主,且随着发酵的进行,多种有机质被消耗利用。风化煤制氢过程中微生物主要以Pseudomonadota门和Citrobacter属为主,且主要通过分解和利用有机酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸)产生氢气。风化煤制氢过程中,乙酸代谢途径以糖酵解途径为主,有机质被细菌分解生成丙酮酸后再被产氢细菌利用,其中丙氨酸激酶和醛酮酸脱氢酶在细胞代谢生成氢气过程中发挥着重要作用。研究结果揭示了风化煤产氢的潜力机制,为风化煤有效利用提供了理论参考。

气化炉内熔渣流动特性预测模型的研究进展

双碳战略目标下,煤气化技术将会是我国未来煤炭领域的重要发展路线。在煤气化技术推广应用中,熔渣的流动行为严重影响气化炉的平稳运行时长,间接影响合成气的质量和炉壁的热量损失,有效求解流动参数的熔渣流动特性预测模型备受关注。本研究论述了现有的气化炉内熔渣流动特性的预测模型,并展望了预测模型的未来研究方向。综述当下,预测模型根据熔渣流动维数可分为一维预测模型和二维预测模型;一维稳态和非稳态预测模型均经历了构建和完善阶段;二维预测模型因无相关的数学公式描述和流动理念假设尚处于构建阶段;通过对液态熔渣的温度分布、附加应力的取舍,临界黏度的选取和熔渣黏度的处理方式等方面可以提高模型的计算精度。展望未来,一维预测模型的应用场景需更完善的规定,针对稳态和非稳态预测模型求解的参数需要更细致的辨析;二维预测模型的构建理论需更详细的突破,明确非稳态工况下熔渣在轴向和周向上流动的优先级;流动预测模型的计算精度需更全面的提升,熔渣性质的非恒定性、熔化的不均匀性、烟气流速的波动性等因素需要侧重考虑。

煤层气储层气-液-固多相渗流规律研究

揭示储层非饱和流阶段煤粉运移产出规律,对煤层气高效排采具有重要现实意义。基于气-液-固三相流模拟装置,通过设定不同煤粉粒径、注入流速、裂缝宽度和煤粉质量分数等条件,开展了煤层气储层非饱和流阶段煤粉产出运移特征试验,并分析了煤粉沉淀量、产出量及煤岩气相与液相渗透率变化特征。研究表明:随着裂缝宽度增加,煤粉产出量呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,沉淀量呈现出先增大后减小的变化特征,在裂缝宽度为0.1 mm时达到最大值;随着煤粉质量分数的增大,产出量表现为先增大后减小(峰值点在0.15‰附近),沉淀量逐渐增大,说明煤粉在储层中运移存在一定的单位体积含量极值,超过极值后,煤粉将大量沉淀并堵塞孔裂隙;合理控制煤层气产水产气速率,能够有效地控制煤粉的产出,煤粉沉淀量和产出量随着注入流速的增长均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,注入流速为5.0 mL/min时的煤粉沉积量最大,在流速为7.5 mL/min时煤粉产出量相对较高;液相渗透率演化特征呈现出逐渐降低和先稳定后逐渐降低2种变化趋势,气相渗透率演化特征较为复杂;综合注入压力、煤岩渗透率变化、煤粉产出和沉淀特征,可将煤粉在裂缝中运移划分为缓慢沉积、快速沉积和完全堵塞3个阶段。

煤矸石磨粉与黄土采空区注浆材料流动性能对比实验

煤矸石处置问题严重制约煤炭行业可持续发展。使用煤矸石磨粉材料替代黄土进行采空区注浆,有助于大规模消纳煤矸石。首先,通过实验,研究了煤矸石磨粉与黄土的注浆流动性能;其次,调整脱硫石膏、粉煤灰、气化渣3种固废外加剂的掺量,优化煤矸石磨粉注浆材料流动性能;第三,分别分析添加木质素磺酸钠及奈系减水剂对煤矸石注浆材料流动性的影响规律;最后,以大柳塔煤矿为工程背景,确定了煤矸石注浆流动性最优的材料配比。研究结果表明:煤矸石磨粉粒径整体较小,其注浆流动性比一般黄土材料的流动性差;添加固废外加剂可提高煤矸石磨粉材料的流动性;以脱硫石膏作为固废外加剂的提升效果最明显,提升幅度达到19.28%。当煤矸石、粉煤灰和脱硫石膏的质量分数分别为60%、10%和30%,且木质素磺酸钠减水剂占总固体质量的0.5%时,所制备的质量分数为50%的煤矸石注浆材料具有最佳的流动性能。

液氮溶浸时间对原煤力学及破坏形式的影响

为了研究液氮溶浸处理对煤样单轴和三轴加载力学性质及破坏形式的影响规律,采用三轴实验装置对不同液氮溶浸时间煤样进行单轴、三轴实验。结果表明:是否进行液氮溶浸处理对煤样单轴加载和三轴加载过程中力学特性演化趋势无明显影响,均为随着轴向应变增加,轴向应力先缓慢增加,后直线增大,达到煤样极限后迅速降低;液氮溶浸不同时间煤样单轴加载峰值轴向应力分别为4.28、7.21、2.32、2.34 MPa,三轴加载峰值轴向应力分别为44.31、25.73、37.74、39.78 MPa;随着液氮溶浸时间增加,煤样单轴加载峰值轴向应力呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,三轴加载峰值轴向应力呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势;液氮溶浸煤样在单轴加载和三轴加载后局部破碎更彻底,但液氮溶浸时间越长,煤样破碎后生成的大块煤数量和体积都越多。

基于液氮吸附实验的高阶煤微观孔隙结构特征研究——以川南筠连地区上二叠统乐平组为例

川南筠连地区作为中国南方首个煤层气商业生产基地,产气层位为上二叠统乐平组,系统开展储层微观孔隙结构特征研究对明确煤层气赋存成藏特征具有重要意义。针对乐平组煤层气评价井煤岩心样品进行了扫描电镜观察和液氮吸附实验,从孔隙成因类型、孔隙结构、孔隙形态及其甲烷吸附性能等方面对微纳米级孔隙发育特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:煤岩微观孔隙可划分为植物组织孔、气孔、矿物铸模孔和晶间孔等4种成因类型。液氮吸附实验BET总孔比表面积平均为2.638 m^(2)/g,BJH总孔体积平均为0.003 7 cm^(3)/g,且两者具有良好的正相关性。BJH平均孔径为5.775~17.842 nm,对总孔比表面积起到主要贡献的为孔径<5 nm的孔隙,对总孔体积具有明显贡献的主要为孔径≥10 nm的孔隙。根据孔径将孔隙划分为:微孔(<5 nm)、小孔(5~10 nm)、中孔(10~100 nm)、大孔(≥100 nm),微孔和小孔是煤中气体吸附的主要空间,进一步推测吸附孔和渗流孔的孔径分界为10 nm。液氮吸附回线可划分为重叠型、半分离半重叠缓降型、半分离半重叠骤降型等3类,并依据回线特征将纳米孔隙形态理想化为开放孔、半封闭孔和墨水瓶状孔等3种模型,各类孔在高阶煤中均有发育。基于具有不同孔隙形态的干燥无灰基煤样甲烷等温吸附实验得到,墨水瓶状孔的甲烷吸附能力最大,半封闭孔和开放孔的吸附能力近似,但都低于墨水瓶状孔。

基于GIS的煤制油可燃气泄漏事故分析与应急处置

为在煤制油生产过程中对化学品泄漏实施有效预警监测,并在事故发生后迅速开展先期处置和事故救援,基于煤制油泄漏研究背景,阐明煤制油可燃气体泄漏事故发生的可能原因和演化机理,将煤制油可燃气泄漏模型与地理信息系统(GIS)相结合,探索可燃气泄漏扩散模型在煤制油可燃气事故救援应急处置中的应用模式。以煤制油可燃气泄漏为例进行模拟分析,初步验证GIS集成下的煤制油可燃气泄漏事故救援应急系统的可靠性和有效性。研究结果表明:在GIS下由煤制油可燃气泄漏扩散模型分析得出的事故波及影响区域范围、应急物资调运时间最短和应急队伍响应路径最优的模拟方案,可为安全生产应急资源调配的基础数据和应急指挥科学决策提供参考,亦可为城市安全综合救援和区域协同救援提供1种可行的借鉴方法。

基于多目标分析的F-T柴油机SOOT和NO_(X)排放物优化研究

为充分发挥F-T煤制油的优良理化特性,改善柴油机SOOT和NO_(X)之间的“Trade-off”关系,以一台四缸柴油机为研究对象,将SOOT和NO_(X)作为优化目标。通过台架试验获得柴油机燃用F-T煤制油时SOOT和NO_(X)随喷油参数变化的性能试验数据,采用支持向量机SVM建立喷油参数与SOOT、NO_(X)间的预测模型,并将其作为带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法的适应度评价模型,在样本空间内获得SOOT和NO_(X)的Pareto前沿。赋予SOOT和NO_(X)不同的权重,通过Topsis对Pareto前沿进行决策分析,与原机工况点相比,SOOT下降幅度为3.7%~7.1%,NO_(X)下降幅度为1.2%~2.6%。经试验验证,SOOT的Pareto前沿与试验验证值之间的相对误差不超过8%,NO_(X)不超过5%,各工况下的R2均大于0.95。该方法改善了柴油机SOOT和NO_(X)之间的“Trade-off”关系,使柴油机排放性能得到提高。

煤炭地下气化点火阶段正庚烷着火及燃烧数值模拟研究

煤炭地下气化技术将地下煤层以天然气形式开采出来,是一种清洁、高效的能源利用方式。点火是开启气化反应的第一步,对化学点火过程中燃料着火与燃烧特性的分析将有助于高效气化。该文选取正庚烷为点火燃料,采用离散相模型模拟庚烷雾化过程,建立庚烷液滴与氧气共流燃烧模型,探究庚烷着火温度及燃烧火焰特性,并对影响初始点火过程的关键因素进行分析。结果表明:随压力升高,庚烷着火温度降低,10 MPa时达到670 K;液滴粒径在0.1~0.4 mm范围内时,着火温度随粒径减小而小幅上升;提高氧化剂中氧气浓度可显著提高火焰温度,但会导致火焰长度变短;为避免煤的熔融问题,氧气浓度控制在20%~30%附近较为合适,对壁面最高温度在1200~1530 K内。贫氧燃烧时,火焰温度较低,但过量空气系数处于0.6~0.8时,对壁面的加热温度及加热长度均高于富氧燃烧,在点火过程中能更高效利用燃料。结果可为煤炭地下气化点火过程燃料及氧化剂参数控制提供一定参考。

煤气化细渣疏水-亲水双液炭/灰分离实验

这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。煤气化细渣是煤气化过程中产生的一种固体废物,其中残炭严重制约了其资源化利用,从煤气化细渣中提取残炭是一个紧迫的问题。本研究应用疏水-亲水双液分离技术来提取煤气化细渣中残碳,其主要的影响因素有搅拌速度、搅拌时间、疏水液体用量、矿浆浓度、矿浆温度和疏水液体种类。疏水-亲水双液分离技术对煤气化细渣有优异的提碳降灰效果,其碳产品的灰分可达30%以下,灰质产品的灰分可达95%以上。通过表征分析揭示了分离机理,结果表明残炭对煤油的吸附强度远超灰质,使得煤油处理过的残炭疏水性大幅度增加,容易被油相捕获。本研究可为煤气化细渣的高效提碳降灰提供重要指导,有助于实现煤气化固废的综合利用。

聚钨酸钠重液在煤炭浮沉中的研究与应用

针对传统煤炭浮沉的氯化锌(ZnCl_(2))重液出现的“用量大、腐蚀性强、毒性大”等突出问题,提出了一种安全、无毒、易配置、稳定性强、浮沉分选效果好的可用于煤炭浮沉的新型无机重液。研究发现,常温下聚钨酸钠重液密度受金属离子浓度、重液黏度变化影响较小。浮沉结果表明,当以聚钨酸钠作为重液时,密度级大于1.8 g/cm^(3)的产品灰分高于ZnCl_(2)重液,其低密度重液环境下的浮沉累计产率高于ZnCl_(2)重液。聚钨酸钠浮沉后产品形貌和元素分布进一步说明聚钨酸钠重液效果明显。这些研究为新型环保药剂替代ZnCl_(2)重液用于煤炭浮沉提供了理论依据。

准东煤在液态排渣锅炉中的结渣特性和元素迁移规律

高碱煤的清洁高效转化及资源化利用对实现双碳目标具有重要战略意义,液态排渣锅炉在燃用高碱煤方面存在较大优势,但目前尚缺乏全烧高碱煤的灰沉积和元素迁移特性相关研究。研究了准东煤在20 MW卧式液态排渣炉上燃烧时的积灰结渣特性和元素迁移规律。通过在捕渣屏前后设置灰沉积探针1和2,研究了换热器表面灰沉积对传热效率的影响。结果表明,初始层形成阶段通过探针表面的热流密度迅速下降,随沉积物的生长热流密度缓慢下降,沉积物生长趋于稳定时,热流密度也会在一定范围内波动。按照探针表面的热流密度变化速率,可将灰沉积的形成过程分为3个阶段,分别为快速下降阶段、缓慢下降阶段和稳定阶段。探针1和2最终稳定的相对热流密度分别为0.75和0.83。此外,通过分析炉膛不同位置灰渣和沉积物的外观形貌、矿物组成和化学成分,探究了元素迁移对积灰结渣的影响。灰沉积的微观表征表明,Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)等氧化物在高温区渣样中富集,而CaO、MgO、Na_(2)O、SO_(3)则主要出现在低温区域的沉积物中。换热器表面沉积初始层的形成与碱金属及其硫酸盐的冷凝密切相关,高温和低温区域样品中的平均Na_(2)O质量分数分别为1.38%和4.70%。铁元素会在渣中富集并充当助溶剂的作用,与硅-钙-镁-铝体系形成低温共熔体,从而导致灰熔融温度降低。