Back-and-forth mining for hard and thick coal seams—research about the mining technology for fully mechanized caving working face of Datong Mine

The article introduced the key technology, mining process, and back-and-forth mining method for the caving working face of hard-thick coal seams in Datong mine, and researched this innovations process, optimized the systemic design and working face out-play, tried to perfect the caving mining technology of hard-thick coal seams further.

Analysis and key control technologies to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines

In order to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines in China, we have analyzed the characteristics of spontaneous coal combustion and explain theoretically the factors affecting spontaneous coal combustion, such as rock bursts, high temperatures, high ventilation resistance, slow advancing speed and large obliquity mining. Key technologies to prevent spontaneous combustion occurring in sharply inclined seams in deep mines are pro- posed; these include pouring water, stopping leakage in upper and lower comers of the working face, choking off the goaf and cov- eting the coal. CO concentrations were controlled within two years to less than 15×10^-6 at the upper comer by applying these tech- nologies at the 1410 working face of the Huafeng coal mine. Our method has significant theoretical value and is of practical impor- tance in controlling spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines.

Deformation mechanism of surrounding rocks and key control technology for a roadway driven along goaf in fully mechanized top-coal caving face

The variation of the stress in the bolted surrounding rocks structure of the roadway driven along goaf in a fully mechanized top coal caving face with moderate stable conditions are studied by using numerical calculation. The essential deformation characteristics of the surrounding rocks in this kind of roadway are obtained and the key technology of bolting support used under these conditions is put forward.

Spatial-temporal variation features and law of gas concentration in the fully mechanized working face under the condition of intermittent ventilation

Based on the fluid mechanics and mass transfer theory,a mathematical model of the spatial-temporal variation of gas was derived to avoid the gas accident caused by the main fan stopping ventilation under the condition of intermittent ventilation in the tunnel.According to the actual parameters of the tunnel,a numerical calculation model was established.The spatial-temporal variation of gas concentration in the fully mechanized working face under the condition of intermittent ventilation was calculated by using the commercial package Fluent,and the correctness of the calculated results was verified by the actual monitoring data of the mine.Firstly,the gas concentration was calculated under different wind velocities at driving face in coal tunnel,and the result showed that the gas can be carried effectively by the wind when the wind velocity is about 1.8 m/s.Secondly,the distributions of wind velocity and gas concentration at driving face were studied at 1.8 m/s,and the result showed the gas concentration increased gradually with the distance close to the outlet,but the gas concentration almost kept constant at the height of driving face.Thirdly,the distribution of gas concentration was investigated with time after the ventilation was stopped and restarted,respectively.The gas concentration of test point gradually increased with the increment of downtime,when the downtime was 40 min,the gas concentration of test point 3 reached the maximum value.The gas concentration increased gradually and reached the maximum after10 min of restart,then sharply decreased and kept constant.

Statistic constitutive equation of top-coal damage for fully mechanized coal face with sublevel caving

Under the action of abutment pressure in front of fully mechanized coal face with sublevel caving(CFSC),top-coal over CFSC deformed.In the process of whole de- formation of top-coal,it changed from continuum elastic mass to non-continuum plastic mass contained fissures,become a loose body.According to its bearing characteristics and mechanical properties,top-coal mass can be divided into four deformation zones along the winning direction of CFSC,i.e.initial stress zone,elastic zone,plastic zone and loose zone.Top-coal in plastic zone located in the post-peak zone of the stress-strain curve for top-coal.With equivalent strain principle of damage mechanics and mathemati- cal theory of statistic,combining the movement law of top-coal,set up a constitutive equa- tion with damage statistics for top-coal in different position in CFSC.The equation illus- trated the mathematical relationship among top-coal bearing capacity,horizontal confining pressure along the winning direction of CFSC and mechanical properties of top-coal mate- rial.The conclusions not only provide a basis for numerical computer simulations on damage deformation and failure mechanism for top-coal,but also further promote the ap- plication of damage mechanics in CFSC.

Study on Filling Cross-Roadway in Fully-Mechanized Coal Faces with High Water-Content Material

A new method using high water content material to mechanically fill cross roadways to form artificial bottom for coal faces was introduced. The reasonable determination of filling range, the optimization of the compounding ratio of high water content material, and the filling technique were discussed in detail. This new method has been spread after industrial testing in Baodian Colliery. Compared with the traditional method, the manual wooden chock method, the new one decreases about 40% of the filling range and cost in dealing every one set of cross roadway in the testing condition.

Numerical simulation of coal wall cutting and lump coal formation in a fully mechanized mining face

It is difficult to accurately calculate the lump coal rate in a fully mechanized mining face.Therefore,a numerical simulation of the coal wall cutting process,which revealed the crack expansion,development,evolution in the coal body and the corresponding lump coal formation mechanism,was performed in PFC2D.Moreover,a correlation was established between the cutting force and lump coal formation,and a statistical analysis method was proposed to determine the lump coal rate.The following conclusions are drawn from the results:(1)Based on a soft ball model,a coal wall cutting model is established.By setting the roller parameters based on linear bonding and simulating the roller cutting process of the coal body,the coal wall cutting process is effectively simulated,and accurate lump coal rate statistics are provided.(2)Under the cutting stress,the coal body in the working face underwent three stages—microfracture generation,fracture expansion,and fracture penetration—to form lump coal,in which the fracture direction is orthogonal to the cutting pressure chain.Within a certain range from the roller,as the cutting depth of the roller increased,the number of new fractures in the coal body first increases and then stabilizes.(3)Under the cutting stress,the fractured coal body is locally compressed,thereby forming a compact core.The formation and destruction of the compact core causes fluctuations in the cutting force.The fluctuation amplitude is positively related to the coal mass.(4)Because the simulation does not consider secondary damage in the coal,the simulated lump coal rate is larger than the actual lump coal rate in the working face;this deviation is mainly concentrated in large lump coal with a diameter greater than 300 mm.

Reliability analysis of the velocity matching of coal cutting and caving in fully mechanized top-coal caving face

The matching relationship between coal cutting and caving in fully mechanized top-coal caving face is analyzed in detail from the angle of reliability. The coupling equation of reliability is established correspondingly, and the mathematical equation of the coefficient of velocity matching of coal cutting and caving is obtained, which meets a certain reliability demand for making the working procedure of coal caving not influence coal cutting of coal-cutter. The results show that the relationship between the coefficient of the velocity matching and the reliability of coal cutting and caving system is linear on the whole when R <0.9. It is pointed out that different numerical value should be selected for different coal face according to different demand for reliability.

Mechanical behaviors of coal measures and ground control technologies for China's deep coal mines-A review

This paper reviews the major achievements in terms of mechanical behaviors of coal measures,mining stress distribution characteristics and ground control in China’s deep underground coal mining.The three main aspects of this review are coal measure mechanics,mining disturbance mechanics,and rock support mechanics.Previous studies related to these three topics are reviewed,including the geo-mechanical properties of coal measures,distribution and evolution characteristics of mining-induced stresses,evolution characteristics of mining-induced structures,and principles and technologies of ground control in both deep roadways and longwall faces.A discussion is made to explain the structural and mechanical properties of coal measures in China’s deep coal mining practices,the types and dis-tribution characteristics of in situ stresses in underground coal mines,and the distribution of mining-induced stress that forms under different geological and engineering conditions.The theory of pre-tensioned rock bolting has been proved to be suitable for ground control of deep underground coal roadways.The use of combined ground control technology(e.g.ground support,rock mass modification,and destressing)has been demonstrated to be an effective measure for rock control of deep roadways.The developed hydraulic shields for 1000 m deep ultra-long working face can effectively improve the stability of surrounding rocks and mining efficiency in the longwall face.The ground control challenges in deep underground coal mines in China are discussed,and further research is recommended in terms of theory and technology for ground control in deep roadways and longwall faces.

Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face

Abstract On the basis of analyzing floor strata mechanical circumstance of the roadway, the mechanical model was established. The relative displacement of roadway floor, narrow pillar floor coal mass and floor strata was calculated, the results showed that the high abutment pressure on coal mass beside the roadway was the main reason to lead to relative displacement of floor strata. And the roadway floor heave come mainly from three aspects. Firstly, the roadway floor strata is easily fractured by the stretch stress. Secondly, because the high abutment pressure is greater than the uniaxial compressive strength of floor strata, when the roadway floor strata are fractured, the coal mass floor strata at the same depth will be fractured, and broken rock will fluid into the open roadway. Thirdly, comparing with the coal mass floor, the roadway floor is relative ascending.

Investigation on the stress field characteristic of top coal at FMTC faces under the influence of caving thickness

In the background of the technology condition and the geological condition of the 1151（3） fully mechanized top-coal caving face （FMTC face）, and by means of taking nonlinear 3D numerical simulation, the stress redistribution rules of top coal with different thick coal seam were obtained by investigation on the numerical simulation of the redistributions of the stress with different coal seam＇s thickness. The research showes that there exists a certain difference on the stress distributions of the top coal at face, the maximum principal stress is located near to the tailentry＇s corner. The vertical stress＇s peak of the top coal decreases and the distance ahead of face position increases as the once mining thickness of the coal seam increases. At the same coal seam, the vertical stresses＇ peak of top coal gradually decreases from the top to the bottom, the peak＇s position is basically the same and its changes are gradually obvious with the thickness of coal seam increas- ing. The vertical stress of top coal places in a low stress state at a certain range ahead of face and over the face, which reveals the essence that the support loads are generally low under the condition of FMTC. The study supplies the theoretical foundation for the support design and selection, the theory of top coal＇s fragmentation, the movement rules of top coal and improving the recovery of top coal.

Ground pressure and overlying strata structure for a repeated mining face of residual coal after room and pillar mining

To investigate the abnormal ground pressures and roof control problem in fully mechanized repeated mining of residual coal after room and pillar mining, the roof fracture structural model and mechanical model were developed using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The roof fracture characteristics of a repeated mining face were revealed and the ground pressure law and roof supporting condi- tions of the repeated mining face were obtained. The results indicate that when the repeated mining face passes the residual pillars, the sudden instability causes fracturing in the main roof above the old goal and forms an extra-large rock block above the mining face. A relatively stable ＂Voussoir beam＂ structure is formed after the advance fracturing of the main roof. When the repeated mining face passes the old goaf, as the large rock block revolves and touches gangue, the rock block will break secondarily under overburden rock loads. An example calculation was performed involving an integrated mine in Shanxi province, results showed that minimum working resistance values of support determined to be reason- able were respectively 11,412 kN and 10,743 kN when repeated mining face passed through residual pillar and goaf. On-site ground pressure monitoring results indicated that the mechanical model and support resistance calculation were reasonable.

煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪研究

煤矿综采工作面空间小、照明环境复杂多变,采煤过程中伴随着大量的粉尘、大雾,导致采集的图像出现曝光、细节特征减弱等问题,难以对井下照明区域光照强度过大的图像进行有效的特征提取。针对上述问题,提出了一种煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法。首先,将视频截取为图像,判断图像是否需要进行光照抑制,将需要进行光照抑制的RGB图像拆分通道,并计算每个通道的光照调节因子,实现图像的整体光照调节;然后,将未进行整体光照抑制的图像和经整体光照抑制的图像进行反射分量提取,即将输入的图像转换为HSV空间图像,使用单尺度Retinex(SSR)算法对V通道图像中的光照分量进行单独处理,将V分量中的入射分量去除,保留反射分量,并对反射分量使用直方图均衡算法实现光照均衡化处理;最后,使用基于引导滤波的暗通道先验算法对经过光照处理后的图像进行去雾处理,并使用伽马校正函数重新调节亮度不均的图像。主观评价结果表明:提出的煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法有效抑制了因光照导致整体亮度较高的问题,且由于大雾、粉尘等因素导致图像模糊的部分更加清晰,图像的细节特征更加突出。采用信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率4种评价指标对提出的算法效果进行客观评价,结果表明,提出的算法在信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率上较多尺度Retinex(MSR)算法分别平均提升了21.87%,-56.06%,153.43%,294.45%,较基于颜色保持的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCP)算法分别平均提升了1.18%,-39.56%,33.29%,-4.71%,较带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCR)算法分别平均提升了38.06%,-55.27%,462.10%,300.96%,说明提出的算法能更有效地增加图像信息量、抑制光照强度、提升边缘信息及图像清晰度。

基于残差优化的综采工作面煤壁点云补全方法

煤矿综采工作面巷道的数字化三维重建过程中需要完整且密集的煤壁点云数据。受遮挡、视角限制等因素影响,采集的综采工作面煤壁点云数据往往不完整且稀疏,影响下游任务,需进行煤壁点云修复和补全。目前缺少针对井下点云补全任务的数据集和网络模型,现有模型用于煤壁点云补全时存在点云密度分布不均匀、点云特征信息丢失等情况。针对上述问题,设计了一种基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型,采用监督学习方式学习点云特征信息,通过最小化密度采样和残差网络迭代优化输出完整点云。采集煤矿井下真实综采工作面煤壁点云数据,预处理后筛选可用数据,通过模拟随机空洞制作煤壁点云缺失数据集,并用缺失数据集训练基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型。实验结果表明:与经典的FoldingNet,TopNet,AtlasNet,PCN,3D-Capsule点云补全网络模型相比,基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型针对构造的缺失煤壁点云和稀疏煤壁点云补全的倒角距离、地移距离及F1分数均能达到最优水平,整体补全效果最佳;针对实际缺失的煤壁点云,该模型能够实现有效补全。

特厚煤层工作面煤厚变化电磁波透视响应特征

目的为掌握煤厚变化对特厚煤层工作面电磁波透视探测的影响,以准确圈定地质异常区,保障工作面安全高效生产。方法根据煤层工作面地质条件,利用三维仿真软件,对煤厚变化进行了电磁波透视数值模拟,并结合工作面探查实例进行了分析。结果0~20m煤厚范围,随煤厚减小,电磁波透视场强值呈抛物线下降趋势,可分为缓慢降低(煤厚≥9m)、明显降低(9m>煤厚≥5m)和快速降低(煤厚<5m)3个范围。煤厚10m以上的工作面适合于依据相对煤层变薄程度和变薄区煤厚来分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/3正常煤厚且煤厚<8m的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄区煤厚越小,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。煤厚10m以下的工作面,可以仅依据相对煤层变薄程度分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/4正常煤厚的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄程度越大,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。陕西金源招贤矿业有限公司特厚煤层1304工作面探测实例表明:正常煤厚变化及薄煤区的电磁波响应特征与数值模拟结果一致;工作面物探圈定的落差1m以上断层及薄煤区范围,与实际揭露范围相吻合。结论利用煤厚变化电磁波响应特征能够可靠地探查特厚煤层工作面地质异常区范围。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

基于三线性应变软化模型的综采工作面煤壁片帮深度解析预测

为预测综采工作面煤壁片帮深度,以煤壁为研究对象,煤壁煤体视作三线性应变软化材料;将直接顶和基本顶视作宏观顶板,建立了宏观顶板与煤层、支架相互作用的承载力学模型,结合边界条件推导了综采工作面煤壁片帮深度解析计算公式,利用该公式研究上湾煤矿12401工作面煤壁片帮情况,分析影响煤壁片帮的因素及影响规律,结果表明:①推导获得的煤壁片帮深度计算公式能够较准确计算综采工作面煤壁片帮深度,能够定量分析顶板特性和支架参数等对煤壁片帮深度的影响。②增加支架初撑力能够降低煤壁片帮深度;增加支架刚度能够降低煤壁片帮深度,但效果较差;增加支架护帮板支护强度,煤壁片帮深度近似线性减小。③顶板厚度和抗拉强度增加,煤壁片帮深度增长,但增长速率随顶板厚度和抗拉强度增加逐渐趋缓。这主要由于顶板厚度和抗拉强度增加,顶板破断步距增大,向采空区内旋转下沉角度增大所致。④综采采高对煤壁片帮深度有很大影响,综采采高增大,煤壁片帮深度近似线性增长。⑤煤体单轴抗压强度增大,煤壁片帮深度减小,顶底板与煤层界面之间的摩擦因数增大,煤壁片帮深度减小。⑥顶板动载系数增大,煤壁片帮深度近似线性增大。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

基于MES−YOLOv5s的综采工作面大块煤检测算法

综采工作面的目标具有高速运动、多尺度、遮挡等特点,现有的目标检测算法存在精度低、模型占用的内存大、硬件依赖强等问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于MES−YOLOv5s的综采工作面大块煤检测算法。采用轻量化设计,将MobileNetV3作为主干网络,以减小模型占用的内存,提高CPU端的检测速度;在颈部网络添加高效多尺度注意力(EMA)模块,融合不同尺度的上下文信息,并进一步减少计算开销;采用SIoU损失函数代替CIoU损失函数,以提高训练速度和推理准确性。消融实验结果表明:MobileNetV3大幅减少了模型占用的内存和检测时间,但mAP损失严重;EMA模块和SIoU损失函数可在一定程度上恢复损失的精度,同时保证模型在CPU上具有较高的检测速度,满足煤矿井下目标实时检测需求。对比实验结果表明,与DETR,YOLOv5n,YOLOv5s,YOLOv7模型相比,MES−YOLOv5s模型综合性能最好,mAP为84.6%,模型占用的内存为11.2 MiB,在CPU端的检测时间为31.8 ms,在高速运动、多尺度、遮挡和多目标的工况环境下能够保持较高的召回率和精度。

注氮条件下大采高综放工作面采空区自燃“三带”的分布规律

为解决大采高综放工作面因采高大、回采率低、开采扰动强等造成采空区遗煤自燃危险性增大的问题,以宁夏某煤矿大采高综放工作面为研究对象,应用渗透率演变方程和气体流动模型,分析注氮前后氧浓度时空演化规律及采空区自燃“三带”分布特征。结果表明:采空区氧浓度在注氮条件下呈现出中部大,两侧小的倒“U”型分布;在氧浓度划分下,氧化带范围呈现出先增大后减小的半月形,最大宽度由未注氮时的100 m缩小到50 m;在风速划分下,氧化带较未注氮时整体向工作面方向前移了15 m左右,有效降低了自燃危险区范围。