Gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams and its application

In order to obtain a gas seepage law of deep mined coal seams, according to the properties of coalbed methane seepage in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields, the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams with the Klinkenberg effect was obtained by confirming the coalbed methane permeability in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields. Aimed at the condition in which the coal seams have or do not have an outcrop and outlet on the ground, the application of the gas seepage equa- tion of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields on the gas pressure calculation of deep mined coal seams was investigated. The comparison between calculated and measured results indicates that the calculation method of gas pressure, based on the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields can accu- rately be identical with the measured values and theoretically perfect the calculation method of gas pressure of deep mined coal seams.

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

Technical scheme and application of pressure-relief gas extraction in multi-coal seam mining region

A pressure relief gas extraction technical model of a typical mining area is proposed based on coal and gas simultaneous extraction theory. Flac3 Dwas employed to model vertical stress and displacement contour plot characteristics of non-outburst coal seam(No. 4) on top of outburst coal seam(No. 2) along strike and incline directions. Field investigations were also conducted to verify the scientific nature of the simulation. The results demonstrate that gas pressure in No. 2 coal seam dropped to approximately 0.55 MPa in the pressure relief multi-coal seam. The highest expansion rate of the coal mine reached up to 2.58%.The pressure-relief angle was 76° along the incline direction and 60° along the strike direction. As the expansion rate and pressure-relief angle increased and the gas pressure decreased, a large amount of gas flowed into the gob of No. 4 from No. 2 coal seam and was later discharged through specific gas pipes,which eliminated No. 2 outburst risks. This study resulted in positive outcomes in that gas extraction time was reduced by 13.5 days, due to pressure relief, and drilling work load was reduced by 0.1161 m/t coal. This method ensures that gas is discharged from the outburst coal seam quickly and safely,demonstrating that the proposed technical model of pressure-relief gas extraction is effective in a multi-coal seam region.

Study on partition of spontaneous combustion danger zone and prediction of self-ignition in coalmine based on numeric simulation

By solving steady model of air flow diffusion and chemical reaction in loose coal, distribution of oxygen concentration and flow velocity magnitude were obtained. Compared the simulating results with critic value as well as duration of spontaneous combustion from large-scale spontaneous combustion experiment, 'three zones' of spontaneous combustion were partitioned and mining conditions to avoid spontaneous combustion were obtained. The above method was employed to partition 'three zones' in gob of fully mechanized top-coal caving long wall face and got fairly good result. Calculation of the above method is much smaller than simulating the whole process of coal spontaneous combustion, but the prediction precision can satisfy the demand of predicting and extinguishing spontaneous combustion in mining.

Prospecting for coal in China with remote sensing

With the rapid development of China’s economy, coal resources are increasingly in great demand. As a result, the re- maining coal reserves diminish gradually with large-scale exploitation of coal resources. Easily-found mines which used to be iden- tified from outcrops or were buried under shallow overburden are decreasing, especially in the prosperous eastern regions of China, which experience coal shortages. Currently the main targets of coal prospecting are concealed and unidentified underground coal bodies, making it more and more difficult for coal prospecting. It is therefore important to explore coal prospecting by taking ad- vantage of modern remote sensing and geographic information system technologies. Given a theoretical basis for coal prospecting by remote sensing, we demonstrate the methodologies and existing problems systematically by summarizing past practices of coal prospecting with remote sensing. We propose a new theory of coal prospecting with remote sensing. In uncovered areas, coal re- sources can be prospected for by direct interpretation. In coal bearing strata of developed areas covered by thin Quaternary strata or vegetation, prospecting for coal can be carried out by indirect interpretation of geomorphology and vegetation. For deeply buried underground deposits, coal prospecting can rely on tectonic structures, interpretation and analysis of new tectonic clues and regular- ity of coal formation and preservation controlled by tectonic structures. By applying newly hyper-spectral, multi-polarization, multi-angle, multi-temporal and multi-resolution remote sensing data and carrying out integrated analysis of geographic attributes, ground attributes, geophysical exploration results, geochemical exploration results, geological drilling results and remote sensing data by GIS tools, coal geology resources and mineralogical regularities can be explored and coal resource information can be ac- quired with some confidence.

浅埋煤层开采覆岩“梯形”破断参数与裂隙演化分析

目的为了探究浅埋煤层开采覆岩“梯形”破断参数与裂隙演化规律间的关联机制,并量化表征覆岩垮落、裂隙分布特征,方法以崖窑峁煤矿为研究对象,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟、现场实测相结合的方法,分析覆岩垮落空间分布形态,并量化表征上覆岩层垮落“梯形”的分布参数。结果结果表明:上覆岩层受煤层开采扰动影响,沿两侧破断线整体呈“梯形”形态,由于破断角φ,γ不同,故覆岩采动裂隙在空间上呈非对称“斜四边形”裂隙发育体的展布形态,结论基于理论计算得出崖窑峁矿业30204工作面覆岩垮落分布形态,覆岩垮落两侧破断角开切巷处破断角φ∈[58.7°,68.7°],采煤机机头处破断角γ∈[60.8°,67.8°],并根据破断角公式进一步计算,得出开切巷处覆岩垮落长度Lφj=11.5 m;采煤机机头处覆岩垮落长度Lγj=10.4 m。依据现场30204工作面3-1煤层顶板垮落实际监测数据,得出上覆岩层垮落的最佳高度为11~30 m,裂隙发育最佳宽度在距离工作面开切巷5 m和采煤机机头5 m范围内。

不同变异系数煤层应力场与瓦斯场规律的数值模拟研究

为揭示煤层厚度变化对煤层突出危险性的影响,建立了煤层变形场和瓦斯场耦合模型,并基于高斯分布建立了不同煤层变异系数的煤层模型,揭示了不同变异系数下的煤层应力场和瓦斯场分布规律。结果表明:稳定煤层与非稳定煤层应力场差别显著,非稳定煤层在煤层较薄处产生了应力集中现象,向厚煤层区域掘进时呈线性减小;煤层较厚处稳定煤层的应力大于非稳定煤层,且随着煤层变异系数的增加进一步减小;不同变异系数煤层随着变异系数的增加应力逐渐增加,主应力的增长速率随着掘进距离的增加逐渐增加;煤层厚度变化导致了煤层受到顶板的水平应力作用,在煤层较薄处,顶板水平应力指向煤层,导致煤层较薄处产生了应力集中,在煤层较厚处,顶板水平应力背离煤层,导致煤层应力相比较薄处小,且瓦斯浓度大、渗透率小、构造煤发育较多,在扰动下容易发生突出。

基于钢锥冲击的煤层卸压方法研究

针对煤矿冲击地压引起的采掘安全问题,以山西晋中左权五里堠煤矿3号煤层开采地质条件为工程背景,提出一种基于钢锥冲击煤层的卸压方法。根据通电线圈间产生电磁互感斥力原理,获得磁力驱动绕线钢锥撞击煤层的冲击力函数式,并结合弹性力学理论,分析冲击力作用下煤体应力场分布特征、裂隙类型、破裂范围及程度。结果表明:(1)冲击力与交流电电压及线圈级数呈正相关关系,与交流电频率及每米线圈匝数呈负相关关系。其中,电压是调控冲击力的最主要因素,综合考虑认为电压取660 V为宜。(2)计算显示钢锥长度与直径仅需1 cm和1.28 cm,与之匹配的2级加速线圈总长为2 cm,可实现冲击装置的微型化,便于在钻孔内灵活布置。(3)冲击力使钻孔横截面围岩出现集中系数为4.0~16.7的叶状极高应力区,其延伸长度为5倍钻孔半径,区内发育张拉裂隙;叶状区之外为集中系数1.7~3.3的高应力区,发育压剪裂隙,其范围可达50倍钻孔半径,据此得到卸压钻孔间距为2.5 m。(4)按卸压段长度,每孔内设置2个间距2 m的冲击装置,冲击力使钻孔纵截面围岩呈现针状极高应力区,相邻针状区间分布椭圆形压剪裂隙区,两者一起贯通2 m厚煤层,实现有效破煤卸压。研究成果为探索基于磁力钢锥冲击的煤层卸压技术奠定初步理论基础。

沟壑地区浅埋煤层采空区煤自燃危险区域研究

沟壑地区浅埋煤层上覆岩层厚度不均匀,采动影响造成地表开裂形成台阶式下沉趋势,造成地表裂隙漏风,长时间漏风供氧致采空区遗煤自燃氧化条件良好,威胁矿井安全生产。以典型的某矿沟壑地貌浅埋煤层中11B602工作面为研究对象,现场观测地表裂缝发育几何形貌及大尺度漏风裂缝分布特征,并采用数值模拟研究采空区漏风规律,划分煤自燃危险区域。研究表明:工作面对应地表存在拉伸型和开裂型等裂缝,且风流由地表漏向采空区;受地表漏风影响,采空区内整体O_(2)浓度升高,两巷位置O_(2)浓度大于8%,采空区内由地表向两道漏风引起的煤自燃危险区域为进风侧100~151 m、回风侧14~85 m。通过采取井上下综合防治的措施,有效控制了地表漏风和采空区遗煤自燃,保障了工作面的安全生产。

安山煤矿浅埋煤层覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度实测研究

为了研究庙哈孤矿区浅埋煤层开采导水覆岩裂隙带发育规律,以安山煤矿133103工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析与现场实测相结合的手段对3-1煤层开采后覆岩裂隙发育规律进行研究。结果表明,133103工作面垮落带高度10.69~15.88 m,垮采比为4.86~5.73,导水裂隙带发育范围52.33~62.52 m,裂采比为23.8~28.4。研究成果为庙哈孤矿区类似条件下工作面开采顶板水灾害防治提供参考。

无线电波透视多频率探测法在厚煤层工作面构造探查中的应用

在煤矿井下回采工作面开展无线电波透视探测时,受不同煤层、各种岩层和地质构造影响,其无线电波透视衰减系数不同。对于同一煤层、同一频率发射的无线电波来说,煤层越厚,衰减系数越高。为了准确探测厚煤层工作面内部地质构造赋存情况,通过多频率试验选取适合的天线进行无线电波透视,经过多种频率的探测结果与实际揭露的地质构造特征进行相互对比,确定了一种针对厚煤层大面宽工作面无线电波透视的探测天线,提高了探测精度。

正文煤矿采空区下回采巷道支护应用分析

为解决正文煤矿近距离煤层下方回采巷道围岩支护难题,以11107回采工作面为工程背景,综合运用理论计算、现场实测等方法,对回采巷道支护及应用进行了探讨;分析表明,9#煤层开采引起底板损伤破坏深度为4.69m,以层间岩层厚度是否大于5m为条件将其巷道围岩分为损伤间隔层、块裂间隔层两种类型,并采用不同的支护方案;应用表明,在掘巷阶段取得较好的围岩控制效果。

缓倾斜煤层斜梯形巷道沿空煤柱宽度及围岩控制研究

为探究缓倾斜煤层斜梯形沿空巷道煤柱留设尺寸合理值和留巷围岩控制技术,以任楼煤矿72510N工作面为工程背景,应用考虑煤层倾角的内外应力场理论、数值模拟和现场试验展开研究。理论计算确定72510N工作面内应力场的宽度为13.4 m,煤柱尺寸合理值应不大于8.4 m,结合模拟计算结果确定煤柱尺寸合理值为7 m。在分析控制缓倾斜煤层斜梯形沿空掘巷围岩变形难点的基础上,结合研究结果,提出采用非对称支护对围岩进行控制,支护方式为“高强锚杆+顶板高强长锚索+煤柱帮斜拉锚索+锚网”,并在现场进行了应用。现场试验结果表明,煤柱留设尺寸7 m及采用非对称支护技术沿空巷道围岩大变形可得到有效控制,实测顶板右中、顶板左中、煤柱、实体煤和底板测点在掘进期间观测最大位移量分别为121,105,96,90,82 mm,回采期间观测最大位移量分别为389,363,346,335,325 mm,满足了现场生产需求。

注二氧化碳促抽煤层瓦斯数值模拟及现场试验

为有效减少煤层瓦斯含量,降低煤层瓦斯压力,对注二氧化碳促抽煤层瓦斯技术进行数值模拟及现场试验研究。首先,基于流体力学、煤岩学和吸附力学建立注气抽采数学模型,运用Comsol Multiphysics模拟了经过注气抽采后煤层瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量的变化规律,并将注气抽采煤层瓦斯的效果与常规抽采进行了对比分析;然后,探究了注气压力与抽采负压对注气抽采的影响规律;最后,在阳泉集团新景矿业3#煤层2401工作面开展了注二氧化碳促抽煤层瓦斯技术的现场试验,验证该技术的有效性。结果表明:注气抽采的煤层瓦斯压力下降幅度比常规抽采增加了6.3%,注气抽采的煤层瓦斯含量下降幅度比常规抽采增加了6.81%,消突周期缩短3 d;注气压力对注气抽采的影响较大,抽采负压对注气抽采的影响甚微;经过30 d注气抽采煤层瓦斯现场试验,煤层瓦斯压力为0.118 MPa,与煤层初始瓦斯压力相比下降了75.42%,煤层瓦斯含量剩余为3.174 m^(3)/t,与煤层初始瓦斯含量相比下降了69.55%,消突周期为5 d,说明注二氧化碳促抽煤层瓦斯技术可以有效提高瓦斯抽采效率,降低煤层瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量。

特厚煤层沿顶巷道抗剪锚管索帮角控制技术研究

针对特厚煤层沿顶巷道帮角围岩破碎外挤、锚索自由段受不均匀组合荷载作用导致的端部上翘和帮部变形较大等问题,以同忻矿8204巷道为研究对象,通过现场调研、拉剪试验、FLAC3D数值模拟和现场工业性试验等方法,并利用研发的抗剪锚管索支护结构进行特厚煤层沿顶巷道抗剪锚管索帮角控制技术研究。首先开展拉剪试验,测试锚索组成抗剪锚管索结构前后的承载能力;其次在不考虑原岩应力影响的条件下,通过对巷道围岩内部支护应力场的分布情况,查找原支护方案帮部支护效果较差的原因;最后结合强帮强角支护理念,提出抗剪锚管索帮角控制技术及支护优化方案,利用数值模拟方法险证该优化方案的支护效果,并在现场进行长为300 m的工业性试验。现场监测数据表明,应用所研抗剪锚管索帮角控制技术后,特厚煤层沿顶巷道围岩变形得到了有效控制。

浅埋煤层不同工作面重复扰动下大巷煤柱稳定性研究

以赵家梁煤矿3-1煤层大巷煤柱回收为研究背景,通过物理相似模拟及现场监测,研究浅埋煤层不同工作面采动影响下覆岩垮落特征以及重复扰动下大巷煤柱应力演化规律。结果表明:3101工作面回采后,1^(#)大巷煤柱应力峰值5.09 MPa,应力集中系数为1.62;3102工作面回采后,2^(#)大巷煤柱应力峰值5.7 MPa,应力集中系数为1.54;大巷煤柱回收工作面回采后,1^(#)和2^(#)大巷煤柱垂直应力分布由单峰型分布转为马鞍型分布,1^(#)大巷煤柱应力峰值7.4 MPa,应力集中系数为1.87,2^(#)大巷煤柱应力峰值8.46 MPa,应力集中系数为2.1。现场实测数据与物理相似模拟试验所得数据相符,研究结果可为大巷煤柱回收工作面的安全生产提供参考依据。

大埋深倾斜厚煤层下导水裂隙带发育高度的微震监测

以九龙矿15249S工作面为工程背景,利用微震监测技术对上覆岩层塑性区破坏变化规律及导水裂隙带发育高度进行监测,并结合理论计算、数值模拟与现场实测结果进行对比,验证微震监测较高的准确性。结果表明,微震监测结果更为接近现场实测数据。监测结果显示:工作面及其回采巷道上方130 m范围内,微震事件分布密集、能量较大,故该空间内上覆岩体破坏变形较为严重,裂隙较为发育;当超过130 m时,微震事件骤减,数量几乎为0;因此得到导水裂隙带发育高度为130 m。研究成果可为九龙矿的安全生产提供可靠参考,并为类似的大埋深倾斜厚煤层工作面提供一种有效监测导水裂隙带发育高度的方法。

特厚煤层残留煤柱应力分布与巷道跨煤柱布控技术

为确定老公营子煤矿特厚煤层分层开采残留煤柱影响下回采巷道的合理布置位置及稳定控制方案,采用现场监测、理论分析与数值模拟结合的方法,研究了残留煤柱与下分层煤体应力分布特征,对比分析了不同巷道布置位置的围岩应力状态,提出了跨残留煤柱巷道布置方式,建立了以应力增高区宽度作为条形基础宽度的底板滑移线场力学模型,确定了距残留煤柱水平距离4 m的巷道布置方案,结合巷道布置特点,提出了“工字钢棚+锚索+喷浆+浅孔低压注浆”的主被动联合支护方案。研究结果表明,上分层两侧工作面采空后,主应力偏转导致残留煤柱与下分层煤体间均存在双峰值的应力集中现象,煤柱内部为垂直应力集中区,煤柱边缘为剪应力集中区;外错式布置巷道受垂直应力与剪应力双重影响,应力集中程度最高且随外错距离增大而增大,垂直式布置巷道应力集中程度次之,受剪应力影响更为明显,而跨残留煤柱布置巷道受垂直应力与剪应力影响明显降低,垂直应力峰值稳定为34.1 MPa,剪应力峰值稳定为6.7 MPa,应力集中程度最低且随跨距增大而减小。现场应用效果显示,跨残留煤柱巷道围岩变形量小,无强烈的矿压显现特征,能够满足安全生产的要求。

褶曲构造影响区内工作面开采诱冲机理及其防治研究

针对褶曲构造影响区内不同工作面的倾角变化所引起的矿压显现特征多变性问题,以宝积山煤矿七采区为工程背景,采用现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟和现场工业性试验相结合的方法,对倾角变化煤层内不同工作面开采期间动静载荷进行了研究。结果表明:①煤岩组合系统刚度值大于0的累积声发射(AE)能量较煤岩组合系统刚度值小于0的累积AE能量小,说明煤岩组合系统刚度值小于0时更易累积AE能量,且在煤岩组合系统刚度值小于0时,其绝对值越大越能够积聚更高的AE能量。②随着煤层倾角递增,沿空巷道实体煤侧内集中静载荷降低,煤柱侧内集中静载荷增高,高位厚硬关键层发生破断所需悬顶段更长。③煤层倾角较小时,动静载叠加作用下沿空巷道两帮内煤岩组合系统极易诱发动态破坏II型冲击地压。煤层倾角较大时,高集中静载作用下沿空巷道煤柱侧内煤岩组合系统极易诱发静态破坏型或动态破坏I型冲击地压。④705综放工作面开采期间沿空巷道煤柱侧极易诱发静态破坏型或动态破坏I型冲击地压,对其实施防冲措施后的电磁辐射值降幅高达67.3%,煤岩组合系统不易诱发冲击地压。