Pressure relief, gas drainage and deformation effects on an overlying coal seam induced by drilling an extra-thin protective coal seam

Numerical simulations and field tests were used to investigate the changes in ground stress and deformation of, and gas flow from, a protected coal seam under which an extra-thin coal seam was drilled. The geological conditions were: 0.5 meter mining height, 18.5 meter coal seam spacing and a hard limestone/fine sandstone inter-stratum. For these conditions we conclude: 1) the overlying coal-rock mass bends and sinks without the appearance of a caving zone, and 2) the protected coal seam is in the bending zone and undergoes expansion deformation in the stress-relaxed area. The deformation was 12 mm and the relative defor- mation was 0.15%. As mining proceeds, deformation in the protected layer begins as compression, then becomes a rapid expansion and, finally, reaches a stable value. A large number of bed separation crannies are created in the stress-relaxed area and the permeability coefficient of the coal seam was increased 403 fold. Grid penetration boreholes were evenly drilled toward the protected coal seam to affect pressure relief and gas drainage. This made the gas pressure decrease from 0.75 to 0.15 MPa, the gas content decrease from 13 to 4.66 m3/t and the gas drainage reach 64%.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Study on "fracturing-sealing" integration technology based on high-energy gas fracturing in single seam with high gas and low air permeability

To improve the gas extraction efficiency of single seam with high gas and low air permeability,we developed the"fracturing-sealing"integration technology,and carried out the engineering experiment in the3305 Tunliu mine.In the experiment,coal seams can achieve the aim of antireflection effect through the following process:First,project main cracks with the high energy pulse jet.Second,break the coal body by delaying the propellant blasting.Next,destroy the dense structure of the hard coal body,and form loose slit rings around the holes.Finally,seal the boreholes with the"strong-weak-strong"pressurized sealing technology.The results are as follows:The average concentration of gas extraction increases from8.3%to 39.5%.The average discharge of gas extraction increases from 0.02 to 0.10 m^3/min.The tunneling speeds up from 49.5 to 130 m/month.And the permeability of coal seams improves nearly tenfold.Under the same conditions,the technology is much more efficient in depressurization and antireflection than common methods.In other words,it will provide a more effective way for the gas extraction of single seam with high gas and low air permeability.

A method of determining the permeability coefficient of coal seam based on the permeability of loaded coal

This study developed the equipment for thermo-fluid–solid coupling of methane-containing coal, and investigated the seepage character of loaded coal under different working conditions. Regarding the effective pressure as a variable, the variation characteristics of the gas permeability of loaded methane-containing coal has been studied under the conditions of different confining pressures and pore pressures. The qualitative and quantitative relationship between effective stress and permeability of loaded methane-containing coal has been established, considering the adsorption of deformation, amount of pore gas compression and temperature variation. The results show that the permeability of coal samples decreases along with the increasing effective stress. Based on the Darcy law, the correlation equation between the effective stress and permeability coefficient of coal seam has been established by combining the permeability coefficient of loaded coal and effective stress. On the basis of experimental data, this equation is used for calculation, and the results are in accordance with the measured gas permeability coefficient of coal seam. In conclusion, this method can be accurate and convenient to determine the gas permeability coefficient of coal seam, and provide evidence for forecasting that of the deep coal seam.

Gas Drainage Technology in Fully Mechanized Caving Face with Horizontal Sublevel Mining in Steep and Extra-Thick Coal Seam

This paper analyzes the gas source of the horizontally sectioned fully mechanized caving face in the steeply inclined and extra-thick seam of Adaohai Coal Mine, and numerically simulates the stress distribution and pressure relief of the lower section coal after the upper section working face is mined. It theoretically analyzed the reasonable layout of the drainage boreholes, and designed the drainage borehole layout accordingly. In the upper and lower section of the working face, the actual drainage effect of the boreholes was inspected, and the air exhaust gas volume in the working face was statistically analyzed. It was confirmed that the layout of boreholes was reasonable, the gas control effect of working face was greatly improved and fully met the needs of safe mining. The control effect was greatly improved and the need for safe mining was fully met, and thus a gas drainage technology suitable for the coal seam storage conditions and mining technology of the Adaohai Coal Mine was found. That is to say: the gas emission from the working face of the section mining mainly comes from its lower coal body. Pre-draining the lower coal body of the section and depressurizing gas interception and drainage are the key to effectively solve the problem of gas emission from the working face. Drainage boreholes in the working face of the section should be arranged at high and low positions. The high-level boreholes are located about 2 m from the top of the working face, and the high-level boreholes are about 9 m away from the top of the working face. Through the pre drainage of high and low-level boreholes in advance and the interception and pressure relief drainage, the gas control in the horizontal sublevel fully mechanized caving mining face in steep and extra thick coal seam can realize a virtuous cycle.

Hydraulic drill hole reaming technology with large flow and draining of coal mine gas

This paper takes Zhaozhuang mine in Shanxi province as an example to study the technology of hydraulic reaming drill hole for improving the gas extraction.The influence of the physical properties of coal seam on the hydraulic reaming drill holes and the draining of coal mine gas were analyzed and discussed for different coal structure areas,and the following conclusions were made.Hydraulic drill hole reaming has had a positive impact in Zhaozhuang Mine,and can improve the efficiency of gas extraction to different degrees.The water jet pressure used in hydraulic drill hole reaming mainly depends on the structure of the coal.When the coal seam basically becomes integrated,the critical water jet pressure increases,the discharge becomes relatively easy to achieve,the blocking effect on the gas extraction decreases,and the gas extraction significantly increases after the reaming process.When the coal seam is broken,the critical water jet pressure decreases,the discharge becomes difficult to achieve,the blocking effect on the gas extraction becomes obvious,and the gas extraction changes slightly after reaming.

重复注气压降法煤层渗透率模型与原位测试研究

煤层渗透率作为衡量瓦斯渗流与抽采难易程度的重要指标,对其进行准确测定具有重要意义。针对现有方法计算渗透率测试周期长、结果不稳定、模型不完善等问题,研究煤层渗透率的快速准确测定方法及相应的计算模型。基于煤层中气体径向不稳定流控制方程,结合不同压差下气体在煤层中的体积流量方程,建立可利用全区间压降数据测定煤层渗透率的注气压降计算模型。应用COMSOL数值模拟软件的达西渗流模块对模型进行求解,针对现场工程设计中可对压降曲线产生影响的测压气室长度进行单变量处理,根据模拟结果分析钻孔的测压气室长度可设计为2.0 m。根据数值模拟结果进行现场布置,搭建井下重复注气压降试验系统,结合煤层瓦斯赋存条件和巷道条件施工两组穿层钻孔,对2个测点分别注入两次高于煤层瓦斯压力的补偿气体进行渗透率原位测试,测试周期分别约为6 d和17 d,第2轮测试的注气压力高于第1轮。结合理论推导验证了注气压降过程中煤层瓦斯的雷诺数均处于线性达西渗流段,瓦斯在煤层中的渗流符合达西定律,满足计算模型的假设。与传统煤层渗透率计算方法进行了比较,结果表明:本方法和径向流量法的计算结果基本一致,可以满足实际工程需要。重复注气压降法的测试结果稳定可靠,具备快速测定的优点。

平顶山矿区多煤层卸压立体抽采模式与工程示范

平顶山矿区多煤层发育、含气层段多,仅靠井下进行瓦斯治理工程量大、难度高。为了开辟平顶山矿区瓦斯抽采新模式,达到“采一层抽多层”的目的,采用气测录井与含气量测试相结合的方法精准判识了煤系主要含气层段和含气量;采用体积法评价了东部5对矿井采动区和采空区的煤系气资源量。基于“O”形圈理论和“防-抗-让”思想,分别优化设计了采动井、采空井的井位、层位和井身结构,构建了采动区、采空区多煤层卸压立体抽采模式并进行了工程示范。结果表明:(1)二_(1)煤层顶板200 m范围内存在四煤组、三煤组、二_(1)煤层顶板60 m范围内的砂岩/泥质砂岩互层段等3处主要含气段。平顶山矿区东部5对矿井的采动区和采空区资源量分别为26.36×10~8 m^(3)和20.00×10~8 m^(3)。(2)采动井最佳井位为0.17~0.28倍采长,且靠近回风巷条带区域;走向上,采动井的间距一般为80~100 m。创建了“大口径、避开岩体变形强烈区、P110梯型扣套管”的采动直井稳孔技术体系和“下行水平轨迹+提高套管强度”的采动L型水平井稳产技术体系,保证了产气通道的畅通性。采空井一般布置在距离回风巷30~50 m的区域,完钻位置一般为二_(1)煤层顶板40~60 m的范围;筛管布置在四煤段顶板至裂隙带底部。(3)建立了“地面采动直井/定向井-采动L型水平井-采空井”联作的卸压立体抽采模式,实现了多气源立体抽采。截至2024年4月30日,累计抽采纯量达5258.8万m^(3),总利用量达到3735.4万m^(3),率先在河南省实现了煤系气产业化开发,示范和引领带动作用显著。

构造煤层顶板爆破跨界面致裂增透机制研究及应用

深部煤炭开采地质条件恶化,原生煤在多期构造运动作用下形成松软低渗高瓦斯构造煤层,煤层钻孔施工困难,爆破增透产生的裂隙不发育且易于重新压实。针对目前构造煤层顶板爆破致裂增透关键技术没有得到根本突破问题,构建试验模型进行煤层顶板爆破相似模拟试验和数值分析,监测跨界面应力波传播和宏观三维裂隙演化形态,再现了爆破应力波传播和煤岩体内部损伤破坏过程。研究表明:(1)构造煤层爆破损伤范围主要集中在爆破孔和煤层上下煤岩交界面附近煤体;构造煤顶板爆破产生跨界面致裂卸压裂纹,爆破损伤沿爆破孔向四周岩体扩展,最后蔓延到煤层底板,爆破孔位置和上部煤岩交界面以及煤层内部的损伤较为严重。(2)爆破应力波从构造煤层顶板传播到煤岩交界面时发生波的透射和反射,透射的压缩应力波破坏煤体;反射的拉伸应力波反作用于煤岩交界面区域岩体。(3)爆破累积损伤产生的跨界面交叉裂纹卸压,使顶板岩层裂隙和构造煤层裂隙贯通,有利于构造煤层的瓦斯垂向运移流动和卸压瓦斯抽采。现场应用表明,煤层顶板爆破瓦斯抽采纯量及其浓度快速上升,瓦斯抽采纯量从爆破前的0.07 m^(3)/min提高到1.73 m^(3)/min,体积分数从10.46%上升到68.50%,并且长时间维持在较高水平。研究成果可为深部构造煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供理论基础和技术支持。

松软煤层底板爆破致裂增透模拟试验研究及应用

针对松软煤层爆破增透钻孔施工困难,爆破增透产生的裂隙不发育且易于重新压实的问题,提出在底板岩层开展爆破作业,达到松软煤层增透进而增加瓦斯有效抽采时间的目的。为了监测跨界面应力波传播规律及煤层损伤状况,在实验室构建了物理模型并开展了煤层底板爆破相似模拟试验。同时使用数值模拟的研究方法对煤层底板爆破过程中煤、岩体内部的损伤及裂隙的演化过程进行补充。结果表明:松软煤层底板爆破裂纹沿爆破孔向四周岩体扩展,爆破孔位置和底板煤岩交界面以及煤层内部的破坏较为严重,产生跨界面损伤裂纹。爆炸应力波从松软煤层底板岩层传播到松软煤层时,岩体和松软煤体的交界面产生透射压缩应力波和反射拉伸应力波,透射波作用于松软煤体,使煤层裂隙增加;反射波反作用于岩体,在煤岩交界面形成交叉裂纹,使底板岩层裂隙和松软煤层裂隙贯通,有利于松软煤层的瓦斯垂向运移流动和卸压瓦斯抽采。潘一东煤矿现场应用表明,煤层底板爆破增透后瓦斯抽采纯量及其浓度快速上升,抽采纯量从0.06 m^(3)/min提高到1.46 m^(3)/min,增加了23.33倍;瓦斯浓度从爆破前的10.46%上升到45.50%左右,增加了3.34倍,并且长时间维持在较高水平。研究成果可为深部松软煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供理论基础和技术支持。

特厚煤层沿空掘巷围岩支卸协同控制技术

针对特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷大范围塑性全煤巷道锚网索的支护难题,以塔山煤矿8204-2小煤柱工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、理论分析等方法,揭示了锚杆、锚索对沿空大范围塑性全煤巷道的支护机理。锚杆支护主要作用于浅部二次破碎区煤体,形成浅部连续承载结构;锚索主要作用于深部处于三向受力状态的稳定煤体,形成更大范围的连续稳定承载结构;进一步明确了锚杆、锚索有效长度的计算方法,形成了以高预紧力、高强“锚-网-索”支护为基础,以坚硬顶板井下磨料水射流切顶卸压、巷帮大直径钻孔卸压、底板卸压槽卸压为辅的“支卸协同”小煤柱沿空巷道围岩控制技术体系。工程应用结果表明,试验巷道围岩最大变形量小于700 mm,能够满足使用要求。

倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究

为解决回采巷道倾斜厚硬顶板应力集中问题,降低顶板覆岩突然垮落的冲击扰动风险及提高倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷围岩控制效果,以长城六矿1301N运输巷切顶留巷为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场监测的研究方法开展倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究。首先,基于岩石碎胀系数、砌体梁理论及现场地质资料,推导计算了1301N运输巷切顶高度和切顶角度的理论最小值。其次,为进一步验证并优化理论推导结果,利用PFC^(2D)数值软件建立了1301N工作面切顶留巷模型,采用控制变量法分析了不同切顶高度和切顶角度下留巷顶板应力、位移及组构张量响应特征。分析结果表明:切顶高度与卸压效果之间存在底数大于1的对数增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果逐渐增强但其增长幅度逐渐减小;切顶角度与卸压效果之间存在“S”型增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果先增强后减弱。卸压参数与卸压效果之间的变化规律揭示了切顶高度选择存在最适值,切顶角度选择存在最优解。综合理论分析、经济收益及数值模拟结果,确定长城六矿1301N运输巷倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷过程中最适切顶高度为13 m,最优切顶角度为10°。现场监测获得该切顶参数下围岩控制效果较好,留巷围岩变形量较小,可有效满足下一工作面开采需求,验证了优化切顶参数的有效性,为类似地质条件切顶留巷参数的选取提供理论依据和实践参考。

机械扩孔煤体增透应力变化规律研究

机械扩孔作为一种新型煤层卸压增透强化措施,可广泛适用于低透气性瓦斯煤层。为了探究机械扩孔应力演化规律,通过理论分析,揭示机械扩孔应力分布特征,以车集煤矿2616煤层为研究背景,借助ABAQUS数值模拟软件分析扩孔过程中煤层应力演化规律。结果表明:机械扩孔后孔洞周围煤体应力场存在动态演化过程,由内向外呈圆环状分布,依次为破碎区、塑性区、弹性区和原始应力区;机械扩孔过程中造穴阶段应力扰动范围和应力集中情况都显著大于钻进阶段。

基于ALE算法的连续水射流破煤特征数值模拟研究

为了探究环境介质对水射流破煤特征的影响规律,采用ALE算法和LS-Dyna软件开展了连续水射流冲击破煤数值模拟研究,分析了淹没/非淹没环境下水射流传播特征、破煤特征,及两者破煤深度关系的时变特征。结果表明:由于水射流损耗较大,淹没环境下射流传播速度远小于非淹没状态下;淹没射流在环境介质的阻碍下发散导致破煤面积增大及深度降低,但损伤单元变化不大;淹没环境下开展破煤造穴时需要合理延长冲击时间或者缩小钻孔间距。

高瓦斯中硬煤层超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术及应用

为了提高高瓦斯中硬煤层卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果,研究了顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝技术,分析了其卸压增透机理,开展了超高压水力割缝现场试验,确定了等效割缝半径和有效瓦斯抽采半径,考察了超高压水力割缝技术的应用效果。研究结果表明:超高压水力割缝技术具有切割速度快、切割半径大等特点,相当于在钻孔周围煤体开采极薄保护层,平均单刀割缝时间9 min,单刀出煤量0.32~0.42 t,等效割缝半径为1.55~1.78 m;超高压水力割缝组单孔平均抽采浓度76.5%,单孔平均抽采纯量为0.089 m^(3)/min,分别是普通钻孔的4.58倍和4.05倍,是水力冲孔的1.2倍和1.43倍,可见该技术可以大幅度提高卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果。

煤层厚度影响下大直径钻孔卸压释能机理

煤层厚度变化是影响大直径钻孔卸压效果的重要因素之一。基于等效弹性模量原理建立了大直径钻孔卸压弹性力学模型,以某矿不同工作面为工程背景,研究了不同煤层厚度条件下大直径钻孔卸压煤体应力分布特征和能量释放规律,探讨了煤层厚度影响下大直径钻孔卸压释能机理。研究结果表明:当大直径钻孔卸压参数相同时,薄煤层中原岩应力、钻孔切向应力及其塑性区范围均大于厚煤层;大直径钻孔周边应力峰值随煤层厚度增加呈非线性减小趋势,当煤层厚度由1 m增加到9 m,应力峰值由23.2 MPa降低到20.2 MPa,降低12.9%;大直径钻孔卸压释能率随着煤层厚度增加呈减小趋势,当煤层厚度由1 m增加到9 m,大直径钻孔卸压释能率由68.7%降低到45.8%,即相同大直径钻孔卸压参数条件下薄煤层卸压效果更好;当大直径钻孔卸压参数相同时,钻孔切向应力随着煤层厚度增加而减小,导致煤体破碎区和塑性区范围以及存储弹性能释放量减小,即钻孔卸压释能率降低。某矿1208工作面和1203工作面煤层厚度分别为9.08、4.95 m,虽然两工作面采取了相同的大直径钻孔参数,但1208工作面巷道围岩变形破坏更为严重,对大直径卸压钻孔参数优化后,煤体平均钻屑量由2.48 kg/m下降到1.76 kg/m,表明随着煤层厚度增加,需采取减小钻孔间距、增大钻孔直径等措施来达到更好的卸压效果。

煤体膨胀致裂增透技术研究现状与展望

安全有效地增加煤层透气性、提高煤层气抽采效率是推动能源高效利用的关键。随着我国煤矿开采深度的增加,煤层气开采难度加大,瓦斯突出危险性愈加严重。膨胀致裂技术具有无噪声、无震动、无粉尘的独特优势,使其在煤层增透领域具有广阔的应用前景。通过对现有研究成果的调研分析,深入剖析了膨胀致裂材料反应机理与膨胀致裂增透机理,梳理了钻孔直径、间距、形状等参数对煤体致裂效果的影响,对膨胀致裂过程中煤体损伤力学模型(煤体损伤断裂模型和裂隙扩展模型)进行了总结,阐述了膨胀致裂技术在煤层增透领域的应用现状,并提出了膨胀致裂技术在煤层增透领域的研究方向与发展建议。

倾斜厚煤层异形巷道围岩变形特征及非对称支护技术研究

本文针对倾斜厚煤层中异形巷道围岩变形量大和矿压显现明显的问题,提出了以高帮补强锚索和低帮大直径钻孔卸压为基础的“高补低卸”异形巷道非对称支护技术,并以乌兰木伦煤矿工作面为技术背景,通过对工作面运巷和风巷的异形巷道进行区域划分,分析了不同区域内异形巷道应力场和位移场演化特征,确立了“高补低卸”异形断面非对称支护技术关键参数。研究结果表明:倾斜厚煤层运巷回采区异形巷道应力场分布最为复杂,高帮附近顶板支承应力大于低帮附近顶板支承应力,且呈现出非对称应力状态。异形巷道高帮变形主要是因为支承应力导致高帮煤柱强度弱化引起煤体滑移,而低帮和底板变形主要是支承应力较大和围岩应力集中系数高造成的。巷道高帮及顶板补强长锚索能够有效加固煤岩体。低帮和底板的大直径卸压钻孔能够将围岩集中应力向远场转移。现场应用表明倾斜厚煤层“高补低卸”异形断面非对称支护技术大大减小了围岩变形量和顶板离层量,对巷道进行了有效控制,应用效果显著。

低透气性突出煤层群首采层水力割缝卸压抽采技术研究

针对中近距离松软低透气性突出煤层群抽采防突难题,以皖北矿区任楼煤矿突出煤层群瓦斯地质条件为工程背景,在对松软煤层水力割缝卸压增透机制、首采层割缝工艺参数等研究的基础上,提出了首采层煤巷条带水力割缝卸压增透、煤层群瓦斯联合抽采的综合治理技术,优化了钻孔布置方式,并进行了工程应用。结果表明:割缝实施后钻孔的瓦斯抽采浓度、单孔日均抽采纯量分别是常规钻孔的4.27倍、3.94倍,煤层透气性提高了22~31倍,首采层72号煤层割缝后的防突有效半径可提高至5 m以上,检验抽采半径5 m处的瓦斯含量指标为4.13 m 3/t,在有效解决首采层煤巷条带瓦斯灾害的同时,钻孔工程量降低了2/3以上。

低透气性煤层多孔同步分段水力压裂增透技术研究

为了提高煤层透气性的增透效率,研究了煤层多孔同步分段水力压裂增透技术,介绍了多孔同步分段水力压裂技术的基本原理,通过实验室测试了高压封孔胶囊的耐压强度及多孔同步分段水力压裂系统的自动控制工艺,结果表明:高压封孔胶囊的最小破坏强度为35 MPa,多孔同步分段水力压裂可通过自动控制系统实时监测每个钻孔的压力数据,实现压裂过程的自动控制。同时在三元煤矿进行了现场工业试验,工业试验表明,3#煤层的起裂压力为23.3~25.4 MPa,当压裂距离为10 m时,压裂孔的裂纹扩展时间为26~38 min,裂纹沟通时间为28~40 min,可有效提高压裂效率。经过多孔同步分段水力压裂增透的煤层,相对于未压裂煤层,在30 d的统计时间内,压裂后的平均瓦斯浓度是未压裂的1.12倍,平均混合流量是未压裂的2.17倍,平均瓦斯纯量是未压裂的2.44倍,能够有效的增加煤层透气性,提高瓦斯抽采效果。