Stress distribution rule of roadway affected by overhead mining in gently inclined coal seams group

In light of the severe deformation and destruction of the district raise tunnel in the mining area at the northern part of the Lubanshan colliery, by the theoretic analysis and numerical simulation, both the mining stress distribution in seams group and the deformation and destruction mechanism of floor district raise were investigated. The results show that, at the maximum vertical distance of 40 m, the abutment stress has an influence on the recovery of 2# and 3# coal seam and 8# coal seam at distance of 30 m. As a result, the recovery of 8# is rather than those of 2# or 3# coal seam, which contributes to the deformation and destruction of the district raise surrounding rock. The major factors affecting the abutment stress include the mining depth, mining height, residual gob space, adjacent working faces and short spacing coal seam recovery.

Calculation of gas content in coal seam influenced by in-situ stress grads and ground temperature

On the basis of the analysis of coal bed gas pressure in deep mine, and the coal bed permeability ( k ) and the characteristic of adsorption parameter ( b ) changing with temperature, the author puts forward a new calculating method of gas content in coal seam influenced by in situ stress grads and ground temperature. At the same time, the contrast of the measuring results of coal bed gas pressure with the computing results of coal bed gas pressure and gas content in coal seam in theory indicate that the computing method can well reflect the authenticity of gas content in coal seam,and will further perfect the computing method of gas content in coal seam in theory,and have important value in theory on analyzing gas content in coal seam and forecasting distribution law of gas content in coal seam in deep mine.

Lateral Stress Concentration in Localized Interlayer Rock Stratum and the Impact on Deep Multi-Seam Coal Mining

To explore the impact of lateral stress concentration in interlayer rock stratum on the exploitation of protected coal seam, a field experiment was carried out in a multi-seam mining structure. Lateral stress redistribution and interlayer rock failure behavior were surveyed. Then an assistant numerical investigation was implemented to evolve the effect of liberated seam mining and its influence on stress reconstruction in surrounding rock mass. The cause of lateral stress concentration and its impact were discussed finally. Key findings turn out that a certain lateral stress increases in interlayer rock stratum and concentrates on its lower region. Lateral stress concentration and interlayer rock failure are interactional. The former is an inducing factor of the latter;the latter promotes the increase of concentration degree. Extent of lateral stress concentration increases to the maximum as seam distance is about 50 m. But the efficacy of liberated seam mining decreases as the seam spacing gets larger. Protected seam mining is then classified based upon the impact of lateral stress concentration, which helps to prevent the rock burst hazard and then to achieve a reliable mining in deep mines.

Layout and support design of a coal roadway in ultra-close multiple-seams

A roadway within ultra-close multiple-seams(RUCMSs) is one of the most difficult supported coal roadways to deal with in underground coal mines. This is usually due to the unknown stress distributions, improper roadway layout, and unreasonable support parameters. In order to solve this support problem and effectively save RUCMSs from frequent and abrupt disasters(such as serious deformation of the surrounding rock, roof cave ins, and coal side collapse), a comprehensive method is adopted here which includes theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring. A mechanical model was constructed to determine the stress distribution in the coal pillar after two sides of a longwall panel had been mined. Based on this model, the horizontal, vertical, and tangential stress equations for the plane below the floor of the upper-left coal pillar were deduced. In addition, a typical coal mine(the Jinggonger colliery, located in Shuozhou city, Shanxi province, China) with an average distance between its 9# and 11# coal seams of less than 8.0 was chosen to conduct research on the proper layout and reasonable support required for a typical coal roadway located within coal seam 11#. Using FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) numerical software, eight schemes were designed with different horizontal distances(d) between the center lines of the coal pillar and the roadway in the lower coal seam(RLCS). The simulations and detailed analysis indicate that the proper distances required are between 22.5 and 27.5 m. A total of 20 simulation schemes were used to investigate the factors influencing the support provided by the key bolts(bolt length, spacing, distance between two rows, installation angle, and pre-tightening force). The results were analyzed and used to determine reasonable values for the support parameters. Field results show that the stability and strength of the RLCS can be effectively safeguarded using a combination of researched stress distribution characteristics, proper layout of the RLCS, and correct support parameters.

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

给在煤支柱下面在车道支持遇到的困难，我们在车道稳定性上学习了压力分发和他们的效果的特征，用理论分析和数字模拟。当水平应力减少时，结果证明在一个煤支柱下面，在一个地板阶层的垂直应力增加。我们断定垂直、水平的应力之间的增加的差别是为包围岩石的变丑和在煤支柱下面的车道的失败的一个重要原因。基于这，我们在一个煤支柱下面建议一条车道的包围岩石的控制技术例如高力量和高对的门栓支持，打电报加强支持，单个水力由包围岩石的 grouting 与横梁支持和加强支撑，它成功地在一个煤支柱下面在一条车道的一个稳定性控制工程被使用了。

Technical scheme and application of pressure-relief gas extraction in multi-coal seam mining region

A pressure relief gas extraction technical model of a typical mining area is proposed based on coal and gas simultaneous extraction theory. Flac3 Dwas employed to model vertical stress and displacement contour plot characteristics of non-outburst coal seam(No. 4) on top of outburst coal seam(No. 2) along strike and incline directions. Field investigations were also conducted to verify the scientific nature of the simulation. The results demonstrate that gas pressure in No. 2 coal seam dropped to approximately 0.55 MPa in the pressure relief multi-coal seam. The highest expansion rate of the coal mine reached up to 2.58%.The pressure-relief angle was 76° along the incline direction and 60° along the strike direction. As the expansion rate and pressure-relief angle increased and the gas pressure decreased, a large amount of gas flowed into the gob of No. 4 from No. 2 coal seam and was later discharged through specific gas pipes,which eliminated No. 2 outburst risks. This study resulted in positive outcomes in that gas extraction time was reduced by 13.5 days, due to pressure relief, and drilling work load was reduced by 0.1161 m/t coal. This method ensures that gas is discharged from the outburst coal seam quickly and safely,demonstrating that the proposed technical model of pressure-relief gas extraction is effective in a multi-coal seam region.

Strength criterion effect of the translator and destabilization model of gas-bearing coal seam

Coal seam destabilization inflicts damage to equipment, causes property loss and personnel casualties,and severely threatens mining safety and efficient production. To further understand this destabilization based on the basic theory of Lippmann seam destabilization, a mathematical model was introduced for gas pressure distribution by considering intermediate principal stress and support resistance.Subsequently, we established a translation model suitable for the entire roadway coal seam with rocky roof and floor by applying the unified form of yield criterion in the state of plane strain. We also obtained the analytic expressions of coal seam stress distribution on both sides of the roadway and the widths of plastic and disturbance zones. Afterward, we analyzed several typical cases with different material yield criteria, obtained the plastic zone widths of the coal seam under different gas pressures, and assessed the effects of support resistance, roadway size, and coal strength on coal seam destabilization. Results showed that: the results obtained on the basis of Wilson and Mohr–Coulomb criteria are considerably conservative, and the use of Druker–Prager criteria to evaluate the rockburst-induced coal seam destabilization is safer than the use of the two other criteria; coal seam stability is correlated with gas pressure;and high-pressure gas accelerates the coal seam destabilization.

Numerical simulation and experiment analysis of improving permeability by deep-hole presplitting explosion in high gassy and low permeability coal seam

Created a new damage model for explosive for LS-DYNA3D,taking advantageof the Taylor method aimed at the high gassy and low permeability coal seam,and numericallysimulated and analyzed the deep-hole presplitting explosion.The entire processof explosion was represented,including cracks caused by dynamic pressure,transmissionand vibration superposition of stress waves,as well as cracks growth driven by gas generatedby explosion.The influence of the cracks generated in the process of explosion andthe performance of improving permeability caused by the difference of interval between.explosive holes were analyzed.A reasonable interval between explosive holes of deepholepresplitting explosions in high gassy and low permeability coal seams was proposed,and the resolution of gas drainage in high gassy and low permeability coal seam was putforward.

煤层群下行开采底板应力演化规律与合理巷道错距研究

为解决近距离煤层开采遗留煤柱下伏回采巷道合理布置工程问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,基于半无限平面体理论建立遗留煤柱底板岩层应力分布力学模型,系统研究了遗留煤柱下伏底板岩层应力分布特征及减压区相对位置关系,提出遗留煤柱非均布载荷影响的底板水平/垂向距离判别方法,揭示了遗留煤柱水平/垂向间距对下伏煤层回采巷道应力变化率的影响程度。结果表明:垂直应力集中是导致下伏巷道失稳的主控因素,以垂直应力变化量0.2γH作为评判应力影响程度的临界指标,探究了不同因素影响下的应力扰动程度,随着遗留煤柱尺寸、煤层间距、埋深与岩层垮落角逐渐减小,底板岩层应力影响深度呈递减趋势;随着水平错距增大,巷道围岩垂直应力值、应力变化率差值不断减小,界定两者数值低于0.2γH与0.01时,围岩达到可控稳定状态;现场试验21320回风巷采用外错式25 m进行实测验证,优化布置后巷道顶板相对位移量控制在45 mm以内,服务期间巷道围岩工况稳定,验证了所得安全错距的合理性。

煤层群采动下围岩应力演化规律及协同控制技术研究

针对煤层群开采过程中巷道支护困难问题,以贵州土城矿212回风石门为工程背景。综合采用现场调研、数值模拟、相似模拟及现场试验等手段,揭示了212回风石门应力演化规律,并提出了“卸−转−固”协同控制技术。研究结果表明:212回风石门遭受破坏的主要原因是煤层群采动过程中存在的地质力学问题导致了围岩失稳。巷道底板及两帮在采动过程中产生不同程度的应力集中。当遭受垂直应力挤压时,巷道底部承受的挤压力较大,而顶部围岩承受的拉伸力较大,由于力学不平衡导致围岩的破坏。基于此提出了“卸−转−固”协同控制技术。通过爆破卸压的方式,利用爆破产生的冲击波引起围岩的震动和应力波动,使表层围岩中原本集中的应力分散到更深的围岩区域,降低表层围岩的应力集中程度。同时,利用爆轰和封孔工艺进一步加固卸压孔周围的围岩,形成两个承载结构。即由巷道支护体形成的内承载体和由深部围岩形成的外承载体。两者相互作用有效承受巷道浅部及深部围岩的应力,并转移到支护结构,起到保护和稳定围岩的作用。利用该技术在212回风石门现场试验,结果显示:使用该技术区域应力长期趋于稳定甚至缓慢降低,巷道顶底板及两帮移近速率分别降低了74.49%及47.67%,底鼓量降低了77.2%。而未使用该技术区域应力出现不同程度的上升,表面位移收敛严重。由此可得,围岩控制效果显著。该技术已成功推广到贵州其他不同地质环境的煤矿,均取得了显著效果。

综放面“双硬”煤层临空煤柱宽度及承载强度校核

具有“双硬”特征煤层的工作面其护巷煤柱的极限尺寸确定与常规工作面有所不同。以榆树岭煤矿505工作面沿空掘进巷道为背景,首先测试了煤岩样的力学性质和不同高径比煤样的抗压强度,得到了不同高径比煤样峰值强度曲线;其次分析了沿空掘巷覆岩结构模型,建立了沿空掘巷护巷煤柱顶板力学模型,得到了不同宽度煤柱所受的载荷应力;建立了不同高宽比煤柱的数值模型,得到了不同高宽比煤柱的极限强度校核公式;最后通过对比不同宽度煤柱所受的载荷应力和极限强度,得出4m宽度的煤柱即可满足支护要求,并在此基础上提出了沿空掘进巷道支护工艺。现场监测结果表明,煤柱宽度为4m时,巷道整体变形量较小,巷道稳定性得到有效维护。研究结果可为小煤柱护巷宽度的确定提供参考。

近距离下伏煤层沿空掘巷围岩破坏特征及支护技术研究

近距离煤层群上覆煤层及本煤层邻近工作面开采造成叠加应力扰动,导致下伏煤层下区段工作面回采巷道围岩稳定控制困难。以许疃煤矿72210工作面近距离煤层开采条件为工程背景,模拟分析了上覆7_(1)煤层开采及下伏7_(2)煤层邻近工作面开采后,下伏煤层72210工作面回风巷围岩应力演化及损伤特征;基于近距离煤层沿空掘巷采动损伤岩体锚注一体化长锚强化支护思想,提出了72210工作面回风巷的支护参数并成功进行了工业性试验,实现了该类围岩的稳定控制,可为类似条件巷道支护提供参考。

近距离煤层采空区下巷道支护优化设计

针对双马一矿12201运输巷变形破坏严重的问题,结合双马一矿11号和12号近距离煤层实际赋存环境,运用FLAC3D软件分析掘巷、工作面回采围岩应力演化规律。模拟结果显示,在掘巷期间两帮出现不对称应力升高区。工作面回采稳定后,运输巷采空区帮转为应力降低区,而实体煤帮在多重扰动作用下,巷帮侧向支承压力明显升高。根据模拟结果对巷道支护进行优化设计,巷帮采用全锚索支护并且增加锚杆索支护密度。现场实测表明,两帮围岩变形100 d内稳定在300 mm,顶板变形量稳定在200 mm,优化支护方案明显减少了巷道围岩变形量,巷道锚固圈稳定,有效控制围岩变形。

大倾角采场围岩应力分布及矸石充填特征的倾角效应研究

煤层倾角是造成大倾角采场采动力学行为呈现复杂性、特殊性,诱发众多灾害事故的重要因素之一,为揭示煤层倾角对大倾角采场围岩控制及矿压显现特征的影响规律,采用物理相似模拟和数值计算相结合的研究方法,在综合分析了大倾角工作面顶板破断运移及矸石滑滚充填特征的基础上,利用有限元−离散元(FLAC2DPFC2D)耦合算法建立了不同倾角的大倾角采场耦合数值模型,研究了大倾角采场围岩应力分布及矸石充填特征的倾角效应。结果表明:①采动作用下,大倾角采场顶底板内围岩应力均呈非对称拱形分布,随着煤层倾角增大,拱形垂直应力释放区范围和向上部偏移程度逐渐增大,但水平应力释放区范围和应力值逐渐减小,无论是垂直应力还是水平应力都易在工作面上下端头顶板处出现应力集中,但最大集中应力会随煤层倾角的增大而减小;大倾角工作面顶底板内应力大小和传递方向均存在非对称特征,随着煤层倾角增大,工作面顶底板应力拱高逐渐降低,围岩应力的传递方向以围岩涌向采出空间为主,由初始近似竖直方向逐渐偏转趋于工作面垂向。②工作面顶板破断及矸石的滑滚充填具有时序性和分区演化特性,并随煤层倾角的改变而呈现一定的倾角效应。随着煤层倾角增大,直接顶的初次破断位置将逐渐向工作面倾向上部区域转移,同时由于重力沿工作面倾向的分力变大,矸石沿倾向的充填程度更为密实,但充填长度减小,工作面中上部区域高位岩层的破碎程度和空洞范围增大。③采空区内矸石对围岩的作用机制主要体现在提供侧向应力和竖向支撑2个方面,且受矸石重力作用影响较大,会随煤层倾角改变呈现较强的倾角效应。

弱化浅层岩体防治急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压研究

急倾斜特厚煤层受其特殊的地质、应力和开采技术条件影响,冲击地压防治方法与一般煤层存在较大差异。将理论推导、数值模拟、现场监测等方法相结合,研究了急倾斜特厚煤层的岩层弯曲和煤层能量积聚特征,提出了弱化浅层岩体防治急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压的方法,得到了防冲关键参数,并进行了工程应用。研究结果表明,急倾斜特厚煤层岩层弯曲时内部岩体破裂释放能量是动载的主要来源,采空区两侧围岩转移、传递至煤层的水平集中应力是静载和能量积聚的主要来源;防治急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压应弱化工作面浅层岩体的应力传递能力,来降低传递至工作面的动载扰动强度以及转移、传递至煤层的水平集中应力。基于此提出了通过浅孔爆破措施弱化急倾斜特厚煤层浅层岩体的防冲方法。现场工程应用表明,矿井补强浅孔爆破后,工作面微震事件总能量降低了42.38%、总数量增大了471.74%,说明工作面的能量释放由大能量剧烈释放逐渐转为小能量平缓释放,且未再发生过冲击显现,冲击地压危险得到有效控制。研究成果可为类似条件矿井防治冲击地压提供参考。

大宁—吉县地区5号煤层现今地应力预测及其对煤层气开发的影响

现今地应力场对煤储层渗透率具有极其重要的控制作用。中国鄂东大宁—吉县地区煤层气资源丰富,然而该区现今地应力研究程度较低,限制着该区煤层气的高效开发。为查明大宁—吉县地区主采煤层现今地应力场特征,利用三维有限元数值模拟方法对下二叠统山西组5号煤层现今地应力分布进行预测。结果表明,5号煤层现今地应力表现为正断型应力机制。鄂东大宁—吉县5号煤层最大水平主应力在15.4~21.6 MPa,最小水平主应力在9.8~14.4 MPa,构造变形的复杂性影响地应力分布。现今地应力控制压裂裂缝扩展,研究区现今地应力状态下的压裂缝沿NNW-SSE向垂直扩展。研究区5号煤层应力差大部分小于6 MPa,具备形成复杂裂缝网络的地应力基础。煤层渗透率随有效地应力的增大呈指数减小,有效地应力越大,煤储层的渗透性越差。研究区东南部远离断层,地应力值相对较低,有利于形成煤层气富集区。研究成果可为大宁—吉县地区煤层气效益开发提供地质基础与科学指导。

远距离斜交工作面上行开采上组煤垂直应力演化规律

为探究平煤八矿远距离煤层群斜交工作面上行开采过程中上组煤层垂直应力演化规律,采用数值模拟计算的方法展开研究。研究结果表明,己_(15)-21030工作面回采过程中与上覆戊_(9.10)-21070工作面依次形成相离、相交和重叠的空间关系,因此会使上组煤层应力增高或降低。相离区域为应力升高区,受下组煤采动影响应力整体呈升高趋势,应力集中系数最大为1.18;相交区域为卸压过渡区,戊_(9.10)-21070工作面应力由增压变为卸压,最大卸压值较原始应力降低了25%,倾向卸压影响范围为55 m;重叠区域为卸压区,受己_(15)-21030工作面采动影响卸压效果及卸压范围均进一步增大,最大卸压值较原始应力降低了40%,倾向卸压影响范围增大至180 m。将戊组煤层戊_(9.10)-21070工作面根据应力分布云图依次划分为增压区、应力过渡区、卸压区和稳定卸压区。通过现场瓦斯含量测试验证了卸压区残余瓦斯含量比原始区域残余瓦斯含量降低32.9%,远距离煤层群上行开采形成卸压区有利于瓦斯治理工作的开展。

小断层附近煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测

煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测关系到瓦斯治理措施的有效实施。为提高煤层隐伏小断层附近瓦斯治理的效果,结合煤与瓦斯突出的主要影响因素,提出了小断层附近煤与瓦斯突出危险的动态分析方法,包括瓦斯地质条件勘查、瓦斯地质数值建模、采动应力场演化及煤与瓦斯突出预测等流程。以古汉山煤矿14171采煤工作面为例说明该方法实施过程,在瓦斯地质条件精细勘查基础上构建数值模型,开展了工作面开采前,以及开采过程中的采动应力场数值模拟分析,发现煤层在开采前应力集中区出现在断层端部偏一侧部位、在开采过程中沿断层走向一侧范围出现应力集中,预测在小断层端部偏一侧15 m范围内有煤与瓦斯突出危险,开采距断层小于21 m范围内煤层存在煤与瓦斯突出危险,煤与瓦斯突出危险带的分布范围为区域防突措施评判和工作面预测提供了理论指导。现场实施的检验钻孔表明,瓦斯解吸指标Δh2和钻孔瓦斯涌出初速度指标q在开采距小断层8~20 m范围内出现异常增大现象,该范围煤与瓦斯突出危险性大,与煤与瓦斯突出动态分析的结果基本吻合,佐证了该方法的有效性。研究成果为复杂构造带煤与瓦斯突出预测开辟了新思路,为相似地质条件下矿井开展瓦斯治理工作提供了技术借鉴。