Preparation of mesoporous activated carbons from coal liquefaction residue for methane decomposition

Mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from direct coal liquefaction residue （CLR） by KOH activation method, and the experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of KOH/CLR ratio, solvent for mixing the CLR and KOH, and carbonization procedure on the resultant carbon texture and catalytic activity for catalytic methane decomposition （CMD）. The results showed that optimal KOH/CLR ratio of 2 ： 1; solvent with higher solubility to KOH or the CLR, and an appropriate carbonization procedure are conductive to improving the carbon pore structure and catalytic activity for CMD. The resultant mesoporous carbons show higher and more stable activity than microporous carbons. Additionally, the relationship between the carbon textural properties and the catalytic activity for CMD was also discussed.

A Comprehensive Appraisal on the Characteristics of Coal-Bed Methane Reservoir in Turpan-Hami Basin

The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ger coal-bed reservoirs are sitting at a depth of less than 1500 m. The coalbed methane generation,storage and confin-ing conditions of the Turpan-Hami basin can be indicated by eight key parameters. They are coal-bed thickness,coal rank,missing period,permeability,Langmuir volume,rock covering ability,structural confinement and hydrodynamic sealing environment. These parameters constitute a comprehensive appraisal index system of the coal-bed methane res-ervoir characteristics of the Turpan-Hami basin. In these parameters,the missing period of coal-bed methane is indi-cated by a stratum missing intensity factor. It reflects the relative exposure period of coal series. The results of a fuzzy comprehensive judgment showed that the Shisanjianfang coal-bed methane reservoir has the best prospects for exploita-tion and the Sha'erhu,Shanshan,Hami coal-bed methane reservoirs are next in line.

Application of Seismic Anisotropy Caused by Fissures in Coal Seams to the Detection of Coal-bed Methane Reservoirs

Coal-bed methane is accumulated in micro-fissures and cracks in coal seams. The coal seam is the source terrace and reservoir bed of the coal-bed methane (Qian et al., 1996). Anisotropy of coal seams is caused by the existence of fissures. Based on the theory of S wave splitting: an S wave will be divided into two S waves with nearly orthogonal polarization directions when passing through anisotropic media, i.e. the fast S wave with its direction of propagation parallel to that of the fissure and slow S wave with the direction of propagation perpendicular to that of the fissure.

A Pilot-scale Demonstration of Reverse Osmosis Unit for Treatment of Coal-bed Methane Co-produced Water and Its Modeling

This study presents the first demonstration project in China for treatment of coal-bed methane(CBM) co-produced water and recycling.The work aims to provide a research and innovation base for solving the pollution problem of CBM extraction water.The reverse osmosis(RO) unit is applied to the treatment of CBM co-produced water.The results indicate that system operation is stable,the removal efficiency of the total dissolved solids(TDS) is as high as 97.98%,and Fe,Mn,and F-are almost completely removed.There is no suspended solids(SS) detected in the treated water.Furthermore,a model for the RO membrane separation process is developed to describe the quantitative relationship between key physical quantities-membrane length,flow velocity,salt concentration,driving pressure and water recovery rate,and the water recovery restriction equation based on mass balance is developed.This model provides a theoretical support for the RO system design and optimization.The TDS in the CBM co-produced water are removed to meet the "drinking water standards" and "groundwater quality standards" of China and can be used as drinking water,irrigation water,and livestock watering.In addition,the cost for treatment of CBM co-produced water is assessed,and the RO technology is an efficient and cost-effective treatment method to remove pollutants.

Coal-Bed Methane Resource of Mesozoic Basins in Jiamusi Landmass

As a new-replacement of energy resource, coal bed methane is the important gas resource with great strategic significance. There are several number of Mesozoic coal-bearing basins in Jiamusi landmass, eastern Heilongjiang Province. Theresult of the resource assessment revealed that the total resource less than 1 500 m,s depth in the area is about 2 100×108m3. It shows that Jiamusi landmass has great potential of coal-bed gas and is one of the most prospecting districts for developing coal-bed gas in CBM-province Northeast China.

The experiment study on slippage effect of the coal-bed methane transfusion

When the gas flow in the compact porous medium at low speed,it has slippage effect which is caused by the gas molecular collision whit the solidskeleton.Using the gas transfusion slippage effect at researching the coal bed transfusion rule,established the transfusion mathematical model of the coal bed which had considered the slippage effect. Observing the influence of the different toencircle presses,the different hole press and the different actual stress to the coal bed by using the three-axles permeameter.Thus sum- marized the transfusion rule of the coal bed.The experiment indicates that the bigger of the surrounding pressure,the more obvious of the slippage effect.At the same condition of axial pressure and the surrounding pressure,with the increase of the hole pressure,the coal permeability became bigger and then smaller.The coal body effective tress and the permeability curve nearly also has the same change tendency.Thus we can draws the conclusion that the transfusion of the gas in the coal bed generally has the slippage effect.

Kinetics and Process Studies of the Potential for Transformation of Biogas to Biomethane and Liquefaction using Cryogenic Liquid for Domestic Applications

The present work dealt with the generation, purifying and liquefaction of biomethane to improve energy density using local materials for domestic applications. Cow dung was sourced at JKUAT dairy farm and experiments were conducted at JKUAT Bioenergy laboratory using biogas generated in laboratory scale 1 m3 bioreactors. Experiments were done in triplicates and repeated under different conditions to get the optimal conditions. The results showed that enhanced cow dung substrate displayed an improved fermentation process with increased biogas yields. Purified biogas optimized methane content from 56% ± 0.18% for raw biogas to 95% ± 0.98% for biomethane which was ideal for liquefaction.

Research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability based on a discrete element model

Wellbore instability is a key problem restricting efficient production of coal-bed methane. In order to perform thorough and systematic research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability problems, a new discrete element model which fully considers the features of cleat coal-beds is established based on the Kirsch equation. With this model, the safe pipe tripping speed, drilling fluid density window and coal- bed collapse/fracture pressure are determined; in addition, the relationships between pipe tripping speed and pipe size, cleat size, etc. and wellbore stability are analyzed in the coal-bed drilling and pipe tripping processes. The case studies show the following results： the wellbore collapses （collapse pressure： 4.33 MPa） or fractures （fracture pressure： 12.7 MPa） in certain directions as a result of swab or surge pressure when the pipe tripping speed is higher than a certain value; the cleat face size has a great influence on wellbore stability, and if the drilling fluid pressure is too low, the wellbore is prone to collapse when the ratio of the face cleat size to butt cleat size is reduced; however, if the drilling fluid pressure is high enough, the butt cleat size has no influence on the wellbore fracture; the factors influencing coal-bed stability include the movement length, pipe size, borehole size.

Dual polarization strategy to enhance CH_(4) uptake in covalent organic frameworks for coal-bed methane purification

The purification of low-grade coal-bed methane is extremely important,but challenging,due to the very similar physical properties of CH_(4)and N2.Herein,we proposed a dual polarization strategy by employing triazine and polyfluoride sites to construct polar pores in COF materials,achieving the efficient separa-tion of CH_(4)from N2.As expected,the dual polarized F-CTF-1 and F-CTF-2 exhibit higher CH_(4)adsorption capacity and CH_(4)/N_(2)selectivity than CTF-1 and CTF-2,respectively.Especially,the CH4 uptake capacity and CH_(4)/N_(2)selectivity of F-CTF-2 is 1.76 and 1.42 times than that of CTF-2.This work not only developed promising COF materials for CH4/N_(2)separation,but also provided important guidance for the separation of other adsorbates with similar properties.

Effects of micropore structure of activated carbons on the CH_(4)/N_(2) adsorption separation and the enrichment of coal-bed methane

In the process of enriching CH4 from coal-bed methane,the separation of CH_(4)/N_(2)is very difficult to accomplish by an adsorption process due to the similar physico-chemical properties of the two molecules.A series of coconut-shell-based granular activated carbons(GACs)with different pore structures were prepared,which were characterized by different methods.The influence of the pore structure on the separation properties was investigated in detail.The results show that one of the carbons prepared(GAC-3)has high CH4 equilibrium adsorption capacity(3.28 mol·kg–1)at 298 K and equilibrium separation coefficient(3.95).The CH_(4)/N_(2)separation on the GACs is controlled by adsorption equilibrium as compared with the dynamic effect.Taking the specific surface area,for example,the common characterization index of the pore structure is not enough to judge the separation performance of the GACs.However,the microstructure of carbon materials plays a decisive role for CH_(4)/N_(2)separation.According to the pore-structure analysis,the effective pore size for the CH_(4)/N_(2)separation is from 0.4 to 0.9 nm,with the optimum effect occurring in the range of 0.6–0.7 nm,followed by the range of 0.7~0.9 nm.Also,a four-bed vacuum pressure swing adsorption process was adopted to evaluate the performance of GACs for the separation of CH4 from nitrogen.

甲烷气氛下铁基催化剂对低阶煤温和液化的影响

针对煤直接液化的高温高压苛刻反应条件和高昂的氢气成本问题,通过降低煤液化反应温度、压力和更换供氢气氛等方法来优化工艺过程。选用四种铁基催化剂研究低阶煤在甲烷气氛下温和液化的反应特性,研究结果表明:神华黑山长焰煤HS在温度350℃、初始压力3 MPa的甲烷气氛下液化产物为轻质气体、液化油和沥青质;以FeSO_(4)为催化剂时沥青质的产率最高达到8.03%,并将煤液化的转化率提升了6.10%;以FeS为催化剂时油气产率提升了3.48%;助剂硫元素的加入对煤液化反应总转化率的提升有着重要作用;Fe粉、Fe+S和FeS催化剂的加入有助于提升煤液化油中单环芳烃的含量。

国内外生物质能源开发利用技术

生物质能是一种重要的可再生能源,利用现代生物质能技术,转化为清洁、廉价、高品味的能源,对于缓解能源紧张和环境保护,具有重要的意义.介绍了国内外生物质能利用技术研究和应用现状,阐述了目前该领域的主要研究方向及其存在的问题,分析了我国生物质能的研究和开发中存在的障碍,并提出了相应的对策.

低浓度煤层气液化技术及其应用

针对大庆庆深煤层气气源条件,提出采用液化精馏的方法处理含有大量氮氧的低浓度煤层气,生产LNG。定义了适用于低浓度煤层气液化系统的煤层气气源中甲烷摩尔分数为30%～87%;该方法中的净化单元采用MEA溶液化学吸收酸性气体,液化单元采用具有高效率的混合工质制冷剂液化流程,低温部分采用精馏塔脱除氮氧组分提高LNG中甲烷含量;运用大型数值分析软件对液化系统进行了模拟计算与比较分析,分析了混合制冷剂中CH4、C2H6、C4H10及N2等组分对液化单元换热器内部最小温差的影响。分析结果显示:合理的制冷工质配比能够有效地降低换热温差,减少不可逆损失,提高换热效率。LNG中的含氧量随着精馏塔理论塔板数的增加而降低,但精馏塔的高度相应地增加。因此,应适当增加理论板数以有效地提高LNG中甲烷的浓度。计算结果将有助于低浓度煤层气液化装置的国产化应用与推广。

Laval喷管内甲烷-乙烷混合气体低温液化特性

为明确Laval喷管内甲烷-乙烷低温液化特性,获得天然气超声速液化过程中的流动与凝结参数,建立了甲烷-乙烷混合气体超声速凝结流动数学模型,开展了双可凝组分气体凝结相变实验验证,对比分析了凝结流动与等熵流动条件下的流场特性,并重点研究了甲烷-乙烷混合气体低温液化特性,结果表明:凝结相变发生之后,甲烷-乙烷混合气体流动过程中产生了微弱的凝结激波,相比于等熵膨胀过程,Laval喷管出口压力、温度升高,马赫数降低;凝结核数量在很短距离内从0急剧上升至最大值0.879×10^(21)m^(-3)·s^(-1)(约x=0.139m处);Laval喷管可获得的最大液滴半径4.476×10^(-7)kg^(-1),最大液滴数目4.462×10^(14)m^(-3),最大液相质量分数6.089%。

含氧煤层气液化流程爆炸极限分析

大部分含氧煤层气由于技术限制没有被合理利用,而是直接放空,不仅浪费资源,而且污染大气环境。针对某一典型煤层气气源条件和组分特点,设计了一种新型的液化精馏工艺流程,结合HYSYS软件模拟计算结果以及爆炸极限理论,对该液化精馏工艺流程的爆炸极限进行了分析计算,结果表明煤层气中甲烷浓度在压缩、液化以及节流过程中都高于爆炸上限,操作过程安全性比较高。但在精馏塔顶部甲烷浓度开始低于爆炸上限而导致精馏过程存在安全隐患。首先对原料气进行初步脱氧,然后再通过调整精馏塔塔底采出量来控制塔顶杂质气体中甲烷含量,使得其在整个液化及精馏流程中始终高于爆炸上限。分析结果表明,采取安全措施后整个流程都不存在爆炸危险性,甲烷回收率和产品纯度都较高,而且整个流程能耗也比较低。模拟结果显示,所设计的液化及精馏流程对不同气源具有较好的适用性,分析计算结果为含氧煤层气的杂质分离、操作过程的爆炸极限分析以及安全措施的采取提供了一定的参考。

入口压力对天然气超声速液化特性的影响

为研究入口压力对天然气混合物超声速液化特性的影响规律,建立了三维双组分天然气混合物超声速凝结流动数学模型,对Laval喷管内双组分混合物凝结流动进行了数值模拟,得出了沿Laval喷管轴向的参数分布,通过开展双可凝组分气体凝结相变实验,对比发现数值模拟与实验结果基本一致,说明了所建立的数学模型及计算方法的正确性。还研究了入口压力对甲烷-乙烷混合物超声速液化特性的影响,结果表明,保持Laval喷管入口温度及组成不变,增大入口压力,混合气体成核位置前移,成核率、平均液滴半径、液相质量分数均随之增大,即入口压力越大,混合气体在Laval喷管内越易发生凝结,在实际生产中可以通过调节入口压力来促进天然气的凝结,提高Laval喷管的液化效率。

适合于低浓度煤层气的低温液化精馏浓缩的工艺流程模拟与分析

针对大陆矿煤层气气源条件,提出了一种低浓度煤层气低温液化精馏分离的工艺流程。该方法中的液化系统采用混合制冷剂液化工艺,低温部分采用低温精馏的方法从LNG中分离氮氧,运用大型化工流程软件对液化系统进行了模拟计算与比较分析,分析了煤层气中O2含量的变化及精馏塔的再沸比的变化对LNG的组分的影响,以及再沸比的变化对再沸器热负荷的影响。

煤层气液化技术研究进展

煤层气液化是对其回收利用的有效途径。由于需要进行甲烷提浓,低浓度煤层气的液化技术与常规天然气有较大差别。主要技术方案包括先液化再精馏提浓甲烷的液化-精馏方案,以及先吸附分离提浓甲烷再进行液化的吸附-液化方案。对于前者,主要介绍了适合于煤层气小型液化装置的液化流程、甲烷精馏提纯工艺、整体化液化-精馏方案等方面的研究进展。对于后者,主要介绍了甲烷/氮吸附分离、整体化吸附-液化方案等方面的研究进展。此外,还介绍了煤层气液化过程传热特性、超临界甲烷/氮冷却换热等研究情况。

利用吸附余压预冷的煤层气氮膨胀液化流程

煤层气液化是对煤层气进行开发利用的一种有效方式。而由于受抽采技术的限制,煤层气中常含有较多的氮气。因此在预净化处理后,还须在液化前进行变压吸附或液化后进行低温精馏实现氮和甲烷的分离,从而提高甲烷浓度。为此,构建了一种新型的吸附—液化一体化的氮膨胀液化流程,将吸附后排出的带余压氮气直接膨胀对浓缩后的煤层气进行预冷。通过HYSYS模拟计算考察了不同含氮量和不同吸附余压下系统单位产品液化功的变化情况,并与不带预冷的普通氮膨胀液化流程及丙烷预冷氮膨胀液化流程进行比较。结果表明,高含氮量下,一体化的流程能够大大降低系统功耗。

CH4／N2混合气体在CMS上的低温吸附分离实验研究

将煤层气液化后运往终端市场是一种十分有效的利用方式。与常规天然气不同,抽放煤层气含氮量高,采用有效的方式实现CH4/N2分离是煤层气液化流程中重要的环节。吸附分离是提高煤层气中甲烷浓度的可行方法。为了与低温液化过程紧密结合,探讨在低温下实现CH4/N2吸附分离的可行性,文中对CH4/N2在碳分子筛(CMS)上的低温分离特性进行了实验研究,并与常温下的实验结果进行了对比。实验结果表明,低温下CH4/N2吸附分离的特性与常温下有明显差别。