A Pilot-scale Demonstration of Reverse Osmosis Unit for Treatment of Coal-bed Methane Co-produced Water and Its Modeling

This study presents the first demonstration project in China for treatment of coal-bed methane(CBM) co-produced water and recycling.The work aims to provide a research and innovation base for solving the pollution problem of CBM extraction water.The reverse osmosis(RO) unit is applied to the treatment of CBM co-produced water.The results indicate that system operation is stable,the removal efficiency of the total dissolved solids(TDS) is as high as 97.98%,and Fe,Mn,and F-are almost completely removed.There is no suspended solids(SS) detected in the treated water.Furthermore,a model for the RO membrane separation process is developed to describe the quantitative relationship between key physical quantities-membrane length,flow velocity,salt concentration,driving pressure and water recovery rate,and the water recovery restriction equation based on mass balance is developed.This model provides a theoretical support for the RO system design and optimization.The TDS in the CBM co-produced water are removed to meet the "drinking water standards" and "groundwater quality standards" of China and can be used as drinking water,irrigation water,and livestock watering.In addition,the cost for treatment of CBM co-produced water is assessed,and the RO technology is an efficient and cost-effective treatment method to remove pollutants.

Characteristics of dissolved inorganic carbon in produced water from coalbed methane wells and its geological significance

Based on long-term dynamic tracing of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)and stable carbon isotope(δ13CDIC)in produced water from 20 coalbed methane(CBM)wells in western Guizhou,the spatial-temporal dynamic variations ofδ13CDIC of the GP well group produced in multi-layer commingled manner were analyzed,and the relationship between the value ofδ13CDIC and CBM productivity was examined.The produced water samples of typical wells in the GP well group were amplified and sequenced using 16S rDNA,and a geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from CBM wells with multi-coal seams was put forward.The research shows that:δ13CDIC in produced water from medium-rank coal seams commonly show positive anomalies,the produced water contains more than 15 species of methanogens,and Methanobacterium is the dominant genus.The dominant methanogens sequence numbers in the produced water are positively correlated withδ13CDIC,and the positive anomaly of v is caused by reduction of methanogens,and especially hydrogenotrophic methanogens.Vertical segmentation of sedimentary facies and lithology in stratum with multi-coal seams will result in permeability and water cut segmentation,which will lead to the segmentation ofδ13CDIC and archaea community in produced water,so in the strata with better permeability and high water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is abnormally enriched,and the dominant archaea is mainly Methanobacterium.In the strata with weak permeability and low water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is small,and the microbial action is weak.The shallow layer close to the coal seam outcrop is likely to be affected by meteoric precipitation,so theδ13CDIC of the produced water is smaller.The geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from multi-coal seams CBM wells in the medium-rank coal reveals the geological mechanism and microbial action mechanism of theδ13CDIC difference in the produced water from the multi-coal seams CBM wells.It also provides effective geochemical evidence for the superimposed fluid system controlled by sedimentary facies,and can also be used for the contribution analysis of the produced gas and water by the multi-layer CBM wells.

Geochemical Characters of Water Coproduced with Coalbed Gas and Shallow Groundwater in Liulin Coalfield of China

To reveal the geochemical characters of water coproduced with coalbed gas and shallow groundwater,water samples were collected from 12 wells of coalbed methane and 7 wells of shallow groundwater.The pH,CODMn,fCO2,total dissolved solids （TDS）,total hardness,and concentrations of metasilicic acid,sodium and kalium,calcium ion,magnesium ion,ammonium iron,bicarbonate ion,carbonate,chloride,sulfate ion,nitrate ion,fluoride,lithium,zinc,nickel,manganese,iron,boron,barium,etc.of the samples were measured.Research results showed the following：（1） Concentrations of TDS,chloride,fluoride,sodium and kalium,ammonium,iron,and barium in the water coproduced with coalbed gas exceeded the national standards of China; however,physical,chemical,and biological properties of shallow groundwater could meet the national standard.（2） The water produced from coalbed contained mainly Na-Cl·HCO3,with average TDS of 4588.5 ppm,whereas shallow groundwater contained a mixture of chemicals including Na.Mg.Ca-HCO3·SO4 and Na.Mg-HCO3·SO4,with average TDS of 663.8 ppm.（3） In general,it was observed that bicarbonate and sodium accumulated in a reducing environment and deeper system,while depletion of hydrogen ions and dissolution of sulfate,calcium,and magnesium occurred in a redox environment and shallow system.（4） Sodium and kalium,ammonium,chloride,and bicarbonate ions were the main ions found in the study area.

Microbial Geochemical Characteristics of the Coalbed Methane in the Shizhuangnan Block of Qinshui Basin, North China and their Geological Implications

Methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria were detected by the 16SrRNA sequencing of coalbed methane(CBM)co-produced water in the south of the Qinshui Basin,which is indicative of the presence of secondary biological gas in the south of this basin,in contradiction to the previous understanding of thermogenic gas.This work systematically collected water samples from the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block and analyzed the microbial geochemical characteristics from the aspects of water ions,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved inorganic carbon and microbial diversity.It is shown that the Shizhuangnan Block has a nearly SN-trending monoclinic structure,and the elevation of coal seam decreases gradually from the east to west.Because of the water blocking effect of Sitou fault in the west,the precipitation flowed from the east to west,and gradually transited to stagnant flow area.The concentration variation of some ions such as Na^+,K^+,Ca2^+,Mg2^+,Cl^-,HCO3^-and total dissolved solids(TDS)suggest the variation of redox condition in the coal reservoir water.The 16SrDNA sequencing analysis of the collected water samples detected the presence of methanogens and sulfate reduction bacteria.The presence of methane production zone and sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ)was identified.The effect of methanogens in the methane production zone leads to an increase in the methane concentration,resulting in a high gas content in the study area.In the SMTZ,most methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation due to high sulfate concentrations.

Conversion of producer gas using NiO/SBA-15 obtained with different synthesis methods

In this study,NiO/SBA-15 was prepared by both direct and post synthesis methods.TEM images revealed that NiO particles aggregated in NiO/SBA-15 obtained with post synthesis method,regardless of NiO loading.However,NiO particles were monodispersed in NiO/SBA-15 with a NiO loading of less than 15 wt%by using the direct synthesis method.In this case,NiO particles aggregated when NiO loading was over 20 wt%.TPR analysis verified that with direct synthesis method the location boundary of NiO particles on outer and pore surface could be observed clearly,whereas that could not observed in the case of post synthesis method.This indicates that the type of synthesis method displays significant effect on the location of NiO particles dispersed into the SBA-15.Producer gas conversion was carried out using NiO/SBA-15 as catalysts,which were synthesized with different synthesis methods.The gas conversion including methanation occurred at low temperature(i.e.,300-400℃)and the reverse water gas shift(RWGS)reaction at hightemperature(i.e.,400-900℃).High temperatures facilitated CO conversion to CO with CO selectivity close to 100%,regardless of the synthesis method of the used catalyst.At low temperatures the dispersion type of NiO particles affectedthe CO,conversion reaction,i.e.,monodispersed Ni0 particles gave a CO selectivity of close to 100%,similar to thatobtained at high temperature.The aggregated NiO particles resuled in a CO selectivity of less than 100%owing to CH,formation,regardless of synthesis method of catalyst.Therefore,NiO/SBA-15 obtained with direct synthesis methodfavored RWGS reaction because of high CO selectivity.NiOSBA-15 obtained with post synthesis method is suited formethanation because of high CH selectivity,and the conversion of CO,to CHa through methanation increased withincreasing NiO loading.

新型产甲烷菌系提高极限含水油藏采收率技术

我国东部老油田已整体进入特高含水开发阶段,呈含水上升快、采油速度低、水驱效益低等开发特征,现有提高采收率技术已无法实现原油的经济采出,亟需建立接替技术。为此,以胜利油田某聚驱后油藏为试验区,开展了油藏菌群结构分析、新型产甲烷菌系的激活产气、油藏适应性及驱油性能研究,探索新型产甲烷菌系在这类油藏的应用潜力。研究结果显示,试验区油藏具有丰富的石油烃降解菌,有利于生物气化技术的实施。模拟试验区油藏条件下,新型产甲烷菌系与油藏内源微生物有较好的相容性,90 d每克原油的产气量达到3.12 mmol,是单独激活油藏微生物产气量的4.5倍,且产生的气体中甲烷气占比达到78%。菌群结构分析显示,新型产甲烷菌系占比达到35.9%,是产气速率大幅提升的关键。适应性研究结果显示,在油藏温度低于65℃、原油黏度小于1 356 mPa·s条件下,新型产甲烷菌系均展示了良好的产气性能。利用实验室设计的物理模型,评价了该菌系产气提高驱油性能,结果显示,注入该菌系后产气作用有效动用了模型顶部的剩余油,极限含水条件下驱油效率提高5.4个百分点;在此基础上提出了生物气化技术提高极限含水油藏采收率的机理。

煤层气采出水处理技术研究进展

分析了国内外煤层气采出水的水质特性,结合国家标准与处理工艺分析了不达标污染因子的去除情况,总结出符合我国煤层气采出水的处理工艺,为今后煤层气采出水处理技术研究与处理站建设提供借鉴。

煤层气井产出水重复利用配制压裂液指标

煤层气生产过程中会产生大量的产出水,为了解决产出水处理过程难、处理费贵等问题,以沁水盆地安泽区块为例,开展了煤层气井活性水压裂后产出水离子矿化度连续性监测、产出水稳定性评价及产出水配制活性水压裂液配伍性实验评价。实验结果表明,压裂液进入煤层很快与煤层水混合,当压裂后快速返排,72 h大部分压裂液返排出煤层;煤层产出水最少静置48 h后,水质变清澈稳定,产出水固相含量小于50 mg/L,达到压裂重复再利用固相含量标准;煤层产出水配制压裂液与地层水混合无沉淀及絮凝,配伍性好,对储层伤害小。利用煤层气井产出水配制压裂液是可行的,设计了现场静置处理产出水的积液池,可使产出水充分循环利用,节约水处理成本,实现降本增效。

Greenhouse gas emissions from oilfield-produced water in Shengli Oilfield,Eastern China

Greenhouse gas（GHG） emissions from oil and gas systems are an important component of the GHG emission inventory. To assess the carbon emissions from oilfield-produced water under atmospheric conditions correctly, in situ detection and simulation experiments were developed to study the natural release of GHG into the atmosphere in the Shengli Oilfield,the second largest oilfield in China. The results showed that methane（CH4） and carbon dioxide（CO2） were the primary gases released naturally from the oilfield-produced water.The atmospheric temperature and release time played important roles in determining the CH4 and CO2emissions under atmospheric conditions. Higher temperatures enhanced the carbon emissions. The emissions of both CH4 and CO2from oilfield-produced water were highest at 27°C and lowest at 3°C. The bulk of CH4 and CO2was released from the oilfield-produced water during the first release period, 0–2 hr, for each temperature, with a maximum average emission rate of 0.415 g CH4/（m3·hr） and 3.934 g CO2/（m3·hr）, respectively. Then the carbon emissions at other time periods gradually decreased with the extension of time. The higher solubility of CO2 in water than CH4 results in a higher emission rate of CH4 than CO2over the same release duration. The simulation proved that oilfield-produced water is one of the potential emission sources that should be given great attention in oil and gas systems.

煤层气采出水厌氧污泥的培养驯化

为利用厌氧生物法处理煤层气采出水,需要培养出能够适应煤层气采出水的厌氧污泥并进行驯化。本研究介绍了煤层气采出水厌氧污泥培养驯化的过程,在保证反应器内pH值和DO值适合厌氧微生物生存的前提下,根据反应器内COD的去除效果、MLVSS与MLSS、脱氢酶活性以及胞外聚合物含量确定厌氧污泥的驯化程度。

侯甲区块煤层气产出水来源分析

为研究侯甲区块煤层气多层合采过程中产出水的来源,通过对侯甲区块3#+15#煤层合层排采水的分析,阐明了研究区不同含水层对煤层气合层排采的影响,其中通过分析单采3#煤层、单采15#煤层以及合采3#+15#煤层与含水层的水化学特征,得出不同含水层与单采以及合层排采水的关系,进一步确认合采产出水来源与顶板砂岩水和K2灰岩水存在一定的相关性。

煤层气采出水阴极结垢的影响分析与减缓技术优化试验

为减缓煤层气采出水阴极结垢量,保障设备长期稳定运行,开展了煤层气采出水电絮凝结垢减缓试验,并分析了软化水比例、极板间距、电流密度、处理量等因素对未软化、完全软化和部分软化3种电絮凝处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,当极板间距为20 mm、电流密度为10 mA/cm^(2)、软化水比例1∶20。处理量为30 L/h时,3种电絮凝处理效果最好,阴极结垢量分别为0.81、0.12、0.13 g,单价分别为0.35、9.82、0.80元/m^(3)。综合考虑处理效果和单价成本,最终确定煤层气采出水的最佳结垢减缓电絮凝方式为部分软化电絮凝。

深部煤层气井排采特征及产能控制因素分析

根据鄂尔多斯盆地某区块深部煤层气井生产资料，分析深部煤层气井在排采初期的气水产出特征；研究影响深部煤层气井产能的地质和工程主要因素，基于产能主控因素提出研究区深部煤层气开发建议．结果表明：深部煤层气井在排采初期产能偏低，影响产气效果的地质因素主要包括构造部位、煤层埋深、含气量及水动力条件，工程因素主要包括压裂参数、开采层数和抽采制度；开发时应注意控制压裂液排量高于7．75m3／min，保持30～40m3的加砂量，并根据产气变化及时调节泵冲次，调节幅度以小于0．05次／min为宜；工程前期设计和后期操作要与地质情况紧密结合，充分发挥两者对产能控制的最大优势．

煤层气井产出水中氯离子变化规律回归分析模型

基于沁水盆地枣园区块大量煤层气井产出水分析化验数据,通过数学统计方法,研究总结了产出水中氯离子浓度与排采时间的变化规律。指出排采初期氯离子对环境影响最大,远超出国家Ⅱ类饮用水标准;同时利用SPSS软件进行了非线性回归分析,建立了氯离子浓度变化数学模型。通过模型可以合理预测氯离子浓度达到国家标准所需要的时间,为煤层气井产出水水质变化监测及地面水质处理提供了技术支持。

煤层气产出水水质特征及处理技术研究进展

论述了国内外煤层气产出水的水质特征及其处理技术的研究进展。煤层气产出水具有高钠度和高矿化度的特征。反渗透法普遍运用于处理煤层气产出水,并且已投入实际工程应用,通常和纳滤或超滤联用,处理后的产出水可进行再利用。而其他处理技术如离子交换法、电容去离子法、电絮凝法、吸附法和化学法等仍处于试点研究阶段。

黔西比德—三塘盆地煤层气井产出水离子动态及其对产能的指示

基于黔西比德—三塘盆地12口煤层气井产出水样品的常规离子测试,揭示该区产出水离子动态特征及其对产能与层间干扰的指示意义:基于R型聚类分析,对离子类别进行了分类并探讨了其意义;比德向斜Z-6,Z-7,Z-10井为压裂液污染井,Cl^-,Na^+,Br^-浓度呈异常高特点;随排采的进行,K^+,Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),Si4+等离子浓度呈增加趋势,SO_4^(2-)呈降低趋势,反映产出水封闭性增强;提取Cl^-+Na^+离子浓度作为判识合排井层间干扰程度与产能效果的典型指标,高产井介于833.18~1 768.26 mg/L,平均1 321.55 mg/L,低产井介于259.22~519.4 mg/L,平均380.72 mg/L,高产井产出水Cl^-+Na^+离子浓度显著高于低产井,阈值介于600~800 mg/L,揭示产出水封闭性越强,越有利于煤层气高产,初步建立了基于产出水Cl^-,Na^+离子浓度的多层合排井层间干扰判识模板。结合排采层位,上部含气系统与中、下部含气系统共采兼容性差,建议今后优先开发中、下部含气系统。

保德地区煤层气井产出水化学特征及其控气作用

地层水的化学组成反映地下水交替和径流特征,对煤层气的富集条件具有一定的指示作用。以山西省保德地区煤层气井产出水测试数据为依据,系统研究了该区煤层气井产出水的离子组成、pH值、矿化度分布及氘氧同位素组成等特征。结果表明:1该区煤层气井产出水呈弱碱性,北部产出水以K+、Na+、Cl-和HCO-3为主,Ca2+、Mg2+含量较低,SO2-4含量极少,而东南部产出水Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4则相对富集;2产出水的δDHO和分布在鄂尔多斯盆地大气降水线之下,表明存在地表水2δ18 OHO值均2的渗入;3地层水矿化度由东向西、由南向北逐渐增加。在此基础上,分析了该区地下水的动力环境及其控气作用。结论认为:东南部靠近补给区,水动力条件活跃,不利于煤层气的保存,其煤层含气量一般小于2m3/t,甲烷含量通常低于70%;而北部处于弱径流—滞留区水动力条件,煤层气藏保存条件较好,煤层含气量一般大于4m3/t,甲烷含量通常高于80%。此外,北部地区煤层气井的产气效果明显好于东南部地区,也说明北部地区煤层气的富集条件更优。

寺家庄井田陷落柱对煤层气井产出水地球化学特征的影响

根据产出水的矿化度、离子类型和离子质量浓度化验结果,采用水化学、单因子方差分析等方法,研究了寺家庄井田陷落柱对煤层气井产出水地球化学特征的影响,对陷落柱地区煤层气的勘探开发具有参考价值。寺家庄井田煤层气井产出水的平均矿化度为1 484 mg/L,属微咸水,HCO_3-Na型。2014年4月和8月采集的井田北部煤层产出水样平均矿化度较南部高,陷落柱在井田北部较发育,蒸发作用较强,可能是导致井田北部产出水矿化度略高的原因之一。产出水矿化度随煤层气井排采时间增加略有增高且水型没有改变,说明寺家庄井田煤层气井在排水降压过程中地下水未得到及时补给。不同构造背景下煤层产出水的Na^+浓度无显著差异,井田北部陷落柱区样品282位于次级向斜轴部且临近陷落柱,其Na+质量浓度最大,平均值达462 mg/L,归因于水动力条件弱且较强的蒸发作用。

煤层气合层开发上部产层暴露的伤害机理

煤层气开采过程中,上部暴露产层伤害对煤层气井产能的影响短期内有可能被下部未暴露产层产气能力的提高所掩盖,因此未引起研究人员的重视。为此,依托于贵州西部土城区块煤层气勘探开发工程实践,结合15号煤启动压力梯度、气水两相渗流及应力敏感性测试,分析了上部产层暴露的储层伤害机理,探讨了合层开发煤层气井高产、稳产的排采控制措施。结果表明:1随着低渗透煤储层中游离气量增多、气泡变大,气水两相渗流产生的贾敏效应增强,导致水相渗流的启动压力梯度增大,水相渗透率快速下降;2合层开发煤层气井上部产层被动暴露后,套压持续回升导致气体"反侵"进入已经暴露的煤储层,井筒周围依次形成高含气带、液相滞留带、应力敏感带、高含水带,近井地带形成液相低渗区,使地层水、压裂液难以排出,将导致上部暴露产层产水、产气量快速衰减。结论认为,为了提高合层开发的效果,可在套压降至0.5 MPa后主动缓慢暴露上部产层,而在上部产层主动暴露后,应尽量避免套压的快速波动,杜绝套压的大幅回升,以免对近井地带煤储层造成永久性伤害。

煤层气采出水水质及其对土壤和植物影响研究进展

煤层气是优质的能源和化工原料。但在其开采过程中,排出的大量煤层气采出水对土壤和植物的影响以及其相应的评价与修复是一个非常重要的环境问题。文章从煤层气采出水中的元素种类及其形态变化、有机污染物含量变化等方面综述了不同区域煤层气采出水水质状况。在此基础上,分析了煤层气采出水灌溉土壤对土壤和植物的影响。主要包括土壤pH变化;一些元素及离子可能导致土壤发生盐化和钠质化作用及其影响因素;植物生物量和物种多样性的变化及优势种的改变等。针对不同区域煤层气采出水的相关水质状况以及其对土壤及植物的影响,提出了相应的控制修复措施。最后,提出了未来该领域需要加强研究的方面,以期为未来合理、安全地利用煤层气采出水提供相关参考。