Study on pricing decision of new energy vehicle supply chain under Baa S model

Based on the Baa S model,a new energy vehicle supply chain game model composed of battery-swapping operators and vehicle manufacturers was constructed,and the corresponding optimal decisions of the supply chain members were obtained.The influence of related parameters on the equilibrium results was analyzed,and the Matlab was used for example analysis.The results show that:(1)The increase in the average consumer commuter mileage over the life of the vehicle can promote the increase in the demand for new energy vehicles and the profits of the supply chain members,which has a driving effect on the development of the battery swap industry.(2)Consumer sensitivity coefficient to the price of battery swap has a negative impact on battery-swapping price,new energy vehicle price,market demand for new energy vehicles,and profits of vehicle manufacturers and battery-swapping operators.

Financing strategies for coal-electricity supply chain under yield uncertainty

The financing strategies for a coal-electricity supply chain in which the coal company has capital constraint and faces yield uncertainty were studied. We propose an advance payment mechanism: in the coal company's initial production period, the electricity company provides advance payment to the coal company, and the coal company pays interest to the electricity company as the risk compensation. The optimal operation strategies for the coal company and the electricity company under the advance payment mechanism are derived and compared with those under the bank loan financing case. We find that,the expected profit functions of the coal company and the electricity company under the advance payment mechanism are the same with those under the case that the coal company has enough capital;under the advance payment mechanism, the profits of the coal company and the electricity company are higher than those under the bank financing case. We also discuss the compensation interest rate of the advance payment and the ordering and production quantities under the advance payment mechanism.

An Energy Supply Chain from Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation from Asian Cities to End Users in Japan

This study proposes four possible energy supply chains from the megawatt class of photovoltaics (PV) installation in Kuala Lumpur, Kolkata, Beijing or Ulan Bator to end users in Tokyo Japan. In the proposed chains, the electricity generated from solar PV panels would be used to generate H2 through water electrolyzer. The H2 is then liquefied (or converted into organic hydride) and transported by tank truck for land as well as tanker for marine to Japan and finally supplied to fuel cells (FC) for power generation purpose. This study investigates the energy efficiencies of the proposed energy supply chain and the amount of CO2 emission in the transportation process from the four locations. As a result, it is found the largest amount of power could be generated in Ulan Batorthan in other cities with the same size of solar panel array, while it also emitted the largest amount of CO2 in the transportation process. The best energy efficiency is obtained in the case of Beijing. This study also revealed that the ratio of total energy consumption to calorific value of H2 after transportation in the case of H2 liquefaction is smaller than that in the case of organic hydride.

IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF BIOGAS FEEDBACK SUPPLY CHAIN IN RURAL CHINA

Feedback supply chain is a key structure in the supply chain system, and the development of feedback supply chain for biogas biomass energy is one of the important ways of the rural ecological civilization construction. Presently, the efficiency problem of biogas supply chain in rural China has been restricting the development of biogas biomass energy business. This article, on the basis of combination of regulation parameters, describes the dynamic changes in the system, using differential equations integrated with simulation to reveal the rules of regulation parameters to investigate the efficiency problem in the biogas supply chain. First of all, on the basis of the actual situation, the flow level and flow rate system structure model and simulation equation set are established for the biogas energy feedback supply chain from a scale livestock farm to peasant households; On the basis of the differentiability of the simulation equation a third order inhomogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients containing regulative parameters is established for the quantity of biogas stored in the feedback supply chain. A theorem and its corollaries are established for the operating efficiency of supply chain to reveal the change law of the quantity of biogas, the quantity of biogas consumed daily by peasant households and its standard-reaching rate as well as other variables.

Optimal Trading Decision-Making of Power Supply Chain under Renewable Portfolio Standards

Under the background of implementing renewable portfolio standards and the ever-improving tradable green certificate scheme,the increasingly environmentally-friendly preference of power users is leading to changes in electricity demand,which,in turn,is driving changes in the decision-making behaviors of various actors in the power supply chain.Based on this,with the goal of pursuing maximum profit,consumer-power-demand functions have been introduced with some consideration of the factors of consumer preference to establish an optimal profit model for each trading subject in non-cooperative states of the power supply chain,under the constraints of meeting renewable energy portfolio standards.Here,the optimal strategy of each trading subject is presented by adopting the reverse induction method.Furthermore,examples are used to analyze factors such as the influence of environmental protection preferences,quota ratios,price substitutions,and market demand as well as the optimal profit of each trading subject in view of providing a reference for the decision-making in the power supply chain trading subjects.

能量视角下的电力系统惯量

同步机主导的电力系统中,机械旋转惯量是决定频率动态的主导因素,被代指为系统惯量。随着新能源占比升高,机械旋转惯量不断下降,其主导作用被削弱,现有对电力系统惯量的认知不再适用。文中首先回顾惯量作为阻碍物体状态变化能力度量的物理本质,把电力系统建模为包含不同尺度下多种能量形式和元件的能量供应链,将惯量广义化为机械旋转惯量、电惯量、热惯量、流体惯量。能量供应链中,同一尺度上存储惯量和通道惯量组成的“惯量对”决定了该尺度的动态;总的尺度上,不同尺度的多个“惯量对”决定了时域的序贯动态和频域的级联滤波特性。然后,进一步揭示了惯量需求的根源是能量需求,存储单元需要有足够的瞬时可释放能量来应对传输通道引起的能量补充滞后,整个能量供应链需要存储足够的本地能量支撑分散控制。能量视角下的电力系统惯量认知有助于评估新型电力系统的惯量需求,为新型电力系统有功控制的方法设计提供理论指导。

俄乌冲突下的能源安全及我国的应对

美西方国家对俄罗斯能源实施的严厉制裁将严重影响全球能源安全。俄乌冲突对欧洲地区能源安全的影响,主要表现在能源供应链出现较大程度的断裂,以及经济和社会发展遇阻两方面。美国虽然已实现了能源独立,但由于与全球能源市场的高度一体化,亦使其深陷能源危机的漩涡,加速了美元地位的下降。一轮又一轮的制裁使俄罗斯在国际能源市场的话语权下降,传统能源生产和出口受到重创。为有效应对能源安全问题,欧洲地区正寻求能源供应多元化,并加快推进清洁能源和可再生能源;美国一方面积极抢占欧洲能源市场,另一方面缓慢补充石油战略储备;而俄罗斯积极寻求能源出口转向,加速能源经济技术转型。我国应在顶层设计上抓紧审议通过《能源法》,加大清洁能源和可再生能源的研发力度和支出,深度参与全球能源市场,不过度依赖某一特定国家或地区的进口能源。

“双碳”背景下新能源汽车供应链质量评价体系构建研究

随着“双碳”目标的推进,新能源汽车行业迎来新的发展契机,但与此同时对其供应链运作能力也提出新的挑战。新背景下新能源汽车企业急需解决协同效率低下、成本控制困难和技术创新不足等转型问题。本文通过主成分分析法(PCA)对影响供应链运作质量的多重因素进行筛选,构建“双碳”背景下新能源汽车供应链质量评价体系,同时提出建立有效反馈机制、制定合理的激励机制、加速数字化转型等改进措施,为新能源汽车供应链转型提供方向以及借鉴。

技术创新对清洁能源金属可持续供应影响的研究综述与展望

技术创新对保障清洁能源金属可持续供应的作用不容忽视。从清洁能源金属的内涵及数据核算、技术创新对清洁能源金属可持续供应的影响及其影响机制、技术创新影响下清洁能源金属可持续供应趋势分析等方面进行了系统梳理与展望。主要结论有:物质流分析能精确核算清洁能源金属全产业链供需数据,为探究全产业链技术创新对清洁能源金属可持续供应的影响提供基础数据;为保障我国清洁能源金属可持续供应,现有研究主要集中在“开源”“节流”以及全球治理等方面,有关技术创新影响的研究大部分停留在定性分析和产业链单一环节;清洁能源金属可持续供应需要考虑全产业链技术创新的影响,需要耦合清洁能源金属供应链、产业链和创新链,探究产业链上游的联合生产机制、产业链中游的高效生产机制、产业链下游需求端的产业发展机制以及循环端的耦合配置机制;未来需突破传统技术创新情景假定的分析框架,内生化技术创新的影响,进而科学研判清洁能源金属可持续供应的演变趋势。

Optimization of biofuel supply chain integrated with petroleum refineries under carbon trade policy

The use of fossil fuels results in significant carbon dioxide emissions.Biofuels have been increasingly adopted as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel to address this environmental issue.Integrating petroleum refineries into biofuel supply chains is an effective approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and improving environmental sustainability.In this study,an integrated supply chain optimization framework was established,considering the carbon trade policy.In addition,a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model was developed to optimize the selection of biomass suppliers,construction of pretreatment plants and biorefineries,integration of petroleum refineries,and selection of transportation routes with the objective of minimizing the total annual cost.An example is presented to illustrate the applicability of the model.The optimization results show that integrating petroleum refineries into biofuel supply chains effectively mitigates carbon emissions.Carbon trade policies can have a direct impact on the total annual cost and carbon emissions of the supply chain.

双循环格局下新能源汽车供应链发展对策研究

双循环发展格局下,市场对于新能源汽车的国内供应链和产业链的高效稳定运行提出了更高要求。基于此,通过分析新能源汽车供应链网络结构模型及其特点,围绕新能源汽车产业供应链遇到的困难和瓶颈,对增强其供应链自主可控能力的对策建议进行探索。

基于供应商绿色评价的能源企业绿色供应链管理体系设计

为应对日益严重的环境问题,顺应绿色低碳可持续发展的要求,各行业非常有必要落实绿色供应链管理。文章从供应商管理环节入手,探索各行业发展绿色供应链的基本情况,具体采用生命周期评估技术分析供应商绿色评价方法,进而从设计、采购、生产、物流和信息平台建设等多个角度探索并构建能源企业的绿色供应链管理体系,以带动能源企业供应链上下游提高其绿色化、低碳化水平。文章结论对企业落实绿色供应链管理具有一定的参考价值。

供应链金融视角下新能源汽车制造业信用风险传导及防范

供应链金融作为中小企业融资的重要途径,能够帮助企业缓解融资困难,但同时存在的信用风险不容忽视。本文通过分析供应链金融视角下新能源汽车制造业中供应链金融的三种融资模式,结合新能源汽车制造业的发展特点,总结不同模式下信用风险的来源,从直接业务关系和间接关系两个角度探讨供应链金融中信用风险的传导机制,并提出提高中小企业风险抵御能力、提高核心企业贷款担保能力、提高三方平台信息共享能力、提高物流企业质押物管理能力、深化金融机构信用风险监管能力的防范建议,进而促进供应链金融健康发展。

拜登政府清洁能源供应链安全政策及其影响分析

为顺应能源转型趋势,弥合美国国内关键矿产劣势等,拜登政府通过多种路径推进清洁能源供应链安全政策,包括:加强制度框架建设;拓展关键矿产来源;加大清洁能源供应链发展资金投入;强化框架内清洁能源供应链盟友合作等。拜登政府的清洁能源供应链安全政策体现了美国利益优先的基本底色,呈现出强调风险规避、地缘竞争色彩浓厚、注重清洁能源供应链链条完整性、重视经济效果与市场工具四大特征。拜登政府的清洁能源供应链安全政策一定程度上推动美国国内制造业的“回岸”,有利于提高美国能源系统独立性,同时这些政策将撕裂和重塑全球清洁能源供应链,推动国际关系阵营化发展,加剧主要大国在全球关键矿产、清洁能源技术上的竞争。中国应未雨绸缪,提升战略认知,加强清洁能源供应链技术研究,同时深化清洁能源供应链的全球参与,推进双边多边互利合作。

我国化石能源产业链供应链韧性分析

文章从抵抗能力、恢复能力、控制能力和创新能力四个方面分析了我国化石能源产业链供应链的韧性。最终发现,我国石油、天然气和煤炭三大主要化石能源产业链供应链处于一个相对较为稳定的状态,即韧性较强。但近几年的新冠肺炎疫情和国际政治局势仍然对产业链供应链产生了较大的冲击,造成了能源进口规模下降以及创新产出降低等问题。综合来看,我国三大化石能源的产业链供应链韧性均存在进口集中度较高、物流体系仍需完善、对外依存度较高以及关键技术创新能力有待提高的问题;相比于石油和天然气,我国煤炭产业情况相对较好,基本可以实现自给自足,但煤炭的高效利用问题仍然有待解决。在此基础上,文章提出了进一步拓宽化石能源进口渠道、建立现代数字智能化石能源物流体系、加强化石能源的勘探开发力度和高效利用能力以及继续努力攻克化石能源尖端技术的建议。

“重新赋能欧盟计划”与中欧可再生能源合作探讨

为了解决对俄实施制裁导致的欧盟能源短缺,加速能源绿色转型以应对气候变化问题,重塑能源环境以加强欧盟在世界能源格局中的地位,欧盟委员会正式发布了“重新赋能欧盟计划”,强调在寻找可替代能源进口的同时,重点发展可再生能源,主要聚焦太阳能、风能、热泵、地热能、氢能和生物甲烷等领域。具体举措包括加速可再生能源行业规模化部署,开展以加强绿氢领域合作、创建可再生能源国际市场、建立可持续原材料价值链合作伙伴关系为核心的可再生能源国际合作。中欧在气候和能源领域拥有较强的合作基础,中国在光伏、风电、氢能和新能源汽车领域具有领先优势,契合欧洲可再生能源进口需求。中国也将拥有引进欧盟可再生能源技术和增加可再生能源产品出口的机会。然而,美欧能源政策合流趋势明显,在美国带头视中国为原材料供应链威胁的情势下,欧盟也开始建立本土可再生能源供应链与中国竞争。对此,中国应基于双方共同的目标,充分挖掘优势互补领域,深化与欧洲可再生能源市场合作,加快实现与欧洲可再生能源产品标准的衔接,加强对话以防范地缘政治和联盟体系的干扰。

数电票在供应链企业中的应用——以国能e购商城为例

多方资源支持与在购销环节采用数电票模式对于加快企业物资采购供应链上下游的发展具有重要意义。通过搭建数电票结算协同平台,可为供应链上下游、非招标流程的标准化、废旧物资处置、闲置物资调剂等业务提供全新支撑与高效服务。以国能e购商城为例,数电票结算协同平台有利于集聚与整合资源,形成产业技术创新链。有利于扩大规模,提升产业核心竞争力,促进产业结构优化升级。平台服务对象范围广泛,有利于形成持续与稳定的上下游供应链关系并产生良好的服务效果,助力供应链行业高质高效发展。数电票结算协同平台的建设与运营可为其他产业服务的标准化、信息化建设提供的良好示范效应,从而支持中小企业发展。

阶梯式碳税下煤炭海铁联运网络调运优化研究

在大规模海铁联运网络背景下,考虑铁路年运输能力和煤炭港口年吞吐量限制的基础上,引入阶梯式碳税量化碳排放成本,建立考虑碳排放的煤炭海铁联运网络调运方案非线性优化模型。模型以大规模海铁联运网络每条可行路径的年煤炭运输量为决策变量,根据模型特性设计了一种组合式求解算法(Combinatorial Algorithm,CA),外层迭代算法采用增广拉格朗日乘子法,内层迭代算法采用可行方向法,将非线性规划模型转化为标准Hitchcock模型。采用国家能源集团煤炭海铁联运业务相关数据进行实例分析,并运用CA进行求解。在实例分析的基础上进一步对固定碳税和阶梯式碳税进行了敏感性分析,结果表明,阶梯式碳税上下限在合理度范围内时,采用其得到的最优调运方案在企业总效益和减排效果2个方面优于固定碳税,但当其上下限超出合理范围后,会对企业效益及企业减排积极性产生打击。

绿色发展视角下中国新型工业化实现路径研究

新中国成立以来,工业化为我国创造了巨大的物质财富,推动了我国经济社会的迅速发展。然而伴随着工业污染物造成的环境问题加剧、能源消费总量的不断攀升,传统的工业发展模式已经不再符合我国高质量发展阶段的需求。另外,绿色产业目前成为了全球关注的焦点,绿色技术竞争成为了国际竞争的重要内容。在新的时代背景下,推动符合绿色发展理念的新型工业化是解决现阶段资源环境问题、获得国际竞争优势的必然选择。具体而言,要加快推动绿色技术创新,发挥龙头企业带动作用,坚持市场导向,密切关注绿色产业市场需求,抢占绿色技术制高点,参与相关国际标准的制定,推广清洁能源的使用,推动传统工业升级转型,淘汰落后产能,发展资源综合利用项目,构建绿色供应链,积极参与绿色国际贸易。