Extracting the core indicators of pulverized coal for blast furnace injection based on principal component analysis

An updated approach to refining the core indicators of pulverized coal used for blast furnace injection based on principal component analysis is proposed in view of the disadvantages of the existing performance indicator system of pulverized coal used in blast furnaces. This presented method takes into account all the performance indicators of pulverized coal injection, including calorific value, igniting point, combustibility, reactivity, flowability, grindability, etc. Four core indicators of pulverized coal injection are selected and studied by using principal component analysis, namely, comprehensive combustibility, comprehensive reactivity, comprehensive flowability, and comprehensive grindability. The newly established core index system is not only beneficial to narrowing down current evaluation indices but also effective to avoid previous overlapping problems among indicators by mutually independent index design. Furthermore, a comprehensive property indicator is introduced on the basis of the four core indicators, and the injection properties of pulverized coal can be overall evaluated.

A novel model for cost performance evaluation of pulverized coal injected into blast furnace based on effective calorific value

The combustion process of pulverized coal injected into blast furnace involves a lot of physical and chemical reactions. Based on the combustion behaviors of pulverized coal, the conception of coal effective calorific value representing the actual thermal energy provided for blast furnace was proposed. A cost performance evaluation model of coal injection was built up for the optimal selection of various kinds of coal based on effective calorific value. The model contains two indicators: coal effective calorific value which has eight sub-indicators and coal injection cost which includes four sub-indicators. In addition, the calculation principle and application of cost performance evaluation model in a Chinese large-scale iron and steel company were comprehensively introduced. The evaluation results finally confirm that this novel model is of great significance to the optimal selection of blast furnace pulverized coal.

Combustion performance of pulverized coal and corresponding kinetics study after adding the additives of Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO

Combustion performance of pulverized coal(PC)in blast furnace(BF)process is regarded as a criteria parameter to assess the prop-er injection dosage of PC.In this paper,effects of two kinds of additives,Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO,on PC combustion were studied using the thermo-gravimetric method.The results demonstrate that both the Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO can promote combustion performance index of PC including igni-tion index(C_(i)),burnout index(D_(b)),as well as comprehensive combustibility index(S_(n)).The S_(n) increases from 1.37×10^(−6) to 2.16×10^(−6)%2·min^(−2)·℃^(−3) as the Fe_(2)O_(3) proportion increases from 0 to 5.0wt%.Additionally,the combustion kinetics of PC was clarified using the Coats-Redfern method.The results show that the activation energy(E)of PC combustion decreases after adding the above additives.For instance,the E decreases from 56.54 to 35.75 kJ/mol when the Fe_(2)O_(3) proportion increases from 0 to 5.0wt%,which supports the improved combustion per-formance.Moreover,it is uneconomic to utilize pure Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO in production.Based on economy analysis,we selected the iron-bearing dust(IBD)which contains much Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO component to investigate,and got the same effects.Therefore,the IBD is a potential option for catalytic PC combustion in BF process.

3D model study of coal/coke combustion in a blast furnace effects of coal properties

A three-dimensional mathematical model of the combustion of pulverized coal and coke has been developed.The model is applied to the blowpipe-tuyere-raceway-coke bed region in an ironmaking blast furnace in one computational domain,which includes two parts:pulverized coal combustion model in the blowpipe-tuyere-raceway cavity and the coal/coke combustion model in the surrounding coke bed.The effects of coal properties are examined comprehensively,in terms of coal burnout and gas species distributions.The results indicate that using a coal of fine particle size or high VM content could improve burnout and would affect the gas composition considerably.The burnout is examined in two ways:compared with burnout along tuyere axis,burnout over the raceway surface is a more sensitive and sensible parameter to describe the amount of unburnt char entering the coke bed.The model is useful for examining the flow-thermo-chemical characteristics of the pulverized coal injection (PCI) process under various conditions in a blast furnace.

Numerical Modelling of Coal Combustion Processes in the Vortex Furnace with Dual-Port Loading

The work is devoted to numerical simulation of pulverized-coal combustion processes in the vortex furnace which is a prospective design of a boiler unit for thermal power plants. New modification of this design characterized by additional tangential-injection nozzle located at the bottom of combustion chamber has been studied. Numerical results for the case of Siberian brown coal combustion in this vortex furnace with dual-port loading are presented, including 3-D aerodynamic structure, the fields of temperatures, radiated heat fluxes, species and dispersed phase concentrations, and NOx emissions.

Numerical simulation of the effect of coaxial and cross-axis injection modes on pulverized coal combustion in the raceway of blast furnace tuyere

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the angle of the pulverized coal (PC) injection lance on the combustion characteristics of fuel in the raceway of blast furnace tuyeres. Using FLUENT software, a Euler-Lagrange three-dimensional numerical model was constructed to analyze the influence of different positions of blast furnace tuyere coal powder injection lance (coaxial and cross-axis) on key parameters such as temperature distribution, gas flow, and combustion efficiency. The results demonstrate that adjusting the angle of the injection lance significantly modifies the average and peak temperatures in the raceway, while the composition of gas components remains relatively stable. When the injection lance angle is 10°, the average temperature and peak temperature in the raceway are 2294 K and 2747 K, respectively. When the injection lance angle is 12°, the combustion efficiency of the PC reaches 80.8%. This study reveals the significant impact of the injection lance angle on the combustion process. Especially at an angle of 12°, the combustion efficiency of the blast furnace significantly improves. With coaxial injection, the combustion rate increases as the distance between the injection lance tip and the tuyere increases. This paper is instructive for the optimization of the blast furnace combustion system, which improve fuel utilization efficiency and reduce environmental emissions. This paper provides practical recommendations for adjusting blast furnace operational parameters, offering insights for achieving more efficient and environmentally friendly industrial production.

The Advancement in Intensified Smelting Technology of Baosteel Blast Furnace

Baosteel always aims at becoming one of the most profitable enterprises in the world, enjoying international competence, benchmarking with the world advanced level,pursuing innovation sustainable development. Recent years, Baosteel Iron-making Department has caught the opportunity of increasing steel demand; conquering disadvantages such as changeable up-stream market, fuel and raw material’s tight supplies and lower quality, etc. In our department, Major technical problems have been overcome, blast furnace intensified smelting technology improved, the cost of molten iron under control, blast furnace long-life span control technology made breakthrough, and Baosteel’s ironmaking capacity improved further.

Gas-Particle Flow and Combustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Injection in Blast Furnace Raceway

The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distribu- tion of coal gas in the process of pulverized coal injection of blast furnace raceway. The results show that a great deal of coal gas discharges on the top of raceway away from the tuyere, and the residence time of coal particles in the re- gion of blowpipe and tuyere is 20 ms or so and 50 ms when it reaches raceway boundary. The pressure is the highest at the bottom of raceway and the maximal temperature is about 2 423 K. The char combustion is mainly carried out in the raceway and the maximum of char burn-out rate attains 3× 10-4 kg/s.

Evaluation of Four Coals for Blast Furnace Pulverized Coal Injection

One of the effective methods of reducing coke consumption is pulverized coal injection. The most important problems encountered in this method are reduced permeability, unburned and high ash content. To select the best coal for injection, suitable tests can be used. Therefore, experiments such as proximate and ultimate analysis, Rock- Eval and combustion tests were performed on four kinds of coals from different mines, including Sarakhs, Sangrood, Karmozd, and Tabas. The results of proximate and ultimate analysis indicated that although the sulfur content and ash content of selected coals were a little high, they were suitable for coal injection. The results of combustion experiments and Rock-Eval tests showed that Karmozd coal was the best one to be injected into blast furnace. The result indicated that the mixing of coals could improve the combustion properties of pulverized coals.

Properties and Structural Optimization of Pulverized Coal for Blast Furnace Injection

The properties of mixed coals were studied on the basis of known various properties of the injecting coals in the treatise.The structure of the injecting coals was optimized and put into practical application.It was found that the ignition point was lowered with mixed coals,however,both combustibility and grindability were improved,and explosibility of the mixed coals were decreased as well.Hence,mixed coals injection not only can improve the amount of the injecting coals greatly,but also improve the economical and technical indexes of the blast furnace.

Pulverized Coal Combustion of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace

The efficiency of coal combustion is an important factor for the blast furnace process.The influence of low xO/xC on coal combustion performance under nitrogen free blast furnace condition was researched through the self-developed pulverized coal burning device.The results show that the coal combustion rate reduces with xO/xC decreasing,and the combustion rate of bituminous coal is higher than that of anthracite.The coal combustion rate ascends with the rise of volatile matter,but when volatile matter of pulverized coal is more than 18%,the combustion rates will not increase correspondingly.Small amount of CaCO3 and CO2 additions can promote coal combustion,and the effect of CaCO3 is more apparent,which can increase the pulverized coal combustion rate by 15%-18% or so.

Combustion characteristics of semicokes derived from pyrolysis of low rank bituminous coal

Various semicokes were obtained from medium-low temperature pyrolysis of Dongrong long flame coal.The proximate analysis,calorific value and Hardgrove grindability index(HGI) of semicokes were determined,and the ignition temperature,burnout temperature,ignition index,burnout index,burnout ratio,combustion characteristic index of semicokes were measured and analyzed using thermogravimetry analysis(TGA).The effects of pyrolysis temperature,heating rate,and pyrolysis time on yield,composition and calorific value of long flame coal derived semicokes were investigated,especially the influence of pyrolysis temperature on combustion characteristics and grindability of the semicokes was studied combined with X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis of semicokes.The results show that the volatile content,ash content and calorific value of semicokes pyrolyzed at all process parameters studied meet the technical specifications of the pulverized coal-fired furnaces(PCFF) referring to China Standards GB/T 7562-1998.The pyrolysis temperature is the most influential factor among pyrolysis process parameters.As pyrolysis temperature increases,the yield,ignition index,combustion reactivity and burnout index of semicokes show a decreasing tend,but the ash content increases.In the range of 400 and 450 °C,the grindability of semicokes is rational,especially the grindability of semicokes pyrolyzed at 450 °C is suitable.Except for the decrease of volatile content and increase of ash content,the decrease of combustion performance of semicokes pyrolyzed at higher temperature should be attributed to the improvement of the degree of structural ordering and the increase of aromaticity and average crystallite size of char.It is concluded that the semicokes pyrolyzed at the temperature of 450 °C is the proper fuel for PCFF.

Kinetic study on co-combustion of pulverized anthracite and bituminite for blast furnace injection

Combustion behavior of single pulverized coals(PCs)and co-combustion characteristics of anthracite(AT)and bituminite(BT)blends with 20 wt.%volatile were studied by thermogravimetric experiments.The results indicated that reaction characteristics of PCs were closely related to their functional group structure and consequently,the pyrolysis of PCs with highly active functional groups initiated at lower temperatures.It was also noticed that the discrepancy of functional group structures between AT and BT might impair their interaction during combustion.The early exhaust of BT at low temperatures would possibly lead to an independent combustion of volatile and residual carbon and eventually the inefficient combustion of their blend.However,the mixing of AT and BT with similar functional group structures was more likely to achieve blends with superior combustion property.Simultaneously,non-isothermal kinetic analysis mani-fested that the combustion of blends followed random pore model(RPM),and therefore,the parameters calculated by RPM were more accurate to describe their combustion behavior.The kinetic calculation results showed that the activation energy required for decomposition of blends in early combustion stage was much lower owing to the excellent activity of volatile,while residual carbon with stable aromatic hydrocarbon demanded more energy to initiate its combustion.

包钢高炉喷吹煤粉利用率的测定

利用透射光偏光显微镜,对包钢高炉重力除尘灰、旋风除尘灰和布袋除尘灰中的碳素种类进行定性和定量分析,以测定高炉喷吹煤粉利用率。测定结果表明,3号高炉喷吹煤粉利用率上下限分别为89.03%和79.46%,4号高炉的喷吹煤粉利用率上下限分别为91.51%和84.14%。认为,3号高炉和4号高炉所使用喷吹煤粉来自同一系列,因此可以通过采取稳定煤粉粒度波动、优化富氧鼓风和提高入炉焦炭强度等措施,来提高喷吹煤粉利用率。

国内某高炉喷吹煤粉的性能评价

高炉喷吹煤粉的优点主要包括显著降低炼铁焦比及生产成本、有效调节高炉热制度、喷吹煤粉反应过程中提高煤气的穿透扩散能力和还原能力、缓解焦煤需求量、减少炼焦投资和环境污染等。为进一步优化高炉喷吹燃料结构和降低炼铁成本,文章对国内某高炉喷吹使用的煤粉的煤质特性进行了深入研究。结果表明:1#煤为烟煤,固定碳含量低、挥发分高,氢元素含量在所试验煤粉中最高,灰分中的CaO和MgO的含量之和最高,超过24%;其他煤种为无烟煤;4#煤的可磨性指数低于40;需要控制其在混煤中的配比。

高炉喷吹煤粉预热工艺技术进展及应用

煤粉预热可提高高炉喷吹煤粉的初始温度,加强煤粉在风口前的气化热解过程,降低喷煤对风口区域热风的冷却效应,进而提高煤粉燃烧率,为高煤比创造条件。对现有几种煤粉预热工艺,如高炉废烟气对流预热、电磁感应预热、立式筒仓管板预热和流化床预热技术特点依次进行了分析。高炉废烟气对流预热工艺,充分利用高炉煤气和热风炉废烟气余热,既能提高煤粉初始温度,又能减少能源浪费。攀钢钒高炉和舞钢高炉预热煤粉工业试验结果表明,提高煤比和降低焦比的效果良好,应用前景广阔。

煤粉炉掺烧造纸污泥的污染物排放

燃煤锅炉掺烧是一种经济可行的污泥处置方式,由于造纸污泥有机质含量较高,采用造纸厂内已建成的燃煤供热锅炉掺烧造纸污泥,既可以减少造纸厂处理污泥的成本,又能利用污泥热能。掺烧造纸污泥可能会使锅炉产生的烟气和灰渣等固体废物中的污染物有所变化。利用造纸厂2×300 MW机组锅炉进行掺烧造纸污泥试验,检测产生污染物的变化情况。掺烧试验共掺烧造纸污泥755 t,燃煤与掺烧污泥的掺混比为22∶1,混合燃料相比燃煤热值稍下降。掺烧试验持续3 d,对烟气、干化污泥、炉渣和粉煤灰进行样品采集,共采集掺烧前3个烟气样品、3个干化污泥样品,各采集1个炉渣粉煤灰的空白样品,共采集掺烧后6个烟气样品、16个炉渣样品及50个粉煤灰样品。检测结果显示,烟气中常规性气体污染物如NOx增加1.5倍,SO2浓度略增加,检测出重金属Ni、Zn、Ba、Se、Cr、Mn、Sb、Pb、Cu,其中重金属Ba和Zn浓度较高,空白组烟气未检测出二噁英,掺烧组二噁英类平均质量浓度为1.20 pg/m^(3)(以TEQ计)。相比空白组,掺烧后炉渣中Pb浓度增加最明显,增长2.5倍;而Cu、Ni、Co、Al、Ti重金属浓度下降,空白组炉渣中二噁英质量分数为2.10 pg/g,掺烧组炉渣中二噁英质量分数为2.00 pg/g;相比空白组,粉煤灰中重金属元素Ba、Mn、As浓度增加明显,增长1.5~2.0倍,而Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Co、Ti、Al浓度下降,空白组粉煤灰中未检出二噁英,掺烧组粉煤灰中二噁英质量分数为2.00 pg/g。本次掺烧试验产生的污染物均未超过国家标准限值。

试论高炉燃料替代的降碳路径

为有效降低高炉工序的CO_(2)排放量,向高炉喷吹气体、液体或固体燃料来替代焦炭受到广泛的关注。以我国6家典型钢铁企业7座1800m^(3)级高炉2021年的主要技术经济指标为基础,重点分析了燃料比和煤比对高炉CO_(2)排放量的作用和影响。结果表明,6家典型钢铁企业高炉CO_(2)排放量约为1.419~1.595Vt,影响高炉CO_(2)排放量相关性最强的因素且最重要的指标是燃料比,而单纯提高喷煤比的技术手段并不是降低高炉CO_(2)排放量的决定性因素。因此,通过优化喷吹燃料的种类,以氢代碳,实现有效替代,才是降低高炉CO_(2)排放量的有效途径。

基于煤质特性的京唐高炉喷吹煤结构优化

为优化首钢京唐高炉喷吹煤结构和降低冶炼成本,对京唐高炉喷吹煤粉的煤质特性进行了分析,用煤焦置换比理论公式计算了单种煤的理论置换比,并计算了京唐高炉喷吹煤的煤粉利用率。认为,随着高炉煤比的提高,煤焦置换比逐步降低;通过对配煤结构及高炉操作参数进行优化,京唐三座高炉的煤粉利用率得到进一步提升。1号高炉煤粉利用率达到了97.64%,2号高炉达到了97.58%,3号高炉达到了98.14%,较2022年6月分别提高了3%左右。

Interaction mechanism between coal combustion products and coke in raceway of blast furnaces

The interaction mechanism between the combustion products of pulverized coal injected and coke in the raceway of blast furnace was studied through thermodynamic calculation and experiments.The results indicated that additives significantly affected the melting property of coal ash in high temperature zone.Although the unburnt char,raw coal ash,and catalyzed coal ash failed to wet the coke surface,the wettability of the catalyzed coal ash on the coke was greater than that of the raw coal ash.Since the unburnt char had weak reaction with the coke surface,it showed little influence on the surface morphology of the coke.The interaction between the raw coal ash and the coke gave rise to the increase in the pore size on the coke surface.However,the raw coal ash only affected the coke surface and the entrances of the pores owing to its poor fluidity.After being melted,the catalyzed coal ash was expected to immerge into the inside part of the coke and then react with the coke,resulting in an expansion and increase of coke cavities.The raw coal ash and the unburnt char reduced the coke reactivity,while the catalyzed coal ash improved the coke reactivity.Thereinto,the coal ash containing Fe2O3 exhibited a larger influence on the reactivity than that containing CaO.