Rehearing furnace is an important device with complex dynamic characteristicsin steel plants. The temperature tracing control of reheating furnace has great importance both tothe quality of slabs and energy saving. A ...Rehearing furnace is an important device with complex dynamic characteristicsin steel plants. The temperature tracing control of reheating furnace has great importance both tothe quality of slabs and energy saving. A model-based control strategy, multivariable constrainedcontrol (MCC) for the reheating furnace control is used. With this control method, the furnace istreated as a six-input-six-output general model with loops coupled in nature. Compared with thetraditional control, the proposed control strategy gets better temperature tracing accuracy andexhibits some energy saving feature. The simulation results show that the performance of the furnaceis greatly improved.展开更多
By analyzing the characteristics of combustion and billet heating process, a 3-D transient computer fluid dynamic simulation system based on commercial software CFX4.3 and some self-programmed codes were developed to ...By analyzing the characteristics of combustion and billet heating process, a 3-D transient computer fluid dynamic simulation system based on commercial software CFX4.3 and some self-programmed codes were developed to simulate the thermal process in a continuous heating furnace using high temperature air combustion technology. The effects of different switching modes on injection entrancement of multi burners, combustion and billet heating process in furnace were analyzed numerically, and the computational results were compared with on-site measurement, which verified the practicability of this numerical simulation system. The results indicate that the flow pattern and distribution of temperature in regenerative reheating furnace with partial same-side-switching combustion mode are favorable to satisfy the high quality requirements of reheating, in which the terminal heating temperature of billets is more than 1 460 K and the temperature difference between two nodes is not more than 10 K. But since the surface average temperature of billets apart fi＇om heating zone is only about 1 350 K and continued heating is needed in soaking zone, the design and operation of current state are still needed to be optimized to improve the temperature schedule of billet heating. The distribution of velocity and temperature in regenerative reheating furnace with same-side-switching combustion mode cannot satisfy the even and fast heating process. The terminal heating temperature of billets is lower than that of the former case by 30 K. The distribution of flow and temperature can be improved by using cross-switching combustion mode, whose terminal temperature of billets is about 1 470 K with small temperature difference within 10 K.展开更多
It has long been thought that a reheating furnace, with its inherent measurement difficulties and complex dynamics, posed almost insurmountable problems to engineers in steel plants. A novel software sensor is propos...It has long been thought that a reheating furnace, with its inherent measurement difficulties and complex dynamics, posed almost insurmountable problems to engineers in steel plants. A novel software sensor is proposed to make more effective use of those measurements that are already available, which has great importance both to slab quality and energy saving. The proposed method is based on the mixtures of Gaussian processes (GP) with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm employed for parameter esti- mation of the mixture of models. The mixture model can alleviate the computational complexity of GP and also accords with the changes of operating condition in practical processes. It is demonstrated by on-line estimation of the furnace gas temperature in 1580 reheating furnace in Baosteel Corporation (Group).展开更多
A general numerical simulating program for three-dimensional (3-D) andtime-dependent fluid flow for a reheating furnace with multi-swirling-burners has been developedbased upon an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme ...A general numerical simulating program for three-dimensional (3-D) andtime-dependent fluid flow for a reheating furnace with multi-swirling-burners has been developedbased upon an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme (ALE) with the finite volume method. Theparameters of fluid flow in a reheating furnace with multi-swirling-burners was calculated and the3-D velocity distributions were obtained. The design of the burners was optimized for forming betterswirling flow. The simulation shows that the fluid flow in the reheating furnace with the optimizedburners is reasonable.展开更多
This paper provides a mathematical model for the billet reheating process in furnace.A new optimum method is brought up that the objective function is the integral value of enthalpy increasing process of a billet.Diff...This paper provides a mathematical model for the billet reheating process in furnace.A new optimum method is brought up that the objective function is the integral value of enthalpy increasing process of a billet.Different delays are simulated and calculated,some proper delay strategies are ob- tained.The on-line computer control model is de- veloped.The real production conditions simulated, the temperature deviation of drop out billet from the target temperature is kept within±15℃.展开更多
This paper presented a dynamical mathematical model for reheating furnace based on energy balance, which consists of three submodels. With the inputting parameters, adopting the finite difference technique, not only t...This paper presented a dynamical mathematical model for reheating furnace based on energy balance, which consists of three submodels. With the inputting parameters, adopting the finite difference technique, not only the combustion gas temperature but also the temperature distribution of slabs in the furnace can be predicated. The dynamical mathematical model is the base for the further control and it also can be treated as a simulator of a reheating furnace, optimal and advanced controlling strategies can be applied based on the dynamical model.展开更多
By analyzing recent development of reheating furnace in Shougang,the direction of rolling reheating furnace is large type,high efficiency,lower pollution and automation etc.Many advanced technologies are integrated in...By analyzing recent development of reheating furnace in Shougang,the direction of rolling reheating furnace is large type,high efficiency,lower pollution and automation etc.Many advanced technologies are integrated in new rolling reheating furnace such as working beam,regenerative combustion,evaporation cooling and hot loading and hot feeding etc.It shows that reheating furnace technology is upgraded.During the process of product structure adjustment in Shougang,because product heating quality is improved,energy-saving of reheating furnace should pay attention to aspects such as energy-saving of heating variety steel,equality of heating steel,heating system,oxidation loss and so on.This will offer reference for energy-saving of domestic and overseas reheating furnace technology.展开更多
When the castable refractory linings are installed without drying out sufficiently and exposed to high humidity for a long time,white fibrous or powdery substance appears on the surface,which is called“efflorescence...When the castable refractory linings are installed without drying out sufficiently and exposed to high humidity for a long time,white fibrous or powdery substance appears on the surface,which is called“efflorescence”.The main reason is the cement of castable refractory linings contacts with C02 and moisture in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate(CaC03).In general,efflorescence takes place more readily in lightweight castable refractories.In the walking beam reheating furnace construction project,there are many white powdery substances in the walking beams,because the construction procedure causes poor ventilation in the surrounding area,and the internal moisture of castable refractory linings cannot be evaporated effectively.In future,the project programming should consider the environmental humidity and surrounding ventilation.展开更多
A numerical analysis of a batch-type reheating furnace with and without thermal load was carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics technique. The furnace has two premixed burners and methane is used as fuel. ...A numerical analysis of a batch-type reheating furnace with and without thermal load was carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics technique. The furnace has two premixed burners and methane is used as fuel. Previous to the numerical experiments, a mesh convergence test was carried out and the average internal furnace temperature and the exhaust gases temperature were monitored as function of the number of cells in the discretized system. The influence of the Air/Fuel ratio, the position of the burners, and the thermal load on the average internal temperature, the exhaust gases temperature, and the molar fraction of methane and oxygen in the exhaust gases was numerically explored.展开更多
The combustion condition in coal-fired furnaces of the large power station boiler is very complex and the flame emissivity is one of the important combustion parameters. A measurement method of the flame emissivity ba...The combustion condition in coal-fired furnaces of the large power station boiler is very complex and the flame emissivity is one of the important combustion parameters. A measurement method of the flame emissivity based on the blackbody furnace calibration of CCD （Charge Coupled Device） cameras and the color image processing techniques of computer was introduced. The experimental research on the flame emissivity in a 200 MW boiler furnace and a 300 MW boiler furnace was conducted respectively through the several CCD cameras installed at different height in furnace. The measurement results show： the flame emissivity increases with the increase of the unit load, the flame emissivity of the burner areas in furnace is the highest and the flame emissivity decrease with the increase of height of furnace above the burners area.展开更多
The design of the porous medium combustion （PMC） system which has been applied to chamber reheating furnaces is presented in this study and its main application effects are described in detail. Porous medium materia...The design of the porous medium combustion （PMC） system which has been applied to chamber reheating furnaces is presented in this study and its main application effects are described in detail. Porous medium materials are mainly ceramic ball sucked granular bed porous media and foam ceramic porous media. This study investigates the foam ceramic porous medium and a schematic diagram of the combustion inside this porous medium. The PMC takes a solid medium as its main heat exchange way, thus greatly improving the heat transfer efficiency. Judging from the application effects,the following conclusions have been made： the PMC technology can save more than 25% of energy with remarkable effects; the furnace temperature uniformity can be significantly enhanced; the porous media combustion technology can make the heating furnace design in a more compact way, reduce the time for heating up the furnace, improve the heating rate and reduce energy consumption.展开更多
1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedures, packing, marking, transportation, storage and quality certificate of castables for steel rolling...1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedures, packing, marking, transportation, storage and quality certificate of castables for steel rolling reheating furnace.展开更多
Accurate control of slab temperature and heating rate is an important significance to improve product performance and reduce carbon emissions for steel rolling reheating furnace(SRRF).Firstly,a spatial temporal distri...Accurate control of slab temperature and heating rate is an important significance to improve product performance and reduce carbon emissions for steel rolling reheating furnace(SRRF).Firstly,a spatial temporal distributed-nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs correlation model(STD-NARXCM)to spatial temporal distributed-autoregressive with exogenous inputs correlation model(STD-ARXCM)in working point is established.Secondly,a new coordinated time-sharing control architecture in different time periods is proposed,which is along the length of the SRRF to improve the control performance.Thirdly,a hybrid control algorithm of expert-fuzzy is proposed to improve the dynamic of the temperature and the heating rate during time period 0 to t_(1).A hybrid control algorithm of expert-fuzzy-PID is proposed to enhance the control accuracy and the heating rate during time period t_(1) to t_(2).A hybrid control algorithm of expert-active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)is proposed to boost the anti-interference and the heating rate during time period t_(2) to t_(3).Finally,the experimental results show that the coordinated time-sharing algorithm can meet the process requirements,the maximum deviation of temperature value is 8-13.5℃.展开更多
Oxy-fuel firing is more energy efficient and environmental friendly than conventional air-fuel firing and its application to reheating furnaces has begun since 1990s. A computational method was presented to predict th...Oxy-fuel firing is more energy efficient and environmental friendly than conventional air-fuel firing and its application to reheating furnaces has begun since 1990s. A computational method was presented to predict the steady heat transfer to the billets and temperature distribution in a continuous pusher type reheating furnace in which combustion air was enhanced by oxygen. Radiation heat flux calculated from the radiation heat exchange within the furnace was modeled using the FVM considering the effects of furnace walls and billets. Energy consumption per ton of steel, production rate and thermal efficiency of furnace, and trend of NOx emission in various levels of oxygen enrichment were investigated by comparing with baseline furnace （21% of O2 in air）. The results showed that the best range of oxygen enrichments was between 21% and 45% by volume, as the higher slope of flame temperature and production increase occur in this range. The reduction of energy consumption can be obtained up to 18% per ton of steel for oxygen enrichment of 60 % by volume.展开更多
基金This work was supported by a grant from State 863 High Technology R&D Project of China (No. 2001 AA413130) National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60004001).]
文摘Rehearing furnace is an important device with complex dynamic characteristicsin steel plants. The temperature tracing control of reheating furnace has great importance both tothe quality of slabs and energy saving. A model-based control strategy, multivariable constrainedcontrol (MCC) for the reheating furnace control is used. With this control method, the furnace istreated as a six-input-six-output general model with loops coupled in nature. Compared with thetraditional control, the proposed control strategy gets better temperature tracing accuracy andexhibits some energy saving feature. The simulation results show that the performance of the furnaceis greatly improved.
基金Project(20010533009) supported by the Special Foundation for Doctorate Discipline of China
文摘By analyzing the characteristics of combustion and billet heating process, a 3-D transient computer fluid dynamic simulation system based on commercial software CFX4.3 and some self-programmed codes were developed to simulate the thermal process in a continuous heating furnace using high temperature air combustion technology. The effects of different switching modes on injection entrancement of multi burners, combustion and billet heating process in furnace were analyzed numerically, and the computational results were compared with on-site measurement, which verified the practicability of this numerical simulation system. The results indicate that the flow pattern and distribution of temperature in regenerative reheating furnace with partial same-side-switching combustion mode are favorable to satisfy the high quality requirements of reheating, in which the terminal heating temperature of billets is more than 1 460 K and the temperature difference between two nodes is not more than 10 K. But since the surface average temperature of billets apart fi＇om heating zone is only about 1 350 K and continued heating is needed in soaking zone, the design and operation of current state are still needed to be optimized to improve the temperature schedule of billet heating. The distribution of velocity and temperature in regenerative reheating furnace with same-side-switching combustion mode cannot satisfy the even and fast heating process. The terminal heating temperature of billets is lower than that of the former case by 30 K. The distribution of flow and temperature can be improved by using cross-switching combustion mode, whose terminal temperature of billets is about 1 470 K with small temperature difference within 10 K.
基金This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2002AA4120I0).
文摘It has long been thought that a reheating furnace, with its inherent measurement difficulties and complex dynamics, posed almost insurmountable problems to engineers in steel plants. A novel software sensor is proposed to make more effective use of those measurements that are already available, which has great importance both to slab quality and energy saving. The proposed method is based on the mixtures of Gaussian processes (GP) with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm employed for parameter esti- mation of the mixture of models. The mixture model can alleviate the computational complexity of GP and also accords with the changes of operating condition in practical processes. It is demonstrated by on-line estimation of the furnace gas temperature in 1580 reheating furnace in Baosteel Corporation (Group).
基金This research was financially supported by the Inner Mongolia Key Research Project (No. 2002061003)
文摘A general numerical simulating program for three-dimensional (3-D) andtime-dependent fluid flow for a reheating furnace with multi-swirling-burners has been developedbased upon an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme (ALE) with the finite volume method. Theparameters of fluid flow in a reheating furnace with multi-swirling-burners was calculated and the3-D velocity distributions were obtained. The design of the burners was optimized for forming betterswirling flow. The simulation shows that the fluid flow in the reheating furnace with the optimizedburners is reasonable.
文摘This paper provides a mathematical model for the billet reheating process in furnace.A new optimum method is brought up that the objective function is the integral value of enthalpy increasing process of a billet.Different delays are simulated and calculated,some proper delay strategies are ob- tained.The on-line computer control model is de- veloped.The real production conditions simulated, the temperature deviation of drop out billet from the target temperature is kept within±15℃.
文摘This paper presented a dynamical mathematical model for reheating furnace based on energy balance, which consists of three submodels. With the inputting parameters, adopting the finite difference technique, not only the combustion gas temperature but also the temperature distribution of slabs in the furnace can be predicated. The dynamical mathematical model is the base for the further control and it also can be treated as a simulator of a reheating furnace, optimal and advanced controlling strategies can be applied based on the dynamical model.
文摘By analyzing recent development of reheating furnace in Shougang,the direction of rolling reheating furnace is large type,high efficiency,lower pollution and automation etc.Many advanced technologies are integrated in new rolling reheating furnace such as working beam,regenerative combustion,evaporation cooling and hot loading and hot feeding etc.It shows that reheating furnace technology is upgraded.During the process of product structure adjustment in Shougang,because product heating quality is improved,energy-saving of reheating furnace should pay attention to aspects such as energy-saving of heating variety steel,equality of heating steel,heating system,oxidation loss and so on.This will offer reference for energy-saving of domestic and overseas reheating furnace technology.
文摘When the castable refractory linings are installed without drying out sufficiently and exposed to high humidity for a long time,white fibrous or powdery substance appears on the surface,which is called“efflorescence”.The main reason is the cement of castable refractory linings contacts with C02 and moisture in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate(CaC03).In general,efflorescence takes place more readily in lightweight castable refractories.In the walking beam reheating furnace construction project,there are many white powdery substances in the walking beams,because the construction procedure causes poor ventilation in the surrounding area,and the internal moisture of castable refractory linings cannot be evaporated effectively.In future,the project programming should consider the environmental humidity and surrounding ventilation.
文摘A numerical analysis of a batch-type reheating furnace with and without thermal load was carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics technique. The furnace has two premixed burners and methane is used as fuel. Previous to the numerical experiments, a mesh convergence test was carried out and the average internal furnace temperature and the exhaust gases temperature were monitored as function of the number of cells in the discretized system. The influence of the Air/Fuel ratio, the position of the burners, and the thermal load on the average internal temperature, the exhaust gases temperature, and the molar fraction of methane and oxygen in the exhaust gases was numerically explored.
文摘The combustion condition in coal-fired furnaces of the large power station boiler is very complex and the flame emissivity is one of the important combustion parameters. A measurement method of the flame emissivity based on the blackbody furnace calibration of CCD （Charge Coupled Device） cameras and the color image processing techniques of computer was introduced. The experimental research on the flame emissivity in a 200 MW boiler furnace and a 300 MW boiler furnace was conducted respectively through the several CCD cameras installed at different height in furnace. The measurement results show： the flame emissivity increases with the increase of the unit load, the flame emissivity of the burner areas in furnace is the highest and the flame emissivity decrease with the increase of height of furnace above the burners area.
文摘The design of the porous medium combustion （PMC） system which has been applied to chamber reheating furnaces is presented in this study and its main application effects are described in detail. Porous medium materials are mainly ceramic ball sucked granular bed porous media and foam ceramic porous media. This study investigates the foam ceramic porous medium and a schematic diagram of the combustion inside this porous medium. The PMC takes a solid medium as its main heat exchange way, thus greatly improving the heat transfer efficiency. Judging from the application effects,the following conclusions have been made： the PMC technology can save more than 25% of energy with remarkable effects; the furnace temperature uniformity can be significantly enhanced; the porous media combustion technology can make the heating furnace design in a more compact way, reduce the time for heating up the furnace, improve the heating rate and reduce energy consumption.
文摘1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedures, packing, marking, transportation, storage and quality certificate of castables for steel rolling reheating furnace.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62173032 and 62003038).
文摘Accurate control of slab temperature and heating rate is an important significance to improve product performance and reduce carbon emissions for steel rolling reheating furnace(SRRF).Firstly,a spatial temporal distributed-nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs correlation model(STD-NARXCM)to spatial temporal distributed-autoregressive with exogenous inputs correlation model(STD-ARXCM)in working point is established.Secondly,a new coordinated time-sharing control architecture in different time periods is proposed,which is along the length of the SRRF to improve the control performance.Thirdly,a hybrid control algorithm of expert-fuzzy is proposed to improve the dynamic of the temperature and the heating rate during time period 0 to t_(1).A hybrid control algorithm of expert-fuzzy-PID is proposed to enhance the control accuracy and the heating rate during time period t_(1) to t_(2).A hybrid control algorithm of expert-active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)is proposed to boost the anti-interference and the heating rate during time period t_(2) to t_(3).Finally,the experimental results show that the coordinated time-sharing algorithm can meet the process requirements,the maximum deviation of temperature value is 8-13.5℃.
文摘Oxy-fuel firing is more energy efficient and environmental friendly than conventional air-fuel firing and its application to reheating furnaces has begun since 1990s. A computational method was presented to predict the steady heat transfer to the billets and temperature distribution in a continuous pusher type reheating furnace in which combustion air was enhanced by oxygen. Radiation heat flux calculated from the radiation heat exchange within the furnace was modeled using the FVM considering the effects of furnace walls and billets. Energy consumption per ton of steel, production rate and thermal efficiency of furnace, and trend of NOx emission in various levels of oxygen enrichment were investigated by comparing with baseline furnace （21% of O2 in air）. The results showed that the best range of oxygen enrichments was between 21% and 45% by volume, as the higher slope of flame temperature and production increase occur in this range. The reduction of energy consumption can be obtained up to 18% per ton of steel for oxygen enrichment of 60 % by volume.
