Historical Changes,Contemporary Characteristics,and Five Transformations of Environmental Design in China

Starting from the characteristics of modernization in three different historical stages since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,this paper analyses the internal changes in the professional name,subordinate disciplines and categories,and professional mission of the environmental design profession,and summarizes the changes in the characteristics of the environmental design profession in 10 aspects such as subordinate disciplines,design objects,design types,cultural characteristics,and aesthetic values on the basis of the results of the analysis,and explores five transformations of the environmental design profession in the process of China’s development in the future.The five transformations in the future development of China are to serve the harmony and beauty of the three major urban and rural spaces with“small and micro-renewal and reconstruction”;to serve the transmission of Chinese culture and the spread of Chinese civilization with“spatial heritage and innovation”;to serve the balance and sufficiency of the four functions of urban and rural settlements with“friendliness and equilibrium”;to serve the intelligence,wisdom,and enjoyment of indoor and outdoor living environment space with“scientific and technological achievements”;and to serve the co-construction,co-management,and sharing of indoor and outdoor public space in urban and rural areas with“public participation.”

Environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of rivers in the western region of the Altay Mountains,China

Analysis of environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of river water in mountainous regions is vital for ensuring water security.In this study,we collected a total of 164 water samples in the western region of the Altay Mountains,China,in 2021.We used principal component analysis and enrichment factor analysis to examine the chemical properties and spatiotemporal variations of major ions(including F-,Cl-,NO_(3)-,SO_(4)^(2-),Li+,Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg^(2+),and Ca^(2+))present in river water,as well as to identify the factors influencing these variations.Additionally,we assessed the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the total dissolved solids,soluble sodium percentage,sodium adsorption ratio,and total hardness.Results revealed that river water had an alkaline aquatic environment with a mean pH value of 8.00.The mean ion concentration was ranked as follows:Ca^(2+)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Na+>NO_(3)->Mg^(2+)>K+>Cl->F->NH_(4)+>Li+.Ca^(2+),SO_(4)^(2-),Na+,and NO_(3)-occupied 83%of the total ion concentration.In addition,compared with other seasons,the spatial variation of the ion concentration in spring was obvious.An analysis of the sources of major ions revealed that these ions originated mainly from carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering.The recharge impact of precipitation and snowmelt merely influenced the concentration of Cl-,NO_(3)-,SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),and Na+.Overall,river water was in pristine condition in terms of quality and was suitable for both irrigation and drinking.This study provides a scientific basis for sustainable management of water quality in rivers of the Altay Mountains.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Upper Permian Longtan Formation from Northeastern Sichuan Basin:Implications for the Depositional Environment and Organic Matter Enrichment

A set of organic-rich shales of the upper Permian Longtan Formation,which is widely developed in the northeastern part of the Sichuan Basin,is a key formation for the next step of exploration and development.At present,most studies on this set of formations have focused on the reservoir characteristics and reservoir formation mechanism of the shales,and basic studies on the palaeoenvironment and organic matter(OM)enrichment mechanism have not been fully carried out.In this paper,we recovered the sedimentary palaeoenvironment by mineralogical,elemental geochemical and organic geochemical analyses,and explored the enrichment mechanism of OM under the constraints of palaeoenvironmental evolution.The shales can be divided into two stages of sedimentary evolution:compared with the shales of the Lower Longtan Formation,the shales of the Upper Longtan Formation are relatively rich in quartz,poor in clay and carbonate minerals,and the OM type changes from typeⅢto typeⅡ_(2).The depositional environment has undergone a change from sea level rise,from warm and wet climate to dry and cold climate,and from oxygen-poor condition restricted to open reduction environment;the land source input has decreased,the siliceous mineral content has increased,the biological productivity has improved,and the deposition rate has changed from high to low.A depositional model was established for the shales of the Longtan Formation,reflecting the differential reservoir formation pattern of organic matter.For the Lower Longtan Formation shales,the most important factors controlling OM content are terrestrial source input and deposition rate,followed by paleoclimate and paleooxygen conditions.For the Upper Longtan Formation shales,the most important controlling factor is paleo-productivity,followed by sedimentation rate.The depositional model constructed for the Upper and Lower Longtan Formation shales can reproduce the enrichment of organic matter and provide a basis for later exploration and development.

Environmental Design in the Context of Chinese Regional Culture

Environmental design plays a critical role in shaping human habitats.In the context of increasing homogenization of environmental aesthetics,the pervasive influence of the information age,and challenges in industry growth,the question arises:where does environmental design stand?This article delves into the development of the environmental design industry in view of China’s diverse regional cultural contexts.It analyzes the concepts and interconnections between China’s regional cultures and environmental design,identifies current issues,and proposes strategies for integrating China’s regional cultures into environmental design practices.This exploration provides valuable insights into the evolution of environmental design within the framework of China’s distinct regional cultural characteristics in the contemporary era.

Numerical Simulation of Contamination Accumulation Characteristics of Composite Insulators in Salt Fog Environment

To investigate the fouling characteristics of the composite insulator surface under the salt fog environment,the FXBW-110/120-2 composite insulator was taken as the research object.Based on the field-induced charge mechanism,the multi-physical field coupling software COMSOL was used to numerically simulate the fouling characteristics,explored the calculation method of ESDD,and demonstrated its rationality.Based on this method,the pollution characteristics of the composite insulator under the pollution fog environment were studied,and the influence of wind speed,droplet size,and voltage type on the pollution characteristics of the composite insulator was analyzed.The results showed that:with the increase in wind speed,the amount of accumulated pollution of insulator increases in the range of droplet size,and the relationship between wind speed and accumulated pollution is approximately linear;at the same wind speed,the amount of accumulated pollution increases with the increase of droplet size under the action of DC voltage;when there is no voltage,the amount of dirt on the upper surface of the insulator is more than that on the lower surface,while it is the opposite under DC voltage.

Environmental characteristics of sandstorm of Minqin Oasis in China for recent 50 years

The purpose of this present study is to investigate the frequency and variation of sandstorm in Minqin Oasis. Using daily observational data of sandstorm and other meteorologic data from 1954 to 2000, we have illuminated the relationship between sandstorm, meteorological parameters and human activities. The results of the analysis show that the highest frequency of sandstorms occurrence and their duration mainly focus on March, April and May, especially in April. Most of sandstorms occur from midday to nightfall, but relative few appear from midnight to forenoon, which apparently correlates to the daily variations of atmospheric thermal stability within atmospheric boundary layer. Monthly mean and annual mean duration of sandstorms coincide well with the frequencies of sandstorm occurrence.

Dynamic Variation Characteristics of Phosphorus in Paddy Field Runoff in Saline Land and Its Potential Environmental Effect

[Objective] The aim was to study the dynamic variation characteristics of phosphorus in paddy field runoff in saline land and its potential environmental effect. [Method] Taking Qianguo irrigation district in soda-saline land in Songnen Plain as study object, the dynamic variation law of phosphorus in paddy field runoff under different irrigation conditions and its potential environmental effect were discussed. [Result] Surface water in paddy field was alkaline, and scattered soil had poor fertilizer conservation capacity. Phosphorus accumulated in soil surface, which could increase the risk of phosphorus loss. Phosphorus loss in paddy field mainly occurred in irrigation period and runoff period caused by rainstorm. The concentration of total phosphorus (TP), particulate phosphorus (PP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in paddy field runoff decreased with time, especially PP. Phosphorus concentration exceeded critical value and resulted to eutrophication, which threatened the water quality security of Chagan Lake. Phosphorus concentration in water recession canal increased with time, and eutrophication with different degrees appeared under high temperature. TP concentration in surface water of paddy field was highly negatively correlated with that in water recession canal, and the correlation coefficients R2(α=0.05)in three paddy fields were 0.850 9, 0.896 4 and 0.915 3, respectively. The pollution load of phosphorus in paddy field with the best irrigation condition was higher, and its pollution risk was the highest. Thus, such fields should be monitored and controlled mainly as the critical source area of phosphorus loss. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for developing saline land rationally, establishing optimal management measure of phosphorus in saline land and controlling phosphorus loss from farmland to protect local water resources.

The characteristics of grain size from the Kumtag Desert and its environmental significance

The Kumtag Desert is located in the arid northwestern portion of China,and is considered China’s sixth-largest desert.Grain-size analysis of the sand plays a very important role in differentiating sedimentary environments,determining the ways that sediments are transported,estimating hydrodynamic conditions,and analyzing grain-size trends.The analysis of the grain size of 20 sand samples that were taken from mid-northern,north margin,western,middle,southern,and southeast margins of the Kumtag Desert shows that grain sizes are vastly different.The grain-size parameters fall in the following range:the median diameter Mz = 1.55Φ-2.92Φ,the standard deviation σI= 0.41-1.11,the skewness SKI = ?0.11-0.31,kurtosis KG = 0.77-1.23.The frequency curves of grain size have characteristics with single peaks and multi-peaks,and most of the sand samples’ skewness appears close to asymmetric.The analytical results reveal that the sediments of the Kumtag Desert are complex and diverse,which affected by such forces as wind deposition,lacustrine sediment,and alluvial and proluvial river deposits.

Study on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Environmental Pollution in Jining City

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the characteristics of atmospheric environmental pollution in Jining City. Methed] Based on the environmental monitoring data and synchronous meteorological data in 2006 -2010 in Jining City, the distribution regularity of main atmospheric pol- lutants in this city was studied by the method of statistical analysis. [ Result] There were obvious spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric pollutants in Jining City during 2006 -2010 under the comprehensive effects of meteorological conditions and pollution source emission. That is, at- mospheric pollution was serious in winter but slight in summer, and it was severe in the morning and evening. The load coefficients of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in the atmosphere showed an increasing trend from 2006 to 2010, and their concentrations had close relations with wind direction and ve- locity, urban heat island effect, and motor vehicle quantity. [ Conclusion] This research has important practical significance to the control of atmos- pheric pollution in Jining City.

Environmental availability and profile characteristics of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc in metal-contaminated vegetable soils

Environmental availability and profile characteristics of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were studied in contaminated vegetable soils from the Pb/Zn mining and smelting areas in Hunan Province of China, and the potential environmental risks of these metals were also assessed. The results show that the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are higher than the levels of Soil Environmental Quality of China (GB15618—1995). The mobility of metals in soil profiles is mainly characterized by the low pH and organic matter content of soil. The major part of As, Cd, Pb and Zn is restricted to the upper soils and the contamination of these metals in soils is significantly influenced by the long-term Pb/Zn mining and smelting activities. Based on the results from the BCR sequential extraction, the fraction of Cd in the soil profiles is predominantly existed in the acid-extractable form and the large amount of Pb is closely associated with reducible fraction. The environmental availability of Cd and Pb is predominantly higher than that of As and Zn in the soil profiles, suggesting Cd and Pb have more huge potential risk for human health and surrounding environment.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREST LAND AND THE TECHNIQUES OF REFORESTATION IN FIRED LAND IN DAXING'AN MOUNTAINS

Analysis of nature environmental condition and evalwtion of selection and integration ofteclmiques have been carried out in Daxing’an mountains from 1987. The character of soil generaion in this area is influenced by the frigid, coniferous forest vegetation, weather, glacier and late soil formation process. Syntliesis teclmiques for high yield plantation include high seedling quality,suitable site preparation and eftbctive protectioll measures for yoimg trees.

STUDY ON CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINA-INFLUENCING TYPHOONS AND THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THEM AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Climatic characteristics of China-influencing typhoons (CIT) were analyzed in this paper. Main characteristics include:(1) CIT season is May-November, especially from July to September. (2) Frequency of the CIT shows a decreasing trend during 1951-2004, especially after the late period of the 1960s. (3) Strong CIT also shows an obvious decreasing trend. Meanwhile, there exist obvious interdecadal variations in the CIT genesis, being more southward and eastward than normal in 1960s-1970s, and more northward and westward than normal in the 1980s. In addition, the interrelations between CIT and its environmental factors show that CIT has close relationships with sea surface temperature and East Asian summer monsoon;the structure of the circulations in frequent CIT years is much different from that in infrequent CIT years.

Geochemical Characteristics of Saturated Hydrocarbons from Strata Inferred from the Multitubular Cores of the Prydz Bay and the Sources/Environmental Variations

The content and distribution of saturated hydrocarbons (n-alkanes,isoprenoid,steranes and terpanes) in the multitubular cores ANT29-M2 from the Prydz Bay of the Antarctic were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and the organic matter sources,sedimentary environments and geochemical parameters of the sediments were discussed.The results showed that the carbon number of the multitubular samples ANT29-M2 was between C14 and C32 with low-carbon single peak group and main peak carbon of C18 .n-alkane gas charomatography fingerprint spectra indicated that unmixable complex compounds displayed a significant bulge,and the obvious UCM shape suggested a large input of bacteria.The ∑C21^-/∑C22^+ values varied from 1.82 to 3.9,and C21^+C22 /C28 ^+C 29 values ranged from 1.26 to 6.30,indicating that the sedimentary organic matter mainly originated from marine algae.The CPI and OEP values varied from 1.54 to 2.29 and from 4.48 to 4.82,respectively,with a significant odd even predominance.Pr/Ph values ranged from 0.34 to 0.76,significantly smaller than 1,with a clear distribution of C29 >C27 >C28 and C27 >C29 >C28 for regular steranes and a V-shaped C29 predominance and C27 predominance.This indicated that the sedimentary organic matter in the Prydz Bay originated from a mixed marine/continental source,and was deposited under a strongly reducing environment.The maturity parameters of the sedimentary strata from the Prydz Bay displayed significant inconsistency.Geochemical parameters of hopane C 32 22S/C 32 (22S+22R) and sterane C 29 αββ/(αββ+ααα) suggested a high maturity,but other geochemical parameters such as C29 ααα20S/C29 ααα(20S+20R),CPI and OEP reflected that those of columnar strata were within the range of modern marine sediments (lowly mature to immature),probably resulting from the development of microorganisms.

Sociodemographic characteristics, cultural biases, and environmental attitudes: An empirical application of grid-group cultural theory in Northwestern China

Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people’s responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents’ worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals’ environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.

Water environmental planning considering the influence of non-linear characteristics

In practical water environmental planning, the influence of the non-linear characteristics on the benefit of environmental investment was seldom taken into consideration. This paper demonstrates that there exist a lot of non-linear behaviors in water environment by emphatically analyzing the influence of the non-linear characteristics of the economic scale, the meandering river and the model on water environmental planning, which will make a certain impact on the water environmental planning that sometimes cannot be neglected. This paper also preliminarily explores how to integrate the non-linear characteristics into water environmental planning. The results showed that compared with traditional methods, water environmental planning considering non-linear characteristics has its prevalence and it is necessary to develop the relevant planning theories and methods.

Characteristics and Methods of Groundwater Environmental Impact Assessment in Mining Areas of Guizhou Province:A Case Study of Zhijin Area of Zhina Mining Area

In Guizhou Province,karst areas and springs are widely distributed,and hydrogeological conditions are complex in mining areas. Usually there are many hydrogeological units in a mining area,and the hydrogeological conditions are very different from that of most northern mining areas in China. In view of the uniqueness of mining areas in Guizhou Province,taking Zhijin area of Zhina mining area as an example,the planning characteristics of mining areas and characteristics of groundwater environment in Guizhou Province were analyzed firstly,and then the characteristics and key considerations of groundwater environmental impact assessment in mining areas of Guizhou Province were studied. For example,when the height of water flowing fractured zone,impact radius,and the amount of water resources affected are calculated,it is necessary to analyze and evaluate as many typical mines as possible. The impact on springs as the sources of residents＇ drinking water should be analyzed one by one.

Analysis of morphological characteristics of gravels based on digital image processing technology and self-organizing map

A comprehensive understanding of spatial distribution and clustering patterns of gravels is of great significance for ecological restoration and monitoring.However,traditional methods for studying gravels are low-efficiency and have many errors.This study researched the spatial distribution and cluster characteristics of gravels based on digital image processing technology combined with a self-organizing map(SOM)and multivariate statistical methods in the grassland of northern Tibetan Plateau.Moreover,the correlation of morphological parameters of gravels between different cluster groups and the environmental factors affecting gravel distribution were analyzed.The results showed that the morphological characteristics of gravels in northern region(cluster C)and southern region(cluster B)of the Tibetan Plateau were similar,with a low gravel coverage,small gravel diameter,and elongated shape.These regions were mainly distributed in high mountainous areas with large topographic relief.The central region(cluster A)has high coverage of gravels with a larger diameter,mainly distributed in high-altitude plains with smaller undulation.Principal component analysis(PCA)results showed that the gravel distribution of cluster A may be mainly affected by vegetation,while those in clusters B and C could be mainly affected by topography,climate,and soil.The study confirmed that the combination of digital image processing technology and SOM could effectively analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of gravels,providing a new mode for gravel research.

Residential environmental evaluation of local cities considering regional characteristic and personal residential preference—a case study of Saga City,Japan

Questionnaire surveys and subjective evaluations on residential environment were performed in order to grasp the main factors of residential environment of small local cities. The suitable evaluation index system was established, and the regional residential environment characteristics and personal residential preference types were analyzed, so that their influence on residential environment evaluation could be grasped. The results can be applied to the residential environment planning, construction and monitoring of local cities.

Distribution Characteristics and Accumulation Model for the Coal-formed Gas Generated from Permo-Carboniferous Coal Measures in Bohai Bay Basin, China: A Review

Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date,and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear.Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin.The accumulations are scattered,and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields,of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3.The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin.Vertically,the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic,among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata.According to the transporting pathway,filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir,the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types:"Upward migrated,fault transported gas"accumulation model,"Laterally migrated,sandbody transported gas"accumulation model,and"Downward migrated,sub-source,fracture transported gas"accumulation model.Source rock distribution,thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas.The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.