Major controlling factors and hydrocarbon accumulation models of large-scale lithologic reservoirs in shallow strata around the Bozhong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Based on the practice of oil and gas exploration and the analysis of shallow lithologic reservoirs,combined with the allocation relationship and enrichment law of oil and gas accumulation factors,main controlling factors and models of hydrocarbon accumulation of large lithologic reservoirs in shallow strata around the Bozhong sag are summarized,and favorable exploration areas are proposed.The coupling of the four factors of“ridge-fault-sand-zone”is crucial for the hydrocarbon enrichment in the shallow lithologic reservoirs.The convergence intensity of deep convergence ridges is the basis for shallow oil and gas enrichment,the activity intensity of large fault cutting ridges and the thickness of cap rocks control the vertical migration ability of oil and gas,the coupling degree of large sand bodies and fault cutting ridges control large-scale oil and gas filling,the fault sealing ability of structural stress concentration zones affects the enrichment degree of lithologic oil and gas reservoirs.Three enrichment models including uplift convergence type,steep slope sand convergence type and depression uplift convergence type are established through the case study of lithologic reservoirs in shallow strata around the Bozhong sag.

Controlling Factors and Accumulation Model of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation, Koulele Area, Termit Basin, Niger

Based on the sedimentary and tectonic background of the Termit Basin, this paper focuses on the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation and uses organic geochemistry, logging, oil testing and seismic data to analyze the primary control factors of the hydrocarbon accumulation and establish corresponding model in order to predict favorable exploration target zones of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study demonstrates that the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation is a self-generation and self-accumulation type reservoir. The Yogou Formation hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Koulele area are controlled by four factors：（1） the source rock is controlled by a wide range of YS1-YS2 marine shale,（2） the sandstone reservoir is controlled by the YS3 underwater distributary channel and storm dunes,（3） migration of hydrocarbons is controlled by faults and the regional monocline structure, and（4） the accumulation of hydrocarbons is controlled by lateral seal. The structures in the western Koulele area are primarily reverse fault-blocks with large throws, and the structures in the east are dominantly fault-blocks with small throws（co-rotating and reverse） and a fault-nose. In the western Koulele area, where the facies are dominated by storm dunes on a larger scale, it is easier to form lithologic reservoirs of sandstone lens. In the eastern Koulele area, high-quality channel sandstone reservoirs, fault-blocks with small throws, and the monocline structure benefit for the formation of updip pinch out lithologic traps, fault lithologic reservoirs and fault-nose structural reservoirs. Future exploration targets should be focused in the western storm dunes zone and eastern distributary channel sand zone with small fault-blocks.

Coalbed Methane Enrichment Regularity and Major Control Factors in the Xishanyao Formation in the Western Part of the Southern Junggar Basin

There are abundant coal and coalbed methane(CBM)resources in the Xishanyao Formation in the western region of the southern Junggar Basin,and the prospects for CBM exploration and development are promising.To promote the exploration and development of the CBM resources of the Xishanyao Formation in this area,we studied previous coalfield survey data and CBM geological exploration data.Then,we analyzed the relationships between the gas content and methane concentration vs.coal seam thickness,burial depth,coal reservoir physical characteristics,hydrogeological conditions,and roof and floor lithology.In addition,we briefly discuss the main factors influencing CBM accumulation.First,we found that the coal strata of the Xishanyao Formation in the study area are relatively simple in structure,and the coal seam has a large thickness and burial depth,as well as moderately good roof and floor conditions.The hydrogeological conditions and coal reservoir physical characteristics are also conducive to the enrichment and a high yield of CBM.We believe that the preservation of CBM resources in the study area is mainly controlled by the structure,burial depth,and hydrogeological conditions.Furthermore,on the basis of the above results,the coal seam of the Xishanyao Formation in the synclinal shaft and buried at depths of 700-1000 m should be the first considered for development.

Hydrocarbon accumulation principles in troughs within faulted depressions and their significance in exploration

Previously,troughs in continental faulted depressions were usually considered as a zone of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion rather than a zone for hydrocarbon accumulation.If they were confirmed to be the source kitchen,the possibility that they could constitute potential plays would be overlooked in the subsequent exploration program.Based on the hydrocarbon exploration practice of the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin in the past several years,this paper discusses a new understanding that reservoir distribution is controlled by multiple factors and lithological accumulations are more likely to form in trough areas.It further documents the three main factors controlling the formation of large lithological hydrocarbon accumulations in trough areas.The paper also discusses the new concept that structural and lithological accumulations not only co-exist but also complement each other.We propose that fan-delta fronts on inverted steep slopes in troughs,delta fronts and sublacustrine fans on gentle slopes,channel sands along toes of fault scarps are favorable locations for discovery of new oil accumulations.The application of this concept has led to the discovery of several hundreds of million tonnes of oil in place in trough areas in the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin.

新疆煤层气大规模高效勘探开发关键技术领域研究进展与突破方向

新疆煤层气资源量7.5万亿m^(3)(2000 m以浅),已施工煤层气井450口,年产气量达到0.8亿m^(3),新疆维吾尔自治区提出了2025年实现煤层气产量25亿m^(3)的目标,煤层气大规模高效开发成为紧迫的重大需求。从煤层气富集模式与选区技术、“甜点”预测探测技术、加速滚动开发与快速增储上产策略、地质适配性开发技术、煤层气与煤炭、油气协同开发技术5个关键技术领域,系统梳理了新疆煤层气勘探开发已取得的主要研究进展,分析提出了可能突破方向。研究表明:新疆煤储层具有多-厚煤层普遍、低阶煤发育、急倾斜煤层多见、煤体变形与构造控制显著、水文条件和露头条件复杂,和三“低”(含气量低、甲烷体积分数低、含气饱和度低)五“高”(高含气强度、高孔隙度、高地应力变化、高储层压力变化、高渗透率变化)的含气性及物性等煤层气地质独特性;煤层气成因与富集模式具有多样性,包括生物成因气、热成因气或生物-热复合成因及其相应富集模式,生物成因气藏或生物成因气贡献普遍;煤层气分布赋存规律呈现前陆盆地、山间盆地显著差异性;创新形成基于“两”分开(浅部与深部,低阶煤与中高阶煤)“两”结合(地质评价与工程评价,多元数据)的科学评价与基于“机器学习+三维地质建模”的精准选区技术是第1个突破方向。深部煤层气/煤系气“甜点”发育区域主要为盆内坳陷的凸起、盆内隆起的凹陷、盆缘斜坡,高产井位多为构造高点,发育层位为割理裂隙发育的原生结构煤层或孔裂隙发育的煤系砂砾岩储层;基于“地球物理+岩石物理+岩石力学地层新方法”和“地质甜点+工程甜点新理念”的深部煤层气/煤系气“甜点”预测探测技术是第2个突破方向。低风险、短周期、高效率、多批次工程部署是加速滚动开发的基本原则;中浅部煤层气快速增储上产技术策略是在优选新区块布井建井、对老区块煤层气井进行增产改造;深部煤层气快速增储上产技术策略是在大型盆地缓坡深部和盆内凸起“甜点”区优先部署开发;科学加速滚动开发与高效快速增储上产的工程部署方法与技术策略是第3个突破方向。在井网井型差异性优化部署、低储层伤害钻井固井、高可靠性录井测井试井、多井型高效分段压裂、低套压-控压排采管控等工程技术取得重要进展;发展构建新疆煤层气大规模高效勘探开发地质适配性技术体系是第4个突破方向。开展先采气后采煤、煤层气与煤共采、煤层气与原位富油煤共采,推动中浅部煤层气与煤炭协同勘探开发;开展煤系叠合型气藏开发、煤层气与煤系气共探共采、煤系全油气系统勘探开发,推动深部煤层气与油气协同勘探开发,已有关注和探索;煤层气与煤、油气共探共采是第5个突破方向。成果试图为新疆煤层气大规模高效勘探开发提供技术支持和工程决策参考。

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组常规—致密油藏主控因素及成藏模式

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组油气资源丰富,是效益勘探及建产的重要领域。应用测录井、生产测试及岩心分析化验资料,研究中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组储层特征,明确储层差异性的主控因素,建立中拐凸起东斜坡常规—致密油藏序次分布的成藏模式。结果表明:自北部向南部,研究区逐步由常规油藏转化为致密油藏,沉积作用是造成储层差异性的物质基础,控制储层岩性及原始物性,压实作用和浊沸石胶结作用加剧储层常规—致密差异演化;研究区成岩相带划分为泥质充填带、贫泥—弱胶结带、浊沸石胶结带和强压实—弱溶蚀带4种相带,其中贫泥—弱胶结带为有利储层发育带。该结果为研究区致密油藏勘探提供指导。

大宁—吉县区块深部煤层气富集主控因素分析及地质工程甜点区评价

精准评价和合理优选煤层气地质工程甜点区是翔实制定勘探开发一体化方案的基础。本文聚焦大宁—吉县区块深部石炭系本溪组8^(#)煤层,充分利用研究区煤心描述、分析化验、测录井、地震及开发动态等资料,通过研究区深部8^(#)煤层的各种资料系统整理和深入剖析,从煤层顶底板岩性、厚度、构造、沉积环境及煤岩特征等方面,系统探讨了深部煤层气富集的主控因素,并建立了地质工程甜点区评价标准,进而划分了研究区的地质工程甜点区。研究结果表明,煤层气富集主要受顶底板岩性、构造及煤岩特征等影响,沉积环境对煤层气富集的影响多体现在顶底板岩性组合及封闭性等特征上;研究区评价出地质一类、工程一类有利区411.5 km^(2),资源量1 038.75×10^(8) m^(3);地质二类、工程一类有利区596.2 km^(2),资源量1 192.4×10^(8) m^(3);地质二类、工程二类有利区287.4 km^(2),资源量574.5×10^(8) m^(3)。

沁水盆地樊庄区块煤系水分布及其对排采效果的影响

樊庄区块为高煤阶煤层气田具有典型代表性的区块之一,精细化表征煤系水的分布特征,分析其控气作用,对于指导类似区块煤层气开发意义重大。据此,采用数理统计、回归分析及数据拟合的方法,建立了煤层及砂岩的测井识别特征,构建了含水量计算模型,探究了煤系水分布与排采效果之间的关系。研究表明:研究区3#煤层测井识别特征为高电阻率(853.86~5 968.9Ω·m),低体积密度(1.26~1.49 g/cm^(3)),低自然伽马(18.4~60.51API);砂岩含水层测井识别特征为低电阻率(70~316.2Ω·m),高体积密度(2.51~2.68g/cm^(3)),低自然伽马(56.4~116.19API);研究区纵向上岩性以煤、泥岩、砂岩及砂质泥岩为主,横向上煤层分布稳定,砂岩含水层分布不均匀,井控水量区域差异性大;研究区煤层分布较为稳定,在不考虑二次压裂影响的情况下,将累计产水量1 200m^(3)作为煤层是否接受外来水源补给的界线;煤层气井开发过程中,在构造及沉积条件相似的情况下,煤系水的来源越广泛、规模越大,则煤层气井见气时间越久、排水降压阶段持续时间愈长,产水量越高、产气量越低。

下扬子逆冲推覆构造后缘凹陷油气富集关键要素及有利勘探方向

通过开展系统的构造特征、沉积环境、油气富集规律分析,在钻探新发现的新资料基础上,对下扬子北缘逆冲推覆构造后缘凹陷油气富集规律和有利勘探方向进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)下扬子北缘逆冲推覆构造后缘凹陷中油气显示表现为“三气两油”特征,即二叠系大隆组和孤峰组页岩气、龙潭组煤层气和致密砂岩气、大隆组页岩油和三叠系殷坑组灰岩裂隙油。(2)以宣城凹陷为代表的下扬子北缘逆冲推覆构造后缘凹陷带油气富集受3个关键要素控制,即后缘凹陷块体稳定,已形成的油气体系具有较好的保存环境;该地区二叠系大隆组(P3d)和孤峰组(P2g)沉积环境属深水陆棚环境,是有利的沉积相带,发育2套富有机质的烃源岩层系;顶、底板有效封存条件均较好,烃源岩上部有三叠系泥灰岩地层覆盖,下部有栖霞组生物碎屑灰岩为垫层,顶、底地层控制了纵向油气的散逸。(3)研究区下三叠统—上二叠统自上而下依次富集泥灰岩裂隙油、页岩油、页岩气、煤层气、致密砂岩气,整体呈“上油下气”多种非常规油气同生共存的特征,形成了特殊的油气富集模式。(4)宣城凹陷与南陵凹陷、句容凹陷和常州凹陷具有相似的地质条件,是下一步页岩油气勘探的首选有利区。

纳雍补作区块煤层气成藏控因及勘探方向

基于大量的煤田地质勘探资料,深入分析了研究区煤的变质程度、煤岩煤质特征、煤层顶底板封盖性、煤层埋深、构造和水文地质条件等煤层气成藏控制因素,采用体积法估算了研究区煤层气地质资源量,并进一步提出下一步勘探方向。结果表明:研究区水文地质和高致密的煤层顶底板对煤层气起到封闭控气作用;煤层埋深、煤岩煤质和煤的变质程度是造成各主采煤层含气量差异的主要因素;估算出研究区煤层气资源量为68.82×10^(8) m^(3),为中型气藏,另外优选出区块1为Ⅰ级甜点区,可作为研究区先期勘探开发区。

珠江口盆地西江凹陷XJ-A构造古近系成藏主控因素及模式

以珠江口盆地西江凹陷XJ-A构造为研究对象,在构造、地层、地震等资料以及对岩心、薄片和流体包裹体分析的基础上,对其开展油气成藏条件和动态成藏过程研究,厘清成藏主控因素,建立油气成藏模式。结果表明,XJ-A构造古近系烃源岩有机质丰度较高,主要为Ⅱ_(1)~Ⅱ_(2)型干酪根,生油潜力较大;发育辫状河三角洲沉积砂体,多为Ⅱ类及以上级别储层,适合大规模成藏;成藏期通源断裂活动速率降低,油气在超压驱动下主要通过断层、砂体和裂缝输导运移成藏。结合包裹体均一温度测试和埋藏史分析,油气充注可划分为三个期次:第一期(距今15.9~10.8Ma)为低熟原油充注期,第二期(距今10.8~5.4Ma)为成熟原油主力充注期,第三期(距今5.4~0Ma)为成熟原油混合部分天然气的充注期。在烃源岩良好、储集物性优越及超压充注的背景下,XJ-A构造古近系油气成藏主控因素为烃源条件、储集条件和输导条件。油气成藏模式具有“旁生侧储、下生上储、近源成藏、超压强供”的特征。

西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部区带油气成藏主控因素与勘探方向

西湖凹陷深层—超深层油气资源勘探潜力大,具有良好的勘探前景。为明确西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部区带的油气成藏主控因素,对西湖凹陷中央背斜带的构造背景、沉积特征、烃源岩条件和储层性质进行分析研究。通过分析西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部不同区带油气分布特征,总结了油气富集的分布规律以及差异成藏的主控因素,建立了成藏模式。结果表明,西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部的油气成藏主控因素为早期通源断裂与砂体耦合及晚期保存条件,并根据储盖组合及油气分布规律划分为平湖组、花港组、龙井组3个成藏组合,其中花港组是主要的成藏层系,花港组具备发育岩性体的沉积环境,具有岩性、地层圈闭形成条件;烃源岩持续生烃提供了充足的油气源,深层—超深层砂岩储集性能依然保持较好,在3900~3700 m低渗储层广泛发育,有利沉积相带叠合次生溶蚀控制优质储层分布,油气充注与圈闭的形成时间配置关系好。研究结果对于西湖凹陷的持续勘探开发具有一定的指导意义。

Geological Controls on the CBM Productivity of No.15 Coal Seam of Carboniferous–Permian Taiyuan Formation in Southern Qinshui Basin and Prediction for CBM High-yield Potential Regions

Coalbed methane(CBM) resources in No.15 coal seam of Taiyuan Formation account for 55% of the total CBM resources in southern Qinshui Basin(SQB), and have a great production potential. This study aims at investigating the CBM production in No.15 coal seam and its influence factors. Based on a series of laboratory experiments and latest exploration and development data from local coal mines and CBM companies, the spatial characteristics of gas production of No.15 coal seam were analyzed and then the influences of seven factors on the gas productivity of this coal seam were discussed, including coal thickness, burial depth, gas content, ratio of critical desorption pressure to original coal reservoir pressure(RCPOP), porosity, permeability, and hydrogeological condition. The influences of hydrological condition on CBM production were analyzed based on the discussions of four aspects: hydrogeochemistry, roof lithology and its distribution, hydrodynamic field of groundwater, and recharge rate of groundwater. Finally, a three-level analytic hierarchy process(AHP) evaluation model was proposed for predicting the CBM potentials of the No.15 coal seam in the SQB. The best prospective target area for CBM production of the No.15 coal seam is predicted to be in the districts of Panzhuang, Chengzhuang and south of Hudi.

韩城区块煤层气井产出煤粉特征及主控因素

煤层气排采过程中的煤粉问题是制约煤层气井产能的主控因素之一,为了揭示煤粉的产出机理和查明煤粉的来源,以韩城区块为实验区,通过现场观测和描述,采用透光显微镜、激光粒度测试仪、X射线衍射和反射偏光显微镜,从浓度、粒度、成分等方面对煤层气排采中产出的煤粉特征进行分析,结合煤层气主力开发煤层特征,指出了煤粉产出的主控因素有井型、完井工艺、排采制度、煤岩特征、煤体结构和煤层结构等,而煤体结构(构造破坏)是煤粉产出的首要控制因素。

二连盆地霍林河地区低煤阶煤层气成藏条件及主控因素

我国越来越重视对低煤阶煤层气的勘探,但已有的资料表明,目前对低煤阶煤层气藏的认识还不够深入。为此,以我国典型的低煤阶煤层气区——二连盆地霍林河地区为例,对该区煤层气地质特征和煤岩煤质及煤岩演化程度、煤储层渗透性、煤层含气性等煤储层特征进行了分析,从构造条件、封盖条件及水文地质条件3个方面研究了煤层气藏主控因素及保存条件。结论认为:霍林河地区煤层气成藏条件有利,具有煤层厚度大、煤层埋深较浅、煤储层渗透性好、含气量较高、封闭保存条件好等特点;保存条件是该区煤层气成藏的主控因素,且封闭条件好的浅部是煤层气富集的有利区。

基于地质主控因素的沁水盆地煤层气富集划分

在沁水盆地煤层气储层已经总体上具有"先天"优势的情形下,从外在地质因素主控特征的角度,基于控制沁水盆地煤层气富集特征分异的关键地质因素——构造、热力场和水动力等的综合分析,对该盆地煤层气的富集类型划分进行了研究.研究结果表明,以沁水盆地构造区划特征为基础,沁水盆地的煤层气富集主要存在3种模式,可主要划分为6种富集类型,5个煤层气有利富集区域分别显现出不同的地质主控特征.

晋城煤层气分布和主导因素的再认识

收集到晋城地区169组含气量及其它相关测试数据,对采集的65个气井排采水样进行了全水质化验,通过相关性分析,探讨了含气量与煤的热成熟度、煤储层埋深、厚度、围岩封闭性等因素的关系,并在分析地下水等水位线和水化学特征基础上确定了水动力分区,探讨了含气量与水动力条件之间的联系。结果表明,这些传统意义上界定的影响含气量的因素决定了晋城煤储层含气量整体上较高,但与其在区域上的分布规律并无相关性,进一步证实地下水动力场通过控制储层压力的分布而控制着煤层气的聚集,成为影响晋城含气量区域分布的主导因素。研究表明,不仅潘庄是煤层气富集区域,而且寺头断层以西的郑庄一带同样是勘探开发的有利区域,建议加大勘探力度。

煤层气井排采动态主控地质因素分析

沁水盆地寿阳区块和柿庄区块煤层气(CBM)井的排采动态在整体上表现出明显差异,而单一区块内部煤层气井的排采动态也存在较大差异。本文就两个区块的煤系地层沉积相、煤层渗透率、断裂构造、地应力类型和构造应力强度以及顶底板岩性组合类型等因素对排采动态的影响开展对比分析。基于静态地质条件和排采动态资料的综合研究表明:煤系地层沉积相、煤层渗透率、地应力类型和构造应力强度的差异是两个区块煤层气井排采动态差异的主要原因;单一区块内煤层气井的排采动态差异受控于局部断裂构造、地应力类型以及煤层顶底板岩性组合类型等局部因素;在煤层气开发选区和开发井位部署时,应综合考虑资源量、渗透率和多种局部地质因素的共同影响。

煤层气成藏条件及开采特征

根据煤层气的存储状态及煤层所处的构造位置,将煤层气划分为自生自储吸附型、自生自储游离型和内生外储型3种成藏模式,不同成藏模式的富集高产机制不同。基于沁水盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘、阜新及铁法盆地不同层位煤层气甲烷含量及甲烷碳同位素分布研究,煤层气成藏期可划分为早期成藏、后期构造改造成藏和开采中二次成藏3个时期,特别指出了开采中窜位和窜层引发二次成藏的条件。利用沉积相分析厚煤层的层内微旋回,细划分出优质煤层富含气段;进一步利用沉积相探索成煤母质类型及其对煤层气高产富集的控制作用,阐述了构造应力场及水动力对煤层气成藏的作用机理。最后,总结了煤层气的开采特征,指出煤层气井开采中包含阻碍、畅通和欠饱和3个开采阶段,欠饱和阶段可划分为多个阶梯状递减阶段;并认为由构造部位和层内非均质性的差异形成了自给型、外输型和输入型3类开采特征。

澳大利亚苏拉特盆地Walloon煤组成藏条件及富集模式

中侏罗统Walloon亚群煤组是澳大利亚苏拉特(Surat)盆地煤层气藏的主要储层,为一套典型的低煤阶高产煤层。为了明晰该煤组的煤层气成藏条件及富集模式,基于录井、实验和测试资料,研究了该煤组的展布特征及烃源岩条件、储集条件与保存条件,结合对该煤组的天然气成因及含气性特征分析结果,对比分析了该盆地东北部3个煤层气开发区在气藏富集模式上的差异,并归纳了Walloon煤组成藏及富集的有利条件。结论认为:(1)构造运动、地下水条件以及显微组分为Walloon煤组的生气创造了有利条件,该煤组的顶、底板及夹层岩性致密,封闭条件较好;(2)Walloon煤层气藏是一个形成在单斜构造上由水动力和岩性共同封闭的以次生生物成因气为主的混合成因气藏,煤层气的富集受局部构造、煤层生气能力和地下水动力3种因素的控制,并可分为背斜、向斜和斜坡3种模式,其中背斜模式、向斜模式的煤层气富集程度相对更高;(3)与其他煤层气藏相比,Walloon煤层气藏的成藏和富集同时具有双重碳源、高效生气、适中水动力和双重封闭4个有利条件。