Identification of microRNAs regulating grain filling of rice inferior spikelets in response to moderate soil drying post-anthesis

The grain filling of inferior spikelets is much less complete than that of superior spikelets in rice cultivars with large panicles and numerous spikelets and is promoted by moderate soil drying(MD)post-anthesis.A growing body of evidence has shown that microRNAs function in regulating grain development.However,little is known about the mechanism of microRNA control of grain filling of inferior spikelets in response to MD.In this study,grain filling of inferior spikelets was promoted by MD treatment in Nipponbare.Small-RNA profiling at the most active grain-filling stage was conducted in inferior spikelets under control(CK)and MD treatment.Of 521 known and 128 novel miRNAs,38 known and 9 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed between the CK and MD treatments.Target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in multiple developmental and signaling pathways associated with catalytic activity,carbohydrate metabolism,and other functions.Both miR1861 and miR397 were upregulated by MD,leading to a decrease in OsSBDCP1 and OsLAC,two negative regulators of SSIIIa activity and BR signaling,respectively.In contrast,miR1432 abundance was reduced by MD,resulting in upregulation of OsACOT and thus an elevated content of both ABA and IAA.These results suggest that both starch synthesis and phytohormone biosynthesis are regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs in inferior spikelets in response to MD treatment.Our results suggest the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate grain filling in inferior spikelets of rice under moderate soil drying,providing potential application in agriculture to increase rice yields by genetic approaches.

Direct shear tests of coarse-grained fillings from high-speed railway subgrade in cold regions

In order to study the shear behavior of coarse-grained fillings taken from the subgrade bottom layer of a cold region high-speed railway,large scale direct shear tests were conducted with different normal pressures,water contents and temperatures.The results indicate that the relationship between shear displacement and shear stress changed from strain-softening at lower normal pressures to strain-hardening at higher normal pressures,in both unfrozen and frozen states.This phenomenon was mainly due to the shear dilatation deformation effect.The shear displacement-shear stress curves show similar stages.Besides,the shear stress rapidly increased and there was not an increment in the shear displacement during the initial stage of the shear process in the frozen state.In both the unfrozen or frozen states at the same water contents,the shear strength increased with increasing normal pressure.

Frost heave control of fine round gravel fillings in deep seasonal frozen regions

Fine round gravel soil is widely employed in the subgrade of high and thawing. The lower the fines content in fine round gravel soil, but compaction difficulty increases. This study is to obtain the speed railways in cold regions to prevent frost heaving the smaller the quantities of frost heaving and thawing, optimum fines content and limited frost heaving and thawing. The fine round gravel soil filling （FRGSF） used in the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line is taken as the study object. Influence of fines content on optimum water content, maximum dry density and frost heaving properties of FRGSF were studied by means of compaction and frost heaving tests. Results show that the maximum dry density of the FRGSF increases first and then decreases with an increase of fines content, namely there is an optimum fines content for easy compaction. The method of surface-vibratory instrument is fit for coarse-grained soils, and wet state of coarse-grained soil is in favor of compaction. Considering the relationship of fines content with maximum dry density and the frost heaving ratio of FRGSF, the fines content should be limited to within the range of 9%-10%, so that the frost heaving ratio is less than 1%, and the FRGSF is easily compacted. Water supply is proved to be an important factor influencing the amount of frost heaving of FRGSF. We also conclude that in the field, it is imperative to control waterproofing and drainage measures.

Influence of fines content on the anti-frost properties of coarse-grained soil

This paper aims to determine the optimal fines content of coarse-grained soil required to simultaneously achieve weaker frost susceptibility and better bearing capacity. We studied the frost susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil by means of frost heaving tests and static triaxial tests, and the results are as follows： （1） the freezing temperature of coarse-grained soil decreased gradually and then leveled off with incremental increases in the percent content of fines; （2） the fines content proved to be an important factor influencing the frost heave susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil. With incremental increases in the percent content of fines, the frost heave ratio increased gradually and the cohesion function of fines effectively enhanced the shear strength of coarse-grained soil before freeze-thaw, but the frost susceptibility of fines weakened the shear strength of coarse-grained soil after freeze-thaw; （3） with increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles, the shear strength of coarse-grained soil decreased and then stabilized after the ninth freeze-thaw cycle, and therefore the mechanical indexes of the ninth freeze-thaw cycle are recommended for the engi- neering design values; and （4） considering frost susceptibility and strength properties as a whole, the optimal fines content of 5% is recommended for railway sub,fade coarse-~rained soil fillings in frozen re^ions.

Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Respiration Probed by Numerical Analysis of Field-Observed Data Sets

Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is essential to predict possible changes in terrestrial carbon budget on various scenarios about atmospheric and soil climates. Although it is often evaluated by using respiratory quotient “Q10”, Q10 values of soil respiration seem to vary depending on methods or scales of evaluation. Aiming at probing how Q10 values of soil respiration are evaluated differently for a field, this study used a model of soil respiration rate, and numerically evaluated soil respiration rates along depth by fitting the model to depth distributions of CO2 concentration measured in a field. And temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rate was evaluated by comparing the determined soil respiration rates with atmospheric and soil temperatures measured in the field. The results showed that the relation between surface CO2 emission rates and atmospheric temperatures was represented by lower Q10 values than that between soil respiration rates and soil temperatures, presumably because the top soil layers had acclimatized in more extent to the existing thermal regime than the underlying deeper layers. Thus, for evaluating effects of long-term rise in atmospheric temperature on soil respiration, it is necessary to precisely predict the long-term change in depth distribution of soil temperature as well as to quantify temperature sensitivity of soil respiration along depth. The evaluated sensitivity of surface CO2 emission rate to atmospheric temperature showed hysteresis, implying the needs for more knowledge about temperature sensitivity of soil respiration evaluated in both warming and cooling processes for better understandings and predictions about terrestrial carbon cycling.

杂填土地基中螺杆桩竖向承载特性研究

为了研究杂填土地基中螺杆桩竖向承载特性,基于极限平衡理论分析了桩-土咬合机理,结合桩-土之间的相互作用得到螺纹段等效侧阻力增大系数,在此基础上建立了单桩竖向承载力计算公式,并对杂填土地基中螺杆桩单桩进行缩尺模型试验。结果表明,螺杆桩在竖向荷载作用下,荷载-沉降曲线经历了弹性、弹塑性、塑性破坏3个阶段。根据模型试验所得桩身轴力和桩侧等效侧阻力沿深度的分布规律,总体上螺纹段等效侧阻力高于直杆段。当桩体达到极限承载力时,试验所得等效侧阻力扩大系数与理论分析结果基本一致。

埋深和水土含量对松散岩堆抗剪强度的影响

针对松散岩堆剪切力弱会引起滑坡、崩塌等严重自然灾害的问题,运用相似理论,以石英砂为基本岩块、黏性土为填充土,配置相似材料,分别控制不同填充土含量和含水率并进行三轴试验,研究不同埋深下填充土的含量和含水率对松散岩堆抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:填充土的含量和含水率是松散岩堆咬合力和内摩擦角的关键影响因素,咬合力受影响程度更大;填土中的水对于松散岩堆的剪切力起着削弱作用;岩堆剪切力随着埋深的增加而增加,不同埋深处岩堆有相同的最佳填充土含量和含水率;在恒定岩堆土重度情况下,抗剪强度和埋深呈线性关系。

杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性原位试验

为深入研究杂填土地层深基坑桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析不同开挖工况下双排微型钢管桩桩身弯矩与预应力锚索轴力的演化规律,揭示该支护体系下前、后排桩的受力性状、预应力锚索应力分布特征,探讨邻近建筑物、基坑暴露时间及钢支撑拆除对该支护体系内力的影响。研究结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,前排桩在受力中起主导作用;当开挖至基底时,桩身最大正、负弯矩极值呈现增大趋势,且极值点不断下移,开挖面以上桩身弯矩均呈正“S”型分布。2)开挖深度增加引起开挖面上、下1.0 m范围内桩身弯矩显著增大,前排桩桩身的反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m、开挖面位置。3)在开挖过程中,锚索轴力沿埋深方向呈现减小趋势,锚固段前端1.5 m之后的轴力基本不变或呈微小波动。4)锚索锚固段应力高度集中在锚固段前端4.0 m以内的区域,约为锚固段长度的44%,锚固段末端基本未产生轴力,可对该段长度进行优化处理。5)邻近建筑物对微型钢管桩桩身受力影响较小;随着基坑暴露时间增加,桩身弯矩呈微小增长趋势;钢支撑拆除后,前排桩的弯矩变化集中在0.38H~0.96H(H为基坑开挖深度)。6)桩-锚-撑组合支护体系能够较好地限制基坑变形,选择合理的支撑预应力是该类基坑设计的关键。

膨胀土高填方渠堤沉降变形特征研究

南水北调中线工程膨胀土高填方渠堤的工后稳定性是各方关注的焦点,如果渠堤工后沉降大,易导致衬砌面板结构内力变化,影响渠道的运行安全。针对南水北调中线某膨胀土高填方渠堤工后沉降明显的问题,通过该段渠堤现场表面变形、内部变形、地下水位和降雨量监测数据的分析,对其沉降变形特征进行了研究。结果表明:高填方渠堤中渠基膨胀土的垂直表面位移受降雨影响显著,其导致高填方渠堤沉降变形随时间的变化可分为缓降段、陡降段、回弹-稳定-陡降段和回弹段4个阶段;填方高度对渠堤的表面变形和内部变形均存在显著影响,渠堤沉降量随着填方高度的减小而逐渐减小,同时,渠堤内部变形主要集中在孔口以下6~7 m的深度范围内,且指向渠外方向累计水平位移量较大于指向渠内方向的累计水平位移量;结合测压管水位、垂直位移测点及降雨量的变化规律,得到了该段渠基土的表面变形与测压管水位存在较强的相关性,地下水位变化是导致区域地表变形的主要因素。研究成果对膨胀土高填方渠堤工后沉降防治具有科学的参考意义。

加载与干湿循环作用下土石混合料蠕变特性试验

土石混合料在干湿循环作用下具有显著的蠕变性,其对高填方工程蠕变变形的影响不可忽略。为了研究了不同干密度及荷载水平对土石混合料湿化蠕变变形的影响,开展了9组土石混合料干湿循环作用下的压缩蠕变试验。结果表明,土石混合料的湿化蠕变变形随荷载水平的提高而增大,随干密度的提高而显著减小,但随着干密度进一步提高,湿化蠕变变形的减小幅度则明显弱化。土石混合料在干湿循环作用下的湿化蠕变变形与干湿循环次数对数之间较好地满足线性发展规律,初次湿化应变及湿化蠕变速率均同荷载水平及干密度之间符合幂函数特征,在此基础上提出了考虑不同干密度及荷载水平的土石混合料干湿循环蠕变经验模型。

充填型岩溶隧道仰坡滑塌机制及稳定性控制技术——以宜宾巡场至玉和公路下坝隧道出口段为例

为解决充填型岩溶隧道进洞过程中引起的仰坡滑塌问题,利用现场调查和MultiFracS多物理场断裂分析软件,对隧道进洞过程中仰坡体内裂缝发展过程和围岩变形情况进行分析,提出洞口仰坡加固措施并进行效果评价,得出如下结论:1)连续降雨是引起仰坡滑塌的直接原因,随着含水率的增加,碎石土充填物抗剪强度降低,溶腔区位移变化显著且出现微裂隙;当含水率增加至20%时,溶腔区裂缝进一步发展,局部出现开裂,地表滑动位移不断增加。2)隧道进洞施工扰动加速了地表覆盖层与下伏基岩间贯通裂缝的形成,仰坡体呈现整体滑动趋势。基于现场调查和数值分析,采用“缓坡+钢锚管/锚索框架梁”的仰坡防护形式,用注浆钢锚管替代锚杆和部分锚索,能够避免溶腔内碎石土在雨水下渗中产生变形破坏。经现场实测数据验证,加固后的仰坡在隧道二次进洞过程中处于稳定状态,隧道洞内变形和地表沉降均得到了有效控制。

大荷载矿石堆场中深厚吹填软土的地基处理及后评价

吹填淤泥形成陆域是资源利用和环境保护方面的优质解决方案,但当前吹填软土形成陆域的工程中,多数为荷载较小的堆场、工业园区道路、绿化区等。以青岛港董家口港区矿石码头工程20万吨级散货泊位后方预留堆场区的地基处理工程为例,对该工程的设计、施工及使用后6年的情况进行详细阐述,从多个角度展示深厚吹填软土的演变情况,详细介绍土体含水量、孔隙比、抗剪强度等指标在不同时期的变化,对比施工期沉降计算和监测数据,分析不同时期抗剪强度指标下矿石堆存的高度。结果表明,在大荷载矿石堆场中采用吹填软土形成陆域是可行的,通过合理的地基处理方式和有序增加堆存荷载,最终可使矿石堆场达到满载堆存。

土-石混合填土强夯动应力的简化与修正算法

强夯法是一种加固某些土体的施工操作较为简单的方法,合理分析其夯击作用在土体中产生的动应力是工程实践中的关键环节之一。针对成都平原地区的典型土-石混合填土,通过现场夯击试验,测得了在4000 kN·m的夯击能作用下土体中不同深度处的竖向夯击动应力,鉴于既有算法与试验值的差异,从两个方面确定了适于土-石混合填土夯击动应力的简单计算方法。一方面针对较为复杂的既有理论公式问题,采用敏感性分析与回归分析法,建立了以夯锤质量、夯锤落距、夯锤半径、土体密度、土体动力剪切模量、土体泊松比、土体阻尼比、夯锤入土的速度损失率等8个参数表征夯击点冲击应力的线性回归方程;另一方面采用竖向动应力传递指数对理想弹性静力学理论公式进行修正,得到了基于拟静力法的土体中夯击动应力计算表达式,进而可分析确定强夯有效加固深度。试验结果显示,土-石混合填土的竖向动应力传递指数约为1.67357,土-石混合填土地层的强夯有效加固深度约为8.0m。

梅雨气候区膨胀土填芯路基设计研究

将膨胀土作为路基填料,可有效利用膨胀土路堑开挖产生的弃土。以铜陵江北港铁路专用线膨胀土路基工程为依托,提出了梅雨气候区膨胀土填芯路基的设计方法。首先,进行膨胀土的膨胀力试验;然后,研究梅雨季节膨胀土填芯路基内部体积含水量与包边黏性土种类、包边厚度、路基压实系数的关系,分析梅雨季节填芯膨胀土膨胀力发育情况;最后,确定了膨胀土填芯路基设计方案,并将膨胀力引入折线型滑动面安全系数计算公式进行稳定性验算。结果表明,铜陵江北港铁路专用线膨胀土填芯路基采用亚黏土包边,包边厚度取1 m,压实系数取0.92,不仅能减少浪费,安全系数也满足规范要求。

智能灌浆设备在素填土注浆加固中的应用研究

研发一种智能灌浆设备进行素填土注浆加固试验,研究了注浆深度对注浆施工参数的影响;分析了不同注浆方法的适用性和功效,探索了浆液的实际扩散情况。研究发现:注浆压力和注浆深度、注浆方法、注浆次序密切相关,可根据项目前期注浆试验结果确定注浆参数;浆液基本沿着土层内某些薄弱通道扩散,形成了多道浆脉;利用智能灌浆设备进行注浆加固试验,可快速地确定合适的注浆参数,为后续施工提供技术指导。

基于吹填土无砂真空预压工艺及加固效果分析

滨海城市市政工程建设场地多为吹填造地,深基坑开挖施工有别于原状土开挖施工。文中对厦门市溪东路A标软基处理展开研究,该项目采用无砂真空预压,抽真空6个月后,发现该技术具有非常好的加固效果,同时,对应的软基土体物理力学指标也有极大改善,达到工程设计要求。基于此,文中对市政项目工程使用吹填土无砂真空预压工艺及加固效果展开分析,探究技术管理及辅助管理措施,确保施工安全、有序开展,有助于大幅度缩短项目施工周期、节约成本,可为类似工程提供参考借鉴。

干湿循环作用下吹填固化轻质土蠕变特性研究

采用新型固化技术对高含水率吹填土进行固化处理,通过三轴流变仪,考虑干湿循环次数、围压和初始静偏应力等因素研究其对吹填固化轻质土蠕变变形和抗剪强度指标的影响规律。试验结果表明:吹填固化轻质土具有密度小、质量轻及强度高等优点。在一定程度上,增大围压可有效缓解吹填固化轻质土的蠕变变形,而初始静偏应力对其影响较小,前7次干湿循环对土体破坏应力的影响最大,而后基本保持不变。抗剪强度指标c、φ值均随初始静偏应力的增加而逐渐降低,随干湿循环次数的增加呈现出先减小而后逐渐稳定的趋势,且前7次干湿循环,二者均呈指数函数降低;7次以后,变化均较小并逐渐稳定。基于c、φ值与时间关系曲线,分别构建了不同偏应力作用下吹填固化轻质土c、φ值的预测公式。根据蠕变曲线发展态势,通过回归分析,引入围压、初始静偏应力和干湿循环次数等因素,建立了吹填固化轻质土蠕变变形预测模型,并验证了其可行性。研究结果可为实际工程场地提供理论依据。

填石路基快速施工工艺与压实质量控制

为分析采用快速施工工艺碾压的填石路基的压实质量,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立长方体三维土基模型,模拟分析由36、22 t压路机在500、700 kN 2种激振力下压实填石路基的力学响应;在现场试验路段,采用36 t压路机碾压松铺厚度为75、85 cm的填石路基,26 t压路机碾压松铺厚度为40 cm的填石路基,采用土压力传感器测试土压力,选用孔隙率和沉降差控制路基的压实质量。结果表明:2种激振力下36 t压路机碾压路基后的应力分别为22 t压路机的1.9倍、1.5倍;土压力主要由压路机振动产生,土压力随距路表深度的增大而减小,土压力降幅随距地表深度的增大而减小,现场试验结果与数值模拟结果一致;压路机碾压6遍后,2种松铺厚度路基的孔隙率均小于22%,建议沉降差的控制指标为3.0 mm;采用36 t压路机碾压松铺厚度为85 cm路基的最优工作效率较26 t压路机提高60%,工程成本降低36%。

铁路荷载下平潭滨海相软土动力变形及强度特性试验研究

平潭地区滨海相软土渗透性低、结构性较强,目前对其动变形特性研究较少,基于该现状,以福平铁路路基工程为研究背景,利用GDS动三轴系统展开循环动应力试验,研究不同频率、围压及动应力幅值下平潭滨海相软土动变形特性变化规律。试验结果表明滨海相软土动弹性模量随频率、围压提高而增大,采用修正Kondner模型能较好拟合动弹性模量倒数随动应变的变化关系,建立最大动弹性模量归一化模型,研究不同频率、围压下滨海相软土动强度变化规律,分析不同破坏振次下土体抗剪强度指标,结果可为相关工程及研究提供重要基础数据与参考。

公路路基施工中洪积土的应用技术分析

压实度被视为评估路基工程施工品质的关键指标,它对路基未来的承重能力起到了决定性的影响。本文以一个具体的工程项目为背景,深入探讨了洪积土在公路建设中作为路基材料的应用,并对洪积土的填料质量标准、施工方法以及试验强夯法的补强和处理技术进行了详尽的描述。