Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Land Use Intensity of Coastal Zone in China During 2000–2010

Based on remote sensing and GIS techniques, land use maps in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in China′s coastal zone were produced, and structural raster data of land use were further generated to calculate land use intensity comprehensive index(LUICI) for analyzing land use spatial-temporal characteristics at 1 km scale. Results show that: 1) from the perspective of spatial patterns of landforms at a macro scale, there is a significant difference in land use intensity between the north and the south of China′s coastal zone. Hotspots of changes mainly concentrated in metropolitan areas, estuaries and coastal wetlands; 2) elevation is an important factor that controlling land use spatial patterns at local scale. Land use intensity is much higher within areas below the elevation of 400 m and it decreased significantly as the elevation increasing; 3) there is a significant land-ocean gradient for land use intensity, which is low in island and near-shore areas, but high in the regions that 4–30 km far away the coastline because of much intensive human activities; however, in recent decades land use intensity had been promoted significantly in low near-shore area due to extensive sea reclamations; 4) significant differences of land use intensity were also found among provincial administrative units. A rising trend of land use intensity was found in provincial-level administrative units from 2000 to 2010. To sum up, elevation, land-ocean gradient, socio-economic status and policy are all influencing factors to the spatial patterns and temporal variations of land use intensity in China′s coastal zone.

Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis of Changes in Land Cover in the Coastal Zones of the Red River Delta (Vietnam)

The majority of the population and economic activity of the northern half of Vietnam is clustered in the Red River Delta and about half of the country’s rice production takes place here. There are significant problems associated with its geographical position and the intensive exploitation of resources by an overabundant population (population density of 962 inhabitants/km2). Some thirty years after the economic liberalization and the opening of the country to international markets, agricultural land use patterns in the Red River Delta, particularly in the coastal area, have undergone many changes. Remote sensing is a particularly powerful tool in processing and providing spatial information for monitoring land use changes. The main methodological objective is to find a solution to process the many heterogeneous coastal land use parameters, so as to describe it in all its complexity, specifically by making use of the latest European satellite data (Sentinel-2). This complexity is due to local variations in ecological conditions, but also to anthropogenic factors that directly and indirectly influence land use dynamics. The methodological objective was to develop a new Geographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) approach for mapping coastal areas using Sentinel-2 data and Landsat 8. By developing a new segmentation, accuracy measure, in this study was determined that segmentation accuracies decrease with increasing segmentation scales and that the negative impact of under-segmentation errors significantly increases at a large scale. An Estimation of Scale Parameter (ESP) tool was then used to determine the optimal segmentation parameter values. A popular machine learning algorithms (Random Forests-RFs) is used. For all classifications algorithm, an increase in overall accuracy was observed with the full synergistic combination of available data sets.

Coastal zone and its sustainable development

Coastal zone, a boundary shared by land and occo and the baseline to understand the earth,has become a very important part of earth system science and for global change study. From the viewpoint of society and economy, the coastal zone is the prosperous forefront for social development Butis also gives rise to a series of abuses, leading to destruction of resources and environment Theseproblems have become serious obstacles restricting the sustainability in thes area. Therefore, we mustemphasize on the study of the coastal zone, not ouly on its land part but also its ocean part. In order torealise sustainable development of coastal zone, multi-disciplinery studies and integration of naturalsciences with social sciences are necessary and more attention shoud be focused on monitoring, andplanning of coastal zone by utilizing GIS (geographical information system), satellite geo-observationsystem, GPS (global position system) and global communication network technologies.

Environmental problems in coastal zone of Chin──sea-level rise and groundwater table decline

This paper concerns two important environmental problems in China's coastal zone, i.e.,Sea Level Rise (SLR) and Groundwater Table Decline, as the response to climatic chanes/globalwarming due to greenhouse effect. on the basis of possible twacts of these two problems on theregional natural, environmental and social systems, some response strategies were advised.

破解海岸带环境司法困境:基于陆海统筹原则

我国海岸带环境案件存在管辖权冲突、法律适用有争议、原告资格不明确、诉讼性质认定有争鸣、诉讼程序衔接未确定、司法执行机制不完善等环环相扣的问题,造成海岸带环境司法困境。究其根源,主要在于陆海“二分法”的分类思维影响较大,其与陆海统筹合为表里的内涵尚未得到全面、深入的理解。为破解海岸带环境司法困境,既要重视海岸带环境案件的特殊性,将其确立为类型化案件并由海事法院专门管辖,又要贯彻陆海统筹原则,实现司法规则内在融贯、法治环节协调一致。

海-陆交互作用与海岸带碳中和农业驱动

海岸带既是生态脆弱区也是低碳农业发展“前哨”。推动和发展碳中和农业符合时代所需,也符合绿色、可持续发展理念。基于此,本文阐述了在海岸带区域发展碳中和农业的相关问题和重要性。首先,本文阐释了海陆交互作用以及海岸带碳中和农业发展理念;然后,分析了海岸带碳中和农业驱动中的碳中和农业生物、人工光合作用与农业驱动以及该理念的工程化应用问题;最后,深入剖析了如何识别海岸带农业核心碳汇,包括原位监测、同位素标记与统计学分析方法,并在此基础上提出了农业碳汇增强技术,为后续海岸带碳中和农业的构建、发展和实践提供参考,同时对促进脆弱的海岸带生态系统的保护和绿色低碳农业的发展具有重要意义。

陆海统筹下海岸带生态环境修复法律制度研究

近些年,中国各沿海地区在海岸带生态环境保护和修复方面开展了一些实践,陆续出台了相关的政策文件,但中国海岸带生态环境修复的结果仍不理想。文章主要以陆海统筹为研究背景,全面分析海岸带生态环境修复存在的问题与发展趋势,梳理中国现行政策与制度存在的修复立法尚不健全、环境主体范围较窄、修复标准不明确等问题。从而根据中国海岸带生态环境发展现状,提出有利于海岸带环境修复的意见和建议。

海岸带区域用地用海布局规划协调机制研究

海岸带区域用地用海涉及原有海洋功能区划、城乡规划和土地利用规划等多门类空间规划,各类标准和区划混杂,长期以来缺乏科学有效的规划管控,亟需提出解决方法,建立有效机制,总结得出优化海岸带空间和功能布局的合理思路。文章从全域统筹发展的角度出发,对海岸线两侧区域用地用海布局衔接和兼容模式进行了研讨,总结得出用地用海布局协调发展的判定原则。对于用地用海布局不兼容的情形,提出应遵循“生态优先、战略保障”的基本原则来协调海岸线两侧区域功能布局,并提出了划分用地用海分类布局的四个优先度等级;对于不适宜衔接的用地用海布局,提出法定规划调整及编制用地用海清退计划表等相应的解决方案。

The ecological cost of land reclamation and its enlightenment to coast sustainable development in the northwestern Bohai Bay,China

Land has been widely reclaimed in large area in coastal zones all over the world to relieve the pressure of land shortage,promoting social development and economic growth.Asia has become a focus of land reclamation with the rapid industrialization and urbanization.From the Binhai New Area of Tianjin to the Caofeidian New Area of Tangshan,the undergoing project of land reclamation on the northwest coast of Bohai Bay,China,is the largest in the world.To clarify the environmental issues and benefit sustainable development of the coastal zone,we conducted both retrospective and predictive assessments of the ecological cost caused by land reclamation on the northwest coast of Bohai Bay,China.We calculated the ecological costs of ten aspects of the four ecosystem services,i.e.,supply,regulation,support and culture,with the monetary estimate approach.The results indicate that the ecological cost of the new land reclamation is US$971.9 million from 2000 to 2010 and that the cost will be US$702.1 million from 2010 to 2020.The costs of gas regulation and marine food supply account for the greatest parts of the total value.Suggestions for land reclamation oriented to sustainable development in the study area are put forward,including a rational planning based on the comprehensive evaluation,reducing the amount of land reclamation area,optimizing the structure of the reclaimed land,reclaiming land with the concept of ＂low impact development＂ and implementing ecological compensation mechanisms,etc.

浙江省海岸带生态压力与景观生态风险时空关联分析

海岸带是生态风险区域,以湾区为单元,厘清生态压力与景观生态风险时空关联,进行理性干预,对于推动区域有效治理具有积极作用。以浙江省海岸带为例,在生态压力指数和景观生态风险指数评估基础上,运用双变量空间自相关和耦合协调度模型,评估二者的时空关联性,采用结构方程模型测度路径关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,浙江省海岸带地区生态压力指数波动增长,生态压力呈现北高南低,形成杭州地区、宁波地区、温台沿海三点带面的空间格局;(2)2000—2020年,景观生态风险程度加深,呈现海岸带中南部高、东北部低的分布格局;(3)浙江省海岸带地区生态压力与景观生态风险存在局部空间自相关关系,台州湾、乐清湾、温州湾地区低—高集聚,耦合协调状况不佳,景观生态风险滞后于生态压力;杭州湾地区高—高集聚,耦合协调度较好,生态压力与景观生态风险发展趋于同步;(4)浙江省海岸带生态压力对景观生态风险具有显著的正向作用。在此基础上,根据湾区类型进行分类指导,实现海岸带的有效治理。

海岸建筑退缩线划定管理的探索与实践——以珠海市情侣路海岸带为例

当前基于“划线控制”理念划定的海岸建筑退缩线难以体现国家对陆海提出的统筹陆海生态系统保护(保护要素)、统筹陆海海洋灾害防治(防灾要素)、统筹涉海项目管理(发展要素)三大统筹原则。本文从政府管理、规划编制和理论研究视角对海岸建筑退缩线划定中实现陆海统筹的难点和突破口进行分析,从顶层管理、技术方法和实施操作3个方面提出基于陆海统筹的海岸建筑退缩线划定的技术框架和“划入两个管理区域、实现三类要素统筹”的划定方法,并对划定过程中涉及的建设项目用地用海分类和建设标准等问题进行分析和展望;最后,文章以珠海市情侣路海岸带为实证案例,提出体现“三区六性”的建筑退缩线试划方案和统筹管理构想。

基于文献计量法的海岸带规划研究现状及趋势分析

海岸带规划聚焦于海岸带区域空间管理,作为国土空间规划的专项规划,是实现海岸带区域陆海统筹和综合管理的重要抓手。为梳理国内外海岸带规划研究现状与热点,以Web of Science(WOS)核心合集库和中国期刊全文数据库为数据源,采用文献可视化工具,分析海岸带规划研究高影响力作者和机构、研究主题及演变。研究结果表明:海岸带规划受到广泛关注,国内外海岸带规划研究发文量呈现上升趋势,国际发表增速较快;国际研究热点侧重于人为活动干扰下的海岸带规划及其优化、海岸带规划风险评估模型等,国内侧重于可持续发展与海岸带综合管理、海岸带开发与生态安全问题等;近年来,国际对海岸带规划的研究倾向于基于生态系统的管理解决方案,国内倾向于构建陆海统筹的国土空间规划体系。本研究为了解当前国内外海岸带规划发展提供学术参考。

闽台海岸带生境质量时空演变及其影响因素

快速城镇化、工业化背景下对海岸带生境质量进行评估,揭示影响生境变化的关键驱动因子,对于海岸带生态可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以福建东海岸和台湾西海岸(以下合称闽台海岸带)为研究对象,借助1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年的土地利用以及社会经济数据,运用InVEST模型及地理探测器分析土地利用变化下生境质量的时空演变特征及其影响因素,为城市生态空间优化提供可靠的理论依据。结果表明:(1)1990-2020年两岸土地利用变化以建设用地的增长及耕地的减少为主要特征。建设用地2000-2010年面积增长最多,年均增长5.66%。耕地作为建设用地面积最大转入来源,面积共减少1781 km^(2),年均减少2.55%。土地变化福建东海岸大于台湾西海岸。(2)1990-2020年闽台海岸带生境质量均值为0.82,总体生态质量良好,但呈下降趋势。2000-2010年两岸低等级生境面积增长最快,2010年后增长速度趋缓。生态用地向非生态用地的转移对生境退化的贡献率超过70%。(3)夜间灯光指数、人口密度、GDP、高程、坡度为影响生境质量变化的主要因素,30年间主导因素由地形因素变为社会经济因素。研究为闽台沿海地区陆海土地资源管理提供科学依据,对区域协同发展具有重要意义。

浙江省近岸海域环境功能区管理现状、问题及对策研究

浙江省近岸海域环境功能区划在保护海域生态环境和调整海域资源开发利用等方面发挥着重要作用,已成为近岸海域环境监管的重要依据。然而在当前进一步优化国土空间规划和海洋经济高质量发展的新形势下,区划内容已明显滞后。文章梳理历年浙江省近岸海域环境功能区划编制、调整和监测的工作经验,研究管理过程中存在的主要问题,并在此基础上提出坚持生态优先底线约束原则、有序衔接浙江省国土空间规划、科学合理制订分类分区管控措施、有机融合涉海专项规划保护目标、基于陆海统筹合理认定管理边界等对策措施,以期为浙江省近岸海域环境功能区管理提供参考。

城市海岸带沿线规划设计提升策略研究——以烟台市蓬莱区段为例

在海洋文明发展的时代背景下,城市海岸带沿线区域不仅是连结陆海的重要纽带,也是空间联动的重要载体。而现今,我国海岸带沿线的发展仍在功能串联、价值转化、韧性生态等方面面临着极大挑战。文章将以烟台市蓬莱区段为例,研究分析规划策略,重点突出陆海统筹布局、全域联动升级的规划路径,以期为城市海岸带沿线区域现阶段的提升发展提供具有实践意义的策略思考。

基于Landsat TM数据的江苏海岸带土地利用/覆被变化检测方法比较研究

土地利用/覆被变化是全球环境变化研究的核心问题之一,选择适当的变化检测方法在江苏海岸带土地利用/覆被变化研究工作中具有重要意义。本研究选取江苏海岸带具有典型代表性的大丰市作为变化检测方法比较研究的试验区,采用1992年和2002年两期Landsat TM影像,分别运用主成分分析法、混合变化检测法和变化矢量分析法进行变化检测,提取土地利用/覆被变化信息,并对每种变化检测方法进行定量分析和综合比较。研究表明,主成分分析法对于试验区的土地利用/覆被变化研究具有检测速度快、检测精度高等优点,适合试验区以及整个江苏海岸带的土地利用/覆被变化的检测。最终,综合运用主成分分析法和分类后比较法获得了5期近30年江苏海岸带土地覆被分类图,证明了主成分分析法可有效应用于江苏海岸带的变化检测。

基于空间要素流动的海岸带规划响应机制与路径

海岸带是具有陆海双重属性的特殊地理区域,通过要素跨系统、多维度的流动实现空间演变。深入掌握海岸带空间演变规律,对于推动陆海协调发展具有重大意义。本文引入“空间要素流动”相关理论,聚焦陆海统筹背景下的海岸带空间要素流动概念,探索其流动特征,落实于规划与管理。首先,概述了陆海统筹研究背景,并梳理了“流空间”、区域要素流动以及地理流研究等相关理论;其次,从概念界定、要素分类和空间格局等方面,阐述了海岸带空间要素流动的理念内涵及其空间格局分布;最后,基于流动耦合特点,探讨海岸带规划响应机制和路径,旨在为实现陆海协调发展提供理论支撑。

Spatial Distribution and Changes of Heavy Metals of Agricultural Lands in Typical Pregrading Coast in Dongtai City,Jiangsu Province,China

According to the historical changes of coastal lines, seven soil sampling districts, from land to sea, were arranged in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province to sample soils from surface and profile. Concentrations of seven major heavy metals (HMs), granularity, pH, organic matters and C/N of the soil samples were analyzed. Results show that concentrations of heavy metals in agricultural land present a certain spatial variance, decreasing from land to sea. Pollution assessment indicates that the agricultural soils were not polluted by HMs, but the potential pollution of Cu and Hg needs to be alerted. Different HMs accumulate in the surface and sub-surface of the soil profiles, and concentrations of Hg and Pb decrease significantly with the increment of soil depth. Concentrations of HMs exhibit a significantly negative correlation to pH, but have no significant relation with organic matters in soil. Principle component analysis show that the concentrations of HMs relate to the land use history. Concentrations of Hg, Ni and Cr in soil are closely related with land use history, and concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cr are affected by land use history as well as other factors. However, there is no significant relation between concentration of As and land use history.

基于陆海统筹的海岸带地区详细规划编制探索——以深圳海洋新城为例

陆海统筹理念是一种全方位系统思维,从根本上转变了以陆看海、以陆定海的传统思维,强调统筹海域和陆域两个系统在经济、社会、文化、生态等方面协调发展。海岸带地区作为包含海域和陆域的独特空间单元,是陆海统筹最直接的空间载体。本研究基于陆海统筹理念和深圳海洋新城的规划实践,梳理海岸带地区详细规划的研究进展以及识别管控关键议题,从陆海生态保育、陆海韧性安全、陆海功能协同三个角度探索海岸带地区详细规划编制的重点内容并提出建议,为沿海城市海岸带地区详细规划编制思路和技术重点提供参考。

Land-Use Changes and Human Driving in and Near the Yangtze River Delta from 1995–2015

We analyzed the characteristics and trends of land-use change in and near the coastal zone of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) during five periods(1995, 2000 2005, 2010, and 2015) using remotely sensed Landsat imagery. Using automatic supervised classification combined with visual interpretation, we obtained land-use information for five study areas(Nantong, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Ningbo, and Zhoushan). Significant land-use changes have occurred in this area between 1995 and 2015, characterized in particular by large reductions in cultivated land and rapid increases in urbanized land. In addition, land reclamation was very active in this period as an effective supplement to the increased demand for land development: since 1995, 1622 km^2 of land was reclaimed from near-coastal regions in the study area. This increase in urbanization was jointly driven by population, economic, transportation, and policy factors. Urban areas expanded from the center outward in concentric rings, with infrastructure guiding the radial expansion of development along transportation corridors, thus forming a network of connections. Due to the influence of national land regulation policies, the expansion rate of development in the YRD gradually diminished after 2010. This indicates that the area's resource and environmental carrying capacity has reached a saturation stage in which urbanization has transitioned from broad and incremental expansion to the intensive use of land resources.