Analysis of the elastic-plastic indentation properties of materials with varying ratio of hardness to Young’s modulus

The elastic-plastic indentation properties of materials with varying ratio of hardness to Young’s modulus(H/E) were analyzed with the finite element method. And the indentation stress fields of materials with varying ratio H/E on the surface were studied by the experiment. The results show that the penetration depth, contact radius, plastic pile-up and the degree of elastic recovery depend strongly on the ratio H/E. Moreover, graphs were established to describe the relationship between the elastic-plastic indentation parameters and H/E. The established graphs can be used to predict the H/E of materials when compared with experimental data.

Influence of nickel silicides presence on hardness,elastic modulus and fracture toughness of gas-borided layer produced on Nisil-alloy

The two-stage gas boriding in N_(2)−H_(2)−BCl_(3)atmosphere was applied to producing a two-zoned borided layer on Nisil-alloy.The process was carried out at 910℃ for 2 h.The microstructure consisted of two zones differing in their phase composition.The outer layer contained only a mixture of nickel borides(Ni_(2)B,Ni_(3)B)only.The inner zone contained additionally nickel silicides(Ni_(2)Si,Ni_(3)Si)occurring together with nickel borides.The aim of this study was to determine the presence of nickel silicides on the mechanical properties of the borided layer produced on Ni-based alloy.The hardness and elastic modulus were measured using the nanoindenter with a Berkovich diamond tip under a load of 50 mN.The average values of indentation hardness(HI)and indentation elastic modulus(E_(I))obtained in the outer zone were respectively(16.32±1.03)GPa and(232±16.15)GPa.The presence of nickel silicides in the inner zone reduced the indentation hardness(6.8−12.54 GPa)and elastic modulus(111.79−153.99 GPa).The fracture toughness of the boride layers was investigated using a Vickers microindentation under a load of 0.981 N.It was confirmed that the presence of nickel silicides caused an increase in brittleness(by about 40%)of the gas-borided layer.

In-situ measurement of elastic modulus for ceramic top-coat at high temperature

The ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play an increasingly important in advanced gas turbine engines because of their ability to further increase the engine operating temperature and reduce the cooling, thus help achieve future engine low emission, high efficiency and improve the reliability goals. Currently, there are two different processes such as the plasma spraying (PS) and the electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) techniques. The PS coating was selected to test the elastic modulus. Using the nanoindentation and resonant frequency method, the mechanical properties of ceramic top-coat were measured in-situ. According to the theory of the resonant frequency and composite beam, the testing system was set up including the hardware and software. The results show that the accurate characterization of the elastic properties of TBCs is important for stress-strain analysis and failure prediction. The TBCs systems are multi-layer material system. It is difficult to measure the elastic modulus of top-coat by tensile method. The testing data is scatter by nanoindentation method because of the microstructure of the ceramic top-coat. The elastic modulus of the top-coat between 20?1 150 ℃ is obtained. The elastic modulus is from 2 to 70 GPa at room temperature. The elastic modulus changes from 62.5 GPa to 18.6 GPa when the temperature increases from 20 ℃ to 1 150 ℃.

Evaluating high temperature elastic modulus of ceramic coatings by relative method

The accurate evaluation of the elastic modulus of ceramic coatings at high temperature(HT)is of high significance for industrial application,yet it is not easy to get the practical modulus at HT due to the difficulty of the deformation measurement and coating separation from the composite samples.This work presented a simple approach in which relative method was used twice to solve this problem indirectly.Given a single-face or double-face coated beam sample,the relative method was firstly used to determine the real mid-span deflection of the three-point bending piece at HT,and secondly to derive the analytical relation among the HT moduli of the coating,the coated and uncoated samples.Thus the HT modulus of the coatings on beam samples is determined uniquely via the measured HT moduli of the samples with and without coatings.For a ring sample(from tube with outer-side,inner-side,and double-side coating),the relative method was used firstly to determine the real compression deformation of a split ring sample at HT,secondly to derive the relationship among the slope of load-deformation curve of the coated ring,the HT modulus of the coating and substrate.Thus,the HT modulus of ceramic coatings can be evaluated by the substrate modulus and the load-deformation data of coated rings.Mathematic expressions of those calculations were derived for the beam and ring samples.CVD-SiC coatings on graphite substrate were selected as the testing samples,of which the measured modulus ranging from room temperature to 2100℃demonstrated the validity and convenience of the relative method.

Nano-indentation profiles of intrinsic hardness and modulus of films based on silsesquioxane modified with titanium tetrabutoxide

This study is to analyze the influence of the modifier, 5～25 wt % titanium tetrabutoxide (TBO), on the hardness and elastic modulus of the films based on SSO deriving from hydrolytic condensation of (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPMS) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VMS), by the continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) technique of an instrumented-indentation testing (IIT) device. Films were synthesized by adding the stoichiometric amount of ethylenediamine (EDA) and benzoyl proxide (BPO) to SSO solutions in ethanol, dip-coating over glass substrates, and curing using an appropriate thermal cycle. Intrinsic values of hardness and elastic modulus were determined with the average values in “plateau region” from “four-layer” explanation. And the brittle index of the modified coating systems was analyzed.

Micro mechanical properties of n-Al2O3/Ni composite coating by nanoindentation

A new type of nano test system was introduced, the test principle and the indentation data analysis method were described. It was used to test the micro mechanical properties, such as hardness, elastic modulus and indentation creep property of n-Al2O3/Ni composite coating on steel prepared by brush plating, and the variety of mechanical properties with coating thickness was researched. The results show that the mechanical properties are basically identical within the whole coating, the hardness and modulus decrease in the defect fields, especially within the dendritic crystals, whereas the mechanical properties are not influenced greatly at the interspaces among dendritic crystals. The average hardness and elastic modulus of n-Al2O3/Ni coating are 6.34 GPa and 154 GPa respectively, and the hardness is 2.4 times higher than that of steel and the indentation creep curve of n-Al2O3/Ni coating is similar to that of the uniaxial compression creep, and the creep rate of steady-state is about 0. 104 nm/s. These results will supply useful data for process improvement, new type material development and application expansion.

Evaluation of properties and thermal stress field for thermal barrier coatings

In order to get thermal stress field of the hot section with thermal barrier coating (TBCs), the thermal conductivity and elastic modulus of top-coat are the physical key properties. The porosity of top-coat was tested and evaluated under different high temperatures. The relationship between the microstructure (porosity of top-coat) and properties of TBCs were analyzed to predict the thermal properties of ceramic top-coat, such as thermal conductivity and elastic modulus. The temperature and stress field of the vane with TBCs were simulated using two sets of thermal conductivity data and elastic modulus, which are from literatures and this work, respectively. The results show that the temperature and stress distributions change with thermal conductivity and elastic modulus. The differences of maximum temperatures and stress are 6.5% and 8.0%, respectively.

Elastic Modulus of 304 Stainless Steel Coating by Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying

304 stainless steel coating was deposited on the IF steel substrate by cold gas dynamic spraying （CGDS）, and the elastic modulus of the 304 stainless steel coating was studied. The elastic modulus of cold sprayed 304 stain- less steel coating was measured using the three-point bend testing and the compound beam theory, and the other me- chanic parameters （such as the equivalent flexural rigidity and the moment of inertia of area） of the coatings were also calculated using this compound beam theory. It is found that the calculated results using the above methods are accu- rate and reliable. The elastic modulus value of the cold sprayed 304 stainless steel coating is 1. 179 X 105 MPa, and it is slightly lower than the 304 stainless steel plate （about 2 X 105 MPa）. It indicates that the elastic modulus of the cold sprayed coatings was quite different from the comparable bulk materials. The main reason is that the pores and other defects are existed in the coatings, and the elastic modulus of the coatings also depends on varies parameters such as the feed stock particle size, porosity, and processing parameters.

The influence of spark plasma sintering temperatures on the microstructure,hardness,and elastic modulus of the nanocrystalline Al-xV alloys produced by high-energy ball milling

Al-xV alloys(x=2 at.%,5 at.%,10 at.%)with nanocrystalline structure and high solid solubility of V were produced in powder form by high-energy ball milling(HEBM).The alloy powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering(SPS)employing a wide range of temperatures ranging from 200 to 400°C.The microstructure and solid solubility of V in Al were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.The microstructure was influenced by the SPS temperature and V content of the alloy.The alloys exhibited high solid solubility of V–six orders of magnitude higher than that in equilibrium state and grain size<50 nm at all the SPS temperatures.The formation of Al3V intermetallic was detected at 400℃.Formation of a V-lean phase and bimodal grain size was observed during SPS,which increased with the increase in SPS temperature.The hardness and elastic modulus,measured using nanoindentation,were significantly higher than commercial alloys.For example,Al-V alloy produced by SPS at 200℃ exhibited a hardness of 5.21 GPa along with elastic modulus of 96.21 GPa.The evolution of the microstructure and hardness with SPS temperatures has been discussed.

Nanoindentation analysis of TiN,TiAlN,and TiAlSiN coatings prepared by cathode ion plating

The TiN, TiA1N and TiA1SiN coatings were deposited on H13 hot-worked mold steel by cathodic arc ion plating （CAIP）. The morphologies, phase compositions, and nanoindcntation parameters, such as creep hardness, elastic modulus and plastic de- formation energy of the coatings were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and nanoindentation testing, respectively, and the test results were compared with equation describing the indentation model. The results show that the TiN, TiA1N and TiAISiN coating surfaces were dense and composed of TiN, TiN ＋ TiA1N, TiN ＋ Si3N4 ＋ TiAIN phases, respectively. There was no spalling or cracking on the indentation surface. The creep hardness of the TiN, TiA1N and TiAISiN coatings was 7.33, 13.5, and 15.2 GPa, respectively; the corresponding hardness measured by nanoindentation was 7.09, 15.6, and 21.7 GPa, respectively; and the corresponding elastic modulus was 201.93, 172.79, and 162.77 GPa, respectively. The contact depth and elastic modulus calculated by the indentation model were close to those of the test results, but the remaining indentation parameters showed discrepancies. The sequence of plastic deformation energy was TiN 〉 TiA1N〉TiAISiN.

Adhesion strength of tetrahydrofuran hydrates is dictated by substrate stiffness

Understanding the hydrate adhesion is important to tackling hydrate accretion in petro-pipelines.Herein,the relationship between the Tetrahydrofuran(THF)hydrate adhesion strength(AS)and surface stiffness on elastic coatings is systemically examined by experimental shear force measurements and theoretical methods.The mechanical factor-elastic modulus of the coatings greatly dictates the hydrate AS,which is explained by the adhesion mechanics theory,beyond the usual factors such as wettability and structural roughness.Moreover,the hydrate AS increases with reducing the thickness of the elastic coatings,resulted from the decrease of the apparent surface elastic modulus.The effect of critical thickness for the elastic materials with variable elastic modulus on the hydrate AS is also revealed.This study provides deep perspectives on the regulation of the hydrate AS by the elastic modulus of elastic materials,which is of significance to design anti-hydrate surfaces for mitigation of hydrate accretion in petro-pipelines.

煤体微观力学特性的纳米压痕实验研究

煤体力学性质的测定与研究对煤炭高效开采和灾害预防具有重要的理论价值。煤较为松软破碎,强度较低,难以制备标准的力学测试煤样,也无法回收利用从而进行重复测试。亟需探索新的力学测试方法完善煤的力学特性研究。纳米压痕技术可以测定小尺度煤体微观力学特性,具有样品易制作、实验快速、样品无损的特点。结合矿物组分测试、形貌扫描和纳米压痕实验,研究了4种煤的物性特征及微观力学性质。结果表明,实验煤样矿物类别主要包括非晶态有机质和黏土、石英和碳酸盐类矿物,不同煤的矿物组分有显著差异。煤的3D形貌图显示不同煤表面粗糙度差异明显,煤中矿物分布具有显著非均质性。纳米压痕实验结果表明:①煤样中石英和碳酸盐类矿物质量分数越高,会导致煤样表面力学性质越强,压痕深度越小;②煤样表面的组分越复杂,煤的非均质性越明显,表面微观力学性质分布的离散程度越高;③煤的煤阶越高,变质程度越高,外部孔隙越发育,导致断裂韧度提高;④对压痕试验结果进行拟合,发现弹性模量与坚固性系数、弹性模量与断裂韧度均具有明显的线性关系,并且弹性模量与断裂韧度的线性关系受峰值载荷的影响。

氟化镧对粉煤灰基堇青石陶瓷力学性能的影响

针对粉煤灰基堇青石陶瓷力学强度难以满足高质量应用要求的难题,以氟化镧为烧结助剂,制备了力学性能优异的堇青石陶瓷。当氟化镧添加量为1.0 wt.%、烧结温度为1300℃时,所得陶瓷弹性模量、硬度和压缩强度分别为200.09 GPa、17.63 GPa和118.41 MPa。性能的显著改善主要是因为氟化镧的引入可提高液相流动性,产生致密化效果;同时,镧元素可在晶界处富集促进晶粒细化增韧。此外,少量镧元素可能会进入堇青石晶格内部,亦可对力学性能产生积极影响。

Structures and antifouling properties of low surface energy non-toxic antifouling coatings modified by nano-SiO_2 powder

Antifouling coatings are used to improve the speed and energy efficiency of ships by preventing or- ganisms, such as barnacles and weed, building up on the underwater hull and helping the ships movement through the water. Typically, marine coatings are tributyltin self-polishing copolymer paints containing toxic molecules called biocides. They have been the most successful in combating bio- fouling on ships, but their widespread use has caused severe pollution in the marine ecosystem. The low surface energy marine coating is an entirely non-toxic alternative, which reduces the adhesion strength of marine organisms, facilitating their hydrodynamic removal at high speeds. In this paper, the novel low surface energy non-toxic marine antifouling coatings were prepared with modified acrylic resin, nano-SiO2, and other pigments. The effects of nano-SiO2 on the surface structure and elastic modulus of coating films have been studied, and the seawater test has been carried out in the Dalian Bay. The results showed that micro-nano layered structures on the coating films and the lowest surface energy and elastic modulus could be obtained when an appropriate mass ratio of resin, nano-SiO2, and other pigments in coatings approached. The seawater exposure test has shown that the lower the sur- face energy and elastic modulus of coatings are, the less the marine biofouling adheres on the coating films.

Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Splat Bonding and Mechanical Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Tungsten Coatings

The mechanical properties of thermally sprayed metallic coatings are limited by the bonding between splats.In this study,tungsten coatings were deposited at different deposition temperatures by controlling the substrate temperature through shrouded plasma spraying.The dependence of the splat bonding and mechanical properties of W coatings on deposition temperature was investigated.The results showed that the apparent porosity of the coatings decreased from 3.2%to 0.3%with the increase of the deposition temperature.The Young's modulus of W coating was significantly increased from 128 to 307 GPa as the deposition temperature increased from room temperature to 800°C.The microhardness of the coatings was less influenced by the deposition temperature.It was found that splat bonding across lamellae was formed when the deposition temperature was higher than 600°C compared to the obvious lamellae interface in the coatings deposited at temperatures lower than 600°C.The results evidently revealed that the mechanical properties of plasma-sprayed W coatings could be controlled through the splat bonding by altering deposition temperature.

利用努氏硬度表征金属的弹性模量和屈服强度

为利用努氏硬度表征金属材料弹性模量和屈服强度,提出了Marshall和Conway的修正模型表征弹性模量,以及Lockett、Yu、Marsh、Johnson和Vandeperre的修正模型表征屈服强度,开拓了努氏硬度表征金属材料力学性能的新应用。选取35种金属进行努氏硬度试验,利用Meyer定律、弹塑性变形模型、Hays-Kendall模型和比例试样模型对努氏硬度的正压痕尺寸效应(硬度随载荷的减小而增大)进行了分析,可以用大载荷下趋于稳定的硬度值代表材料的真硬度。首次考虑金属材料在努氏压痕短对角线处材料堆积的影响,Marshall模型和Conway模型进行了修正:Marshall模型中原有的常参数α修正为b/d(努氏压痕短对角线与长对角线的比值)的二次函数;Conway模型引入了与b/d的平方呈线性关系修正系数β。通过比较文献中与原模型计算的屈服强度,引入修正系数k,首次获得了基于努氏硬度利用Lockett、Yu、Marsh、Johnson和Vandeperre模型计算金属屈服强度的修正模型。结果表明:除Ti6Al4V和Sn外,修正模型与仪器化压入得到的弹性模量一致,置信度不低于0.94;除60Si2Mn弹簧钢外,修正后得到的屈服强度与文献值一致,置信度不低于0.90。

具有BCC或FCC晶体结构的固溶体高熵合金设计

高熵合金最初报道于21世纪初期,该类合金具有较高的混合熵值,使其具有优异的热稳定性;较大的晶格畸变,产生了强烈固溶强化效果;较大的负焓值导致在晶粒内部形成团簇结构,有效阻碍了位错运动,进一步提高了合金强度。高熵合金独有的这些特性,使其在低温和高温条件下均有望表现出优异的物理性能和力学性能,引起了广泛的关注,研究报道呈爆发性增长。本文根据已有的BCC和FCC结构高熵合金物理-力学性能数据,分析了电子浓度、晶格常数、原子错配度、混合焓、硬度、弹性模量和归一化硬度等参数之间的关系,提出了BCC和FCC晶体结构的高熵合金弹性模量和硬度的经验计算公式,在此基础之上,综合考虑合金密度、塑性和服役工况等条件,提出了BCC和FCC结构的高熵合金成分设计方法。最后指出高熵合金的持久性能、大尺寸铸锭的成分和性能均匀性以及大尺寸合金锭的制备是高熵合金工程应用需解决的关键问题。

Pnnm-CrB_(4)的高压物理性质探究

本文采用广义梯度近似(GGA)的PBE(Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof)形式,利用基于密度泛函的赝势平面波法研究了四硼化铬(CrB_(4))的晶体结构属性和弹性性能。计算得到的Pnnm-CrB_(4)平衡结构参数与现有的实验数据和其他理论结果吻合较好。另外,本文还研究了高压条件下Pnnm-CrB_(4)的弹性常数C_(ij)、体模量B、剪切模量G及弹性模量E。根据Pnnm-CrB_(4)在高压下的泊松比σ及B/G分析了其在高压下的韧脆性。为了详细地研究Pnnm-CrB_(4)的弹性各向异性,本文还计算了剪切各向异性因子A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)及线性体模量的各向异性因子B_(a)、B_(b)、B_(c)。同时,本文还估算了Pnnm-CrB_(4)的维氏硬度H_(V)。最后,根据Pnnm-CrB_(4)的态密度及分态密度详细分析了其力学及弹性性能机制。

大扭矩螺杆钻具定子用橡胶材料的研究

从生胶、硫化体系、补强体系和特种功能助剂等着手,通过拉伸性能表征和耐磨性能、弹性模量及门尼粘度等实验比对,制备了大扭矩螺杆钻具用橡胶材料。结果表明,所获橡胶材料Shore A硬度为88,弹性模量在19 MPa以上,比常规产品提高1倍,而且加工性能优良,综合性能佳;通过对成品样机进行台架试验,表明采用该橡胶的螺杆钻具整机效率可提高20%,满足大扭矩螺杆钻具目标要求。

Prediction of a superhard material of ReN_4 with a high shear modulus

Using first-principles calculations, this paper systematically investigates the structural, elastic, and electronic properties of ReN4. The calculated positive eigenvalues of the elastic constant matrix show that the orthorhombic Pbca structure of ReN4 is elastically stable. The calculated band structure indicates that ReN4 is metallic. Compared with the synthesized superhard material WB4, it finds that ReN4 exhibits larger bulk and shear moduli as well as a smaller Poisson＇s ratio. In addition, the elastic constant c44 of ReN4 is larger than all the known 5d transition metal nitrides and borides. This combination of properties makes it an ideal candidate for a superhard material.