Decreased postprandial gallbladder emptying in patients with black pigment stones

AIM: To analyze gallbladder contractility in patients with black pigment stones (BPSs) and to compare this with patients with cholesterol stones (CSs) and healthy volunteers. METHODS: The pattern of bile evacuation from the gallbladder was quantified by computer cholescintigraphy in 28 normal subjects, 22 patients with CSs and 14 with BPSs. The parameters of gallbladder contractility included ejection period (EP), ejection fraction (EF) and ejection rate (ER). RESULTS: A significantly shorter EP was observed in patients with BPSs in comparison to those with CSs (t = 2.4, P < 0.05). EF in BPS patients significantly decreased in comparison to that in CS and normal subjects (t = 6.4, P < 0.0001; t = 2.1, P < 0.05). EF in CS patients also significantly decreased in comparison to that in normal subjects (t = -3.0, P < 0.005). Consequently, ER in patients with BPSs and CSs was significantly smaller than that in normal subjects (t = 3.1, P < 0.005; t = -3.5, P < 0.001). Moreover, in cases where postprandial reflux of a radioisotope into the common hepatic duct from the gallbladder was observed, EF and ER of either CS or BPS patients showed a significant reduction. CONCLUSION: Bile evacuation from the gallbladder is reduced in patients with BPSs, in comparison to those with CSs and to healthy volunteers. Bile stagnation due to impaired gallbladder kinetics seems to be one of the predisposing factors for the development of BPSs.

Properties of the pigment in black rice

Pigment was extracted from pericarp of black rice variety Zixiangnuo. The effects of several factors, including pH, light, chemical reagents and foodstuff additives on the color, solubility and heat stability of the pigment were observed. The color of the pigment varied with different acid conditions. When the pH was below 3, a stronger absorption peak at 495nm was observed. If the pH was between 3 and 10, there was a platform in 400-495nm. No obvious absorption peak in visible light region was found when pH was above 10. As the pH increased, the color of the pigment changed, from deep red to light red until to yellowishbrown, e.g. pH 0-2, deep red; pH3-4, red pH5-6, quite red; pH9-10, faint red; pH11, faint brown yellow; pH12, light brown yellow; pH13, yellowish brown; pH14, deep yellowish brown. The change of color was reversible. The pigment was quite stable under nature light conditions. At pH 1, it was basically unchanged within 10 d under sunlight or within 60 d under indoor nature light. However,

广元千佛崖睡佛龛造像彩绘颜料分析研究

睡佛龛开凿于唐高宗末至武周时期,造像多次妆彩。以睡佛龛造像彩绘为研究对象,应用Raman、XRF、XRD、SEM-EDS、PY-GC-MS等多种检测方法对彩绘颜料层进行分析研究,结果表明:历史上造像妆彩多达3次,彩绘红色颜料为铁红、铅丹、朱砂,蓝色颜料为青金石,绿色颜料为碱式氯化铜、石绿,白色颜料为硫酸铅,黑色颜料为炭黑,胶结材料为动物胶。该研究成果为后续保护修复工作提供了科学依据。

Molecular cloning and characterization of the endothelin 3 gene in black bone sheep

Background: Black bone sheep was first discovered in Yunnan province of China in 1970, with unique black pigmentation on the body and internal organs. Endothelin 3(EDN3) has been known as a key gene causing hyperpigmentation in black bone chicken, the Silky fowl.Methods: In this study, EDN3 was employed as a candidate gene for regulating black color pigmentation. First,EDN3 was cloned from sheep to obtain the full-length cDNA by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE).Genomic EDN3 was screened and a total of thirty predicted single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were genotyped for allele and genotype frequency analysis in a case-control study involving two black bone sheep populations. Genomic copy number analysis of EDN3 in sheep was conducted to measure the variation in copy number. EDN3 expression levels were observed among the groups in adult liver, lymph node, and kidney tissues, as well as embryo kidney samples. Also, among the tissues of black bone and non-black bone sheep.Results: The size of the full-length cDNA was 1,578 bp, which included 426 bp of 5′-untranslated region(5′-UTR),an open reading frame(ORF) of 639 bp encoding a protein of 212 amino acids, and a 3′-UTR of 513 bp. Genotype and allele frequencies of all the discovered SNPs were found insignificantly different in black bone and non-black bone sheep(P > 0.05). Genomic copy number analysis of EDN3 in sheep revealed no significant difference between the two sheep groups. No significant variations were found in the adult liver and kidney embryo samples. However,the expression in lymph node and kidney tissue was significantly higher in black bone sheep than that in non-black bone sheep(P < 0.05). Significant variations in the EDN3 expression levels were observed among the tissues of nonblack bone sheep.Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that unlike in Silky chickens, EDN3 is not responsible for hyperpigmentation but may play a key functional role in immune and excretory systems of black bone sheep.

The Optical Properties of Black Coatings and Their Estimated Cooling Effect and Cooling Energy Savings Potential

The optical properties of coatings pigmented with different black colorants were systematically investigated and their surface temperatures and cooling energy savings were estimated. The black coatings pigmented with chromite iron nickel black and manganese ferrite black spinel colorants are not cool enough to be energy efficient cool black coatings. The cool black coatings pigmented with NIR-transmitting perylene black and dioxazine purple colorants possess a green shade and a violet shade, respectively. The estimated surface temperature reduction values and annual cooling energy savings in Beijing range from 3.0&deg;C and 1.21 kWhm-2yr-1 for the black coating pigmented with chromite iron nickel colorant to 13.8&deg;C and 5.52 kWhm-2yr-1 for the black coating pigmented with dioxazine purple colorant, respectively.

微波辅助下红茶色素提取工艺的优化

为探讨微波辅助下乙醇水溶液中红茶色素的提取工艺,考察提取剂乙醇体积分数,微波作用时间和微波功率及固液比对红茶色素提取率的影响,并利用响应面软件对红茶色素提取工艺进行优化,得到优化的红茶色素提取工艺为:提取剂乙醇体积分数67%、微波作用时间62 s、微波功率490 W、固液比1∶23,此条件下测得红茶色素提取率为36.5%;各因素的影响顺序为:微波功率>提取剂乙醇体积分数>微波作用时间>固液比。该方法简便易行,提高了色素的提取率,节约色素提取成本,提取的色素可应用于纺织印染、食品着色和延长保质期等领域,有助于减少化学有害染料和颜料对环境和人体健康的危害。

沉淀剂对CuCr_(2)O_(4)结晶动力学及呈色性能的影响

通过共沉淀法合成了CuCr_(2)O_(4)黑色颜料。研究了沉淀剂(即尿素、氨水、氢氧化钠)对相组成和颜色性能的影响。同时,计算了以氨水和氢氧化钠为沉淀剂时CuCr_(2)O_(4)的结晶动力学和结晶机制。结果表明,由于两种离子(Cu^(2+)和Cr^(3+))的溶解度不同,沉淀过程的最佳pH值为7.5;由于产物中存在Cr2O3,尿素不适合作为沉淀剂。氨水作为沉淀剂时,CuCr_(2)O_(4)结晶的活化能为120.2 k J/mol,氢氧化钠作为沉淀剂时为141.3 k J/mol。CuCr_(2)O_(4)的结晶过程涉及成核和三维生长。较小的结晶活化能得到的CuCr_(2)O_(4)颗粒细小,分散均匀,呈色性能更优异。

低共熔溶剂法提取黑米米糠色素工艺优化

筛选低共熔溶剂并用其提取黑米米糠中的色素。在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法优化黑米米糠中色素的提取工艺。结果表明:低共熔溶剂中氢键受体为氯化胆碱,供体为无水乙醇,且两者摩尔比为1∶10;最佳提取条件为提取温度60℃、超声时间15 min、料液比1∶9.5(g/mL),在此工艺条件下,黑米米糠色素得率为14.26 mg/g。

黑米色素抗氧化性能研究

研究了黑米色素提取最佳工艺参数及抗氧化性能,结果显示:在对黑米色素进行提取的过程中,当料液比达到1∶6,提取30 min时,提取效果最好。黑米色素对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基都有一定清除能力,为黑米色素在食品和生物医药等多个领域的广泛应用和研究提供一定的理论基础。

包裹型炭黑色料的研究进展

包裹型炭黑色料因具有价格低、呈色性能好、环保无毒等优点而成为黑色色料的研究热点。本文综述了近年来国内外包裹型炭黑色料的相关发现及现状,概述了常用的炭黑制备原料、包裹体材料,包裹机理及制备方法,并对包裹型炭黑色料的发展方向提出了建议。

红茶色素对丝绸的抗紫外线功能化染色

为研究红茶色素在丝绸上的染色工艺,采用热水提取法提取红茶色素,并对染色织物的颜色及抗紫外线性能进行表征。结果表明,在pH 4.0、染色温度100℃、染色时间50 min、色素浸提比1∶50时,红茶色素对丝绸染色效果最佳。直接染色试样为棕黄色,媒染试样为黑灰色;硫酸亚铁(质量浓度2.5 g/L)媒染试样的表观色深值和色差值均高于直接染色试样。红茶提取液染色可以赋予丝绸紫外线防护性能,FeSO4媒染可以大幅增加UPF(ultraviolet protection factor)指数。采用浸提比为1∶50的红茶提取液进行染色,直接染色试样和媒染试样的UPF指数分别达到34.1和42.9。

硅酸锆包裹炭黑色料的研究进展

硅酸锆包裹炭黑(C@ZrSiO_(4))色料是一种无毒环保型黑色陶瓷色料。因其优异的高温稳定性、化学稳定性和抗釉熔体腐蚀性,在无机陶瓷色料领域受到了广泛关注,有望替代传统含重金属Ni、Cr、Co等尖晶石型黑色色料。但是炭黑表面官能团的含量较低,导致炭黑分散性差、易团聚,以及包裹率低不易与硅酸锆结合,离实际工业化应用还有一定距离。从硅酸锆包裹色料的包裹模型入手,详细阐述了包裹过程的影响因素。在此基础上详细介绍了目前提高C@ZrSiO_(4)色料包裹效率的有效途径,包括了炭黑的表面改性及尺寸调控、着色剂的引入形式、包裹策略设计,以及宏观上降低硅酸锆合成温度、引入烧结致密化助剂等手段以提高包裹效果。最后指出C@ZrSiO4黑色色料在未来需要重点解决的一些问题。

高效液相色谱法测定红茶中的5种人工合成色素

在《食品安全国家标准食品中合成着色剂的测定》(GB/T 5009.35—2016)的基础上,改进样品前处理提取方式,使用固相萃取柱净化提取液,洗脱液蒸干定容后经流动相梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器190~800 nm全波长扫描,采用高效液相色谱法测定红茶中的5种人工合成色素,利用日落黄的特征光谱图和最大吸收波长483 nm有效排除假阳性干扰峰。结果表明,在2.0~80.0μg·mL-1各标准物质的浓度与峰面积呈很好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9990,检出限为0.02~0.09 mg·kg^(-1),样品空白加标回收率为89.0%~99.6%,相对标准偏差为0.8%~3.2%(n=6)。该方法新颖简便,回收率高、检出限低、精密度高,具有一定的实用价值。

用钒砂尾矿制备无钴黑色陶瓷颜料的研究

以钒砂尾矿、氧化铜、氧化镍、三氧化二铬等为主要原料,制备Fe-Mn-Cr-Ni系无钴黑色料。采用固定钒砂尾矿用量,通过调整氧化物的配比,考察各种氧化物对黑色颜料的影响,确定了黑色颜料的配方组成、合成的工艺条件,合成制备出呈色黝黑的无钴黑色陶瓷颜料。试制结果表明,钒砂尾矿的预处理及合成色料的粒度对于色料的呈色影响显著。并对合成色料进行了XRD物相鉴定,结果表明所合成色料属于Fe-Mn-Cr-Ni系尖晶型结构。将合成的色料应用于高温基础釉中,试验结果表明,制备的色料对釉的适应性较宽。尤其是在长石釉中呈色均匀黑亮,釉面平整光滑。该釉的配方组成为(%):钾长石35,钠长15,石英石10,石灰石15,白云石10,釉果10,碳酸锶5,外加黑色料6%,该釉适宜的烧成温度为1260℃,保温时间10min。该釉具有较好的坯釉适应性和热稳定性。所制备的黑釉样品具有良好光泽度和釉面效果。试验结果还表明,色料研磨细度越细,在釉中呈色越均匀,釉面质量越好。

无钴黑色陶瓷颜料中铬含量测定的新方法

本文以盐酸羟胺作还原剂,研究了三价铬与二甲酚橙的显色反应,结果发现Cr3+在0～80滋g/50ml范围内,其吸光度与Cr3+含量成正比相关,用于无钴黑色陶瓷颜料中铬含量的测定,作出了回归方程,且进行了显著性检验,获得了理想的结果。

黑米、黑大豆、黑芝麻中天然色素性质的比较研究

本文比较了黑米、黑大豆、黑芝麻中天然色素的光谱特征、组成成分、理化性质等，结果表明，３种原料的色素均表现出黄酮类花色苷化合物的光谱特征吸收，都具有苯骈吡喃环的母核结构；在化学组成上均可分离出水溶和醇溶２类组分；对光、温、ｐＨ及金属离子等的反应较为敏感。

黑米的抗氧化性及其与黄酮和种皮色素的关系

目的 研究黑米的抗氧化效果及与黄酮和种皮色素的关系。方法 以 1 2个种皮颜色深浅不同的代表性黑米品种为材料 ,用化学发光法分别比较其水提取液和 60 %乙醇提取液在不同浓度下对 Na2 S2 O4 体系产生的 O·2 的清除效果 ;分析其黄酮和种皮色素含量及清除率与黄酮和种皮色素含量的相关性。结果 黑米水提液和醇提液对 O·2 均表现较强的清除效果 ,其清除率与浓度有明显的量效关系 ;供试液的 IC50 (O·2 的清除率为 50 %时 ,供试液中黑米的含量 )值与黄酮和种皮色素含量呈显著和极显著负相关。结论 黑米具有一定的抗氧化性 。

黑米中微量营养元素Fe、Zn、Cu和黑米色素的研究

研究黑米中微量元素Fe、Zn、Cu的含量与分布,及光、温度和几种常见金属离子对黑米色素稳定性的影响。原子吸收光谱测定表明,黑米中Fe和Zn的含量分别为38610^(－5)和36010^(－6);主要富集于黑米色素中。Cu的含量均低于1010^(－6)。黑米色素水溶液(pH=3)于温度70~100℃中,随着温度升高和延长加热时间,吸光值明显降低。光照对色素稳定性的影响随时间延长而增大。Fe^(2+)、Fe^(3+)和Sn^(2+)明显的影响色素的稳定性,而Ca^(2+)、Na^+、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的作用较小,Al^(3+)和Mg^(2+)可提高黑米色素的稳定性。

黑芝麻中黑色素提取条件的研究

研究了从黑芝麻中提取黑色素的条件。结果表明,黑芝麻色素的最佳提取条件是,以50%乙醇溶液为提取剂,提取温度65℃,时间60 min,料液比1∶50。

黑米饮料工艺的研究

以黑米为原料,通过单因素和正交实验,对黑米饮料浸提工艺和糖化工艺进行了研究,结果表明:采用1∶10的料液比,在75℃条件下浸提1h,可将黑米色素最大程度地转移到饮料中;工艺中糖化酶用量为200u/g原料,糖化时间为4h;饮料中花色苷含量为12.80mg/100mL。