The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera:Triozidae)has recently emerged as a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous crops.It causes direct feeding damage and also vectors Candidatus Liberibacter sol...The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera:Triozidae)has recently emerged as a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous crops.It causes direct feeding damage and also vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceaerum(Lso),a pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes and which potentially costs growers millions of dollars each year.Such producers rely on frequent sprays of pesticides for psyllid control but the results are unsatisfactory and there are negative side effects.The psyllid has spread beyond its native range in southwest US and northern Mexico to Canada,El Salvador,Honduras,Guatemala and Nicaragua via medium to long range dispersal flights perhaps aided by wind currents,and through anthropogenic means.It was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2006 and most recently Australia,most likely through the importation of infested plant material.This review summarizes information from studies on the biology,impact and management of B.cockerelli,and highlights the imminent risk of this insect and its associated pathogen invading China,the world’s largest producer of fresh potatoes.Development of risk maps leading to increased surveillance,could prevent or delay an incursion and facilitate early detection or eradication should this occur.Long-term management with Lso-tolerant potato cultivars and psyllid control using the parasitic wasp Tamarixia triozae and other natural enemies should be pursued,rather than depending on synthetic pesticides.展开更多
The psyllid Bactericera cockerelli was first reported in New Zealand in 2006 and spread quickly throughout all potato growing regions.In 2009,B.cockerelli was associated with the plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus ...The psyllid Bactericera cockerelli was first reported in New Zealand in 2006 and spread quickly throughout all potato growing regions.In 2009,B.cockerelli was associated with the plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease in potato.Both the psyllid and the bacterium have non-crop host plants which can serve as reservoirs when the crop is not available.Growers apply different management strategies that fit integrated pest management programmes to manage B.cockerelli and subsequently lower incidence of zebra chip disease in potato crops.Despite best management efforts,complete control of B.cockerelli and zero incidence of zebra chip disease are not achievable at the current time.展开更多
Tomato crops(Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)are produced in almost all Mexico,part of the United States and Central America.Recently the tomato production has suffered economic losses of 70%to 80%due the presence of yellowin...Tomato crops(Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)are produced in almost all Mexico,part of the United States and Central America.Recently the tomato production has suffered economic losses of 70%to 80%due the presence of yellowing and floral abortion,whose causal agent has been attributed to the presence of phytoplasma;an insect vector of these phytoplasma is Bactericera cockerrelli Sulc.Alternative control of this psyllid has lacked effectiveness because their spatial distribution is unknown within tomato plots.This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of populations of nymphs of B.cockerelli in four tomato plots,the determination of the spatial distribution was performed by means of geostatistics.The experimental semivariogram was determined to adjust to a theoretical model(spherical,exponential or Gaussian)through the program Variowin 2.2,the adjustment was validated with the method of cross-validation and aggregation maps of the pest were obtained through Kriging with Surfer 9.0 program.The short-term time-space stability of the pest was determined through the tests Crámer-von Mises.The results showed that populations of nymphs of B.cockerelli have a distribution of aggregate type,which was corroborated by density maps.Infestations are not present in 100%of the surface of the experimental plots,which helps to direct control measures on specific areas of infestation.展开更多
The potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli causes serious damage to several solanaceous crops by direct feeding and vectoring Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,a bacterial pathogen.Electron beam(eBeam)irradia...The potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli causes serious damage to several solanaceous crops by direct feeding and vectoring Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,a bacterial pathogen.Electron beam(eBeam)irradiation is an environmentally friendly,chemical-free alternative method that is increasing in use for disinfestation of insect pests.We hypothesize that this irradiation technology will have detrimental effects on potato psyllid and thus impede its disease vectoring.To this end,we explored the effects of eBeam treatment ranging from 50 to 500 Gy on survival,development and reproduction of this pest.Impact on psyllids was apparently dose-dependent.When irradiated at 350 Gy,eggs could not hatch,1st instar nymphs failed to emerge,and although a small portion of irradiated 5th instar nymphs survived,the emerged adults were mostly deformed.Abnormality in eclosed adults suggests harmful effects of eBeam on metamorphosis.Reproduction was seriously impaired when female psyllids were exposed to eBeam at the 5th instar nymphal or young adult stage,presumably due to inability to form oocytes.In addition,reciprocal crosses between irradiated and untreated psyllids indicated that female psyllids were more radiosensitive than males to eBeam.Taken together,these findings indicate that eBeam negatively impacted potato psyllid development and reproduction,which would inevitably compromise its disease transmission capacity.A dose of 350 Gy can be considered as a reference dose for effective control of potato psyllids.展开更多
【目的】评估园林植物害虫考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli当前和未来在全世界的潜在分布区,揭示未来气候变化下考氏白盾蚧的分布动态,明确气候环境因素对其潜在分布的影响。【方法】以考氏白盾蚧为研究对象,基于考氏白盾蚧在全球...【目的】评估园林植物害虫考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli当前和未来在全世界的潜在分布区,揭示未来气候变化下考氏白盾蚧的分布动态,明确气候环境因素对其潜在分布的影响。【方法】以考氏白盾蚧为研究对象,基于考氏白盾蚧在全球的118条有效地理分布记录和19个环境变量,运用优化的MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件,推测气候变化下当前、2050年和2070年考氏白盾蚧的潜在分布格局,采用响应曲线确定环境变量的适宜区间,定量确定考氏白盾蚧未来气候条件下潜在地理分布动态。【结果】MaxEnt模型运算的平均曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)值为0.7182,表明该预测模型的预测精度比较高。当前考氏白盾蚧潜在地理分布的总适生区面积约为2.73×10^(7) km^(2),其中高适生区面积大约为4.37×10^(6) km^(2),占潜在可入侵总面积的16%,该区域主要位于美国与巴西西南沿海地区,印度西部地区及西部沿海区域,孟加拉国,越南北部大部,中国西南大部及华东华中大部,以及日本南部地区;在未来气候条件下,伴随着CO浓度的升高,考氏白盾蚧的高适生面积将显著增加。影响考氏白盾蚧的潜在地理分布的主要环境变量为平均月温差、昼夜温差与年温差比、最湿季平均温度和降水季节性,其中昼夜温差与年温差比的贡献率最高,达到38.8%。【结论】本研究结果表明考氏白盾蚧适宜生境主要受平均月温差和昼夜温差与年温差比的影响。本研究为考氏白盾蚧的综合防治提供重要依据和数据支撑。展开更多
The Zebra chip （ZC） syndrome is an emerging disease of potato and a major threat to the potato industry. The potato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli （Sulc） is believed to be a vector of the ZC pathogen, which is n...The Zebra chip （ZC） syndrome is an emerging disease of potato and a major threat to the potato industry. The potato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli （Sulc） is believed to be a vector of the ZC pathogen, which is now thought to be Candidatus Liberibacter, a bacterium. To further understand the relationship between potato psyllid infestation and ZC disease expression, healthy potato plants at different growth stages （4, 6 and 10 weeks after germination） were exposed separately to potato psyllids that were separately reared on four solanaceous hosts plants （potato, tomato, eggplant or bell pepper） for more than 1 year. ZC symptoms, leaf rates and total nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation in leaves and tubers of healthy and psyllid-infested plants were monitored and recorded. Typical ZC symptoms were observed in leaves and tubers of all plants exposed to potato psyllids regardless of the host plant on which they were reared. This was also accompanied by significant reductions in net photosynthetic rate. Caged potato plants without exposure to potato psyllids （uninfested controls） did not show any ZC symptom in both foliage and in harvested tubers. Foliage damage and ZC expression were most severe in the potato plants that were exposed to potato psyllids 4 weeks after germination compared to plants infested at later growth stages. Tubers from potato psyllid-infested plants had significantly higher levels of reducing sugars （glucose） and lower levels of starch than those in healthy plants, indicating that potato psyllid infestation interfered with carbohydrate metabolism in either leaves or tubers, resulting in ZC expression.展开更多
The impacts of potato psyllid （Bactericera cockerelli） feeding on potato foliage on the free amino acids （FAAs） composition in potato leaf and tubers were determined under greenhouse conditions. The free amino aci...The impacts of potato psyllid （Bactericera cockerelli） feeding on potato foliage on the free amino acids （FAAs） composition in potato leaf and tubers were determined under greenhouse conditions. The free amino acids in plant extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and in both leaf and tuber samples, at least 17 FAAs were detected. Psyllid feeding significantly changed the levels of several FAAs in both leaf and tuber samples. The concentration of leucine increased 1.5-fold, whereas that of serine and proline increased 2- and 3-fold, respectively. In contrast, the concentrations ofglutamic acid, aspartic acid and lyscine were significantly reduced by 42.0%, 52.1% and 27.5%, respectively. There were also significant changes in the levels of FAAs in the Zebra chip （ZC） infected tubers compared with the healthy tubers, and the levels of six of the FAAs increased, and the levels of nine of the FAAs decreased. The results from this study indicate that potato psyllid causes major changes in free amino acid composition of plant tissues, and this change in plant metabolism may contribute to the plant stress as indicated by increased levels of proline in the leaves and hence promoting the development of plant diseases such as ZC disease.展开更多
基金funded by the New Zealand Agricultural and Marketing Research and Development Trust (AGMARDT) Grant A17022
文摘The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera:Triozidae)has recently emerged as a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous crops.It causes direct feeding damage and also vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceaerum(Lso),a pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes and which potentially costs growers millions of dollars each year.Such producers rely on frequent sprays of pesticides for psyllid control but the results are unsatisfactory and there are negative side effects.The psyllid has spread beyond its native range in southwest US and northern Mexico to Canada,El Salvador,Honduras,Guatemala and Nicaragua via medium to long range dispersal flights perhaps aided by wind currents,and through anthropogenic means.It was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2006 and most recently Australia,most likely through the importation of infested plant material.This review summarizes information from studies on the biology,impact and management of B.cockerelli,and highlights the imminent risk of this insect and its associated pathogen invading China,the world’s largest producer of fresh potatoes.Development of risk maps leading to increased surveillance,could prevent or delay an incursion and facilitate early detection or eradication should this occur.Long-term management with Lso-tolerant potato cultivars and psyllid control using the parasitic wasp Tamarixia triozae and other natural enemies should be pursued,rather than depending on synthetic pesticides.
基金supported by the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Internal Core fundingthe Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (Australia) (CRC2079)the Sustainable Farming Fund (New Zealand, 09/143, 12/058, and 404861)Potatoes New Zealand Inc.
文摘The psyllid Bactericera cockerelli was first reported in New Zealand in 2006 and spread quickly throughout all potato growing regions.In 2009,B.cockerelli was associated with the plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease in potato.Both the psyllid and the bacterium have non-crop host plants which can serve as reservoirs when the crop is not available.Growers apply different management strategies that fit integrated pest management programmes to manage B.cockerelli and subsequently lower incidence of zebra chip disease in potato crops.Despite best management efforts,complete control of B.cockerelli and zero incidence of zebra chip disease are not achievable at the current time.
文摘Tomato crops(Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)are produced in almost all Mexico,part of the United States and Central America.Recently the tomato production has suffered economic losses of 70%to 80%due the presence of yellowing and floral abortion,whose causal agent has been attributed to the presence of phytoplasma;an insect vector of these phytoplasma is Bactericera cockerrelli Sulc.Alternative control of this psyllid has lacked effectiveness because their spatial distribution is unknown within tomato plots.This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of populations of nymphs of B.cockerelli in four tomato plots,the determination of the spatial distribution was performed by means of geostatistics.The experimental semivariogram was determined to adjust to a theoretical model(spherical,exponential or Gaussian)through the program Variowin 2.2,the adjustment was validated with the method of cross-validation and aggregation maps of the pest were obtained through Kriging with Surfer 9.0 program.The short-term time-space stability of the pest was determined through the tests Crámer-von Mises.The results showed that populations of nymphs of B.cockerelli have a distribution of aggregate type,which was corroborated by density maps.Infestations are not present in 100%of the surface of the experimental plots,which helps to direct control measures on specific areas of infestation.
基金the AgriLife Research Insect Vector Diseases Grant Programthe USDA-AFRI grant(2014-67013-21781)+1 种基金USDA-APHIS(AP18PPQS&T00C235)China Scholarship Council.
文摘The potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli causes serious damage to several solanaceous crops by direct feeding and vectoring Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,a bacterial pathogen.Electron beam(eBeam)irradiation is an environmentally friendly,chemical-free alternative method that is increasing in use for disinfestation of insect pests.We hypothesize that this irradiation technology will have detrimental effects on potato psyllid and thus impede its disease vectoring.To this end,we explored the effects of eBeam treatment ranging from 50 to 500 Gy on survival,development and reproduction of this pest.Impact on psyllids was apparently dose-dependent.When irradiated at 350 Gy,eggs could not hatch,1st instar nymphs failed to emerge,and although a small portion of irradiated 5th instar nymphs survived,the emerged adults were mostly deformed.Abnormality in eclosed adults suggests harmful effects of eBeam on metamorphosis.Reproduction was seriously impaired when female psyllids were exposed to eBeam at the 5th instar nymphal or young adult stage,presumably due to inability to form oocytes.In addition,reciprocal crosses between irradiated and untreated psyllids indicated that female psyllids were more radiosensitive than males to eBeam.Taken together,these findings indicate that eBeam negatively impacted potato psyllid development and reproduction,which would inevitably compromise its disease transmission capacity.A dose of 350 Gy can be considered as a reference dose for effective control of potato psyllids.
文摘【目的】评估园林植物害虫考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli当前和未来在全世界的潜在分布区,揭示未来气候变化下考氏白盾蚧的分布动态,明确气候环境因素对其潜在分布的影响。【方法】以考氏白盾蚧为研究对象,基于考氏白盾蚧在全球的118条有效地理分布记录和19个环境变量,运用优化的MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件,推测气候变化下当前、2050年和2070年考氏白盾蚧的潜在分布格局,采用响应曲线确定环境变量的适宜区间,定量确定考氏白盾蚧未来气候条件下潜在地理分布动态。【结果】MaxEnt模型运算的平均曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)值为0.7182,表明该预测模型的预测精度比较高。当前考氏白盾蚧潜在地理分布的总适生区面积约为2.73×10^(7) km^(2),其中高适生区面积大约为4.37×10^(6) km^(2),占潜在可入侵总面积的16%,该区域主要位于美国与巴西西南沿海地区,印度西部地区及西部沿海区域,孟加拉国,越南北部大部,中国西南大部及华东华中大部,以及日本南部地区;在未来气候条件下,伴随着CO浓度的升高,考氏白盾蚧的高适生面积将显著增加。影响考氏白盾蚧的潜在地理分布的主要环境变量为平均月温差、昼夜温差与年温差比、最湿季平均温度和降水季节性,其中昼夜温差与年温差比的贡献率最高,达到38.8%。【结论】本研究结果表明考氏白盾蚧适宜生境主要受平均月温差和昼夜温差与年温差比的影响。本研究为考氏白盾蚧的综合防治提供重要依据和数据支撑。
文摘The Zebra chip （ZC） syndrome is an emerging disease of potato and a major threat to the potato industry. The potato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli （Sulc） is believed to be a vector of the ZC pathogen, which is now thought to be Candidatus Liberibacter, a bacterium. To further understand the relationship between potato psyllid infestation and ZC disease expression, healthy potato plants at different growth stages （4, 6 and 10 weeks after germination） were exposed separately to potato psyllids that were separately reared on four solanaceous hosts plants （potato, tomato, eggplant or bell pepper） for more than 1 year. ZC symptoms, leaf rates and total nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation in leaves and tubers of healthy and psyllid-infested plants were monitored and recorded. Typical ZC symptoms were observed in leaves and tubers of all plants exposed to potato psyllids regardless of the host plant on which they were reared. This was also accompanied by significant reductions in net photosynthetic rate. Caged potato plants without exposure to potato psyllids （uninfested controls） did not show any ZC symptom in both foliage and in harvested tubers. Foliage damage and ZC expression were most severe in the potato plants that were exposed to potato psyllids 4 weeks after germination compared to plants infested at later growth stages. Tubers from potato psyllid-infested plants had significantly higher levels of reducing sugars （glucose） and lower levels of starch than those in healthy plants, indicating that potato psyllid infestation interfered with carbohydrate metabolism in either leaves or tubers, resulting in ZC expression.
文摘The impacts of potato psyllid （Bactericera cockerelli） feeding on potato foliage on the free amino acids （FAAs） composition in potato leaf and tubers were determined under greenhouse conditions. The free amino acids in plant extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and in both leaf and tuber samples, at least 17 FAAs were detected. Psyllid feeding significantly changed the levels of several FAAs in both leaf and tuber samples. The concentration of leucine increased 1.5-fold, whereas that of serine and proline increased 2- and 3-fold, respectively. In contrast, the concentrations ofglutamic acid, aspartic acid and lyscine were significantly reduced by 42.0%, 52.1% and 27.5%, respectively. There were also significant changes in the levels of FAAs in the Zebra chip （ZC） infected tubers compared with the healthy tubers, and the levels of six of the FAAs increased, and the levels of nine of the FAAs decreased. The results from this study indicate that potato psyllid causes major changes in free amino acid composition of plant tissues, and this change in plant metabolism may contribute to the plant stress as indicated by increased levels of proline in the leaves and hence promoting the development of plant diseases such as ZC disease.
