Quantification of the adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil in virgin coconut oil using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging

The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs,which diminishes the quality of the VCO.This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900-1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants(0-100%)in VCO and to develop predictive mapping.The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method,and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991,the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%,and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37.The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO.The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0-100%.NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick,accurate,and non-destructive detection method.

Coconut oil research:Past,present,and future directions

Coconut oil contains a rich amount of medium-chain fatty acids,including lauric acid,decanoic acid,and octanoic acid,as well as the corresponding medium-chain triglycerides.It possesses functional attributes such as facile digestion and absorption,as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties.The study utilized the Citespace and VOSviewer visual analysis software to examine the quantity of published papers,authors,publishing institutions,research hotspots and frontiers of 3442 effective literatures on the theme of"coconut oil"in the Web of Science(WoS)Core Collection database.The research on coconut oil can be condensed into four primary sections:(1)investigation and utilization of physiochemical characteristics of coconut oil,(2)analysis of nutritional composition and study of the effectiveness of coconut oil,(3)identification of adulteration in coconut oil,(4)evaluation of the impact of coconut oil as a dietary supplement on animal metabolism.Additionally,research focal points have evolved in three distinct phases.Prior to 2008,numerous studies were conducted to investigate the precise fatty acid makeup of coconut oil and its potential for lowering cholesterol levels.From 2009 to 2016,significant emphasis was placed on examining the impact of coconut oil on methane production in ruminants.Between 2018 to 2023,the main focus will be on investigating how nanoparticles can alter the properties of coconut oil.In the future,the anticipated research areas of interest are expected to focus on the rapid detection method of coconut oil,the efficacy of coconut oil and the advancement of coconut resources.The objective of this review is to provide researchers with relevant information about coconut oil,aiming to foster the continued growth of the coconut oil industry.

Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

The current energy crisis could be alleviated by enhancing energy generation using the abundant biomass waste resources. Agricultural and forest wastes are the leading organic waste streams that can be transformed into useful alternative energy resources. Pyrolysis is one of the technologies for converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. This work investigated the production of bio-oil through batch pyrolysis technology. A fixed bed pyrolyzer was designed and fabricated for bio-oil production. The major components of the system include a fixed bed reactor, a condenser, and a bio-oil collector. The reactor was heated using a cylindrical biomass external heater. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor at a pressure of 1atm and a varying operating temperature of 150˚C, 250˚C, 350˚C to 450˚C for 120 minutes. The mass of 1kg of coconut fiber was used with particle sizes between 2.36 mm - 4.75 mm. The results show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced, with the highest yield being 39.2%, at 450˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/min. The Fourier transformation Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the bio-oil components. The obtained bio-oil has a pH of 2.4, a density of 1019.385 kg/m3, and a calorific value of 17.5 MJ/kg. The analysis also showed the presence of high-oxygenated compounds;carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, and branched oxygenated hydrocarbons as the main compounds present in the bio-oil. The results inferred that the liquid product could be bestowed as an alternative resource for polycarbonate material production.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid-coconut oil supported liquid membrane for the separation of copper ions from copper plating wastewater

Permeation of Cu（Ⅱ） from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane （SLM） containing di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid （D2EHPA） carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu（Ⅱ）, pH （in feed）, H2SO4 （stripping） and D2EHPA （in membrane） concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconut oil has also been evaluated. High Cu（Ⅱ） concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10^-9 to 8.9 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s） within the Cu（Ⅱ） concentration range 7.8×10^-4-78.6×10^-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s）. The optimum conditions for Cu（Ⅱ） transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA （membrane） in 0.5 μm pore size polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） membrane. It has been observed that Cu（Ⅱ） flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu（Ⅱ）.

The effect of surfactant on the physical properties of coconut oil nanoemulsions

The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions containing coconut oil was investigated. Coconut oil nanoemulsions containing varied amounts of surfactants including polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether(PGO), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate(POS), polyethylene glycol hydrogenated castor oil(PHC), sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) and poloxamer 407(PLX) were formulated and comparatively evaluated for their physical properties. The results showed that the coconut oil nanoemulsions using PGO, POS and PHC as surfactants exhibited low percent creaming index indicating excellent stability, while those containing SLS and PLX demonstrated the higher percent creaming index suggesting lesser physical stability. The droplet sizes of nanoemulsions consisting of 5%(w/w) PGO, POS and PHC were 22.843, 4.458 and 0.162 μm, respectively. Thus, coconut oil nanoemulsions with the smallest size could be obtained when PHC was applied. Furthermore, the droplet size of nanoemulsions decreased from 33 μm to less than 200 nm with an increase in the amount of PHC from 1% to 10%(w/w). Additionally, the properties of coconut oil based nanoemulsions containing PHC were not changed through temperature cycling test. From these results, it was suggested that the fabrication of stable coconut oil nanoemulsions with small particle size could be easily achieved by using 5%(w/w) PHC as a surfactant. The knowledge gained from the study might provide the basic guideline for the fabrication of stable nanoemulsions for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields in the future.

Anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of virgin coconut oil in alloxan induced diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats

Oxidative stress has been discovered to be involved in the progression of diabetes mellitus. The antioxidant properties of virgin coconut oil (VCO) among other functions might have a beneficial effect in ameliorating the disease. This study was aimed to determine the glycemic and antioxidant effects of VCO in alloxan induced diabetic rats. 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: control (C), diabetes untreated (DUT), diabetes treated with 7.5 ml/kg VCO (DT7.5) and diabetes treated with 10 ml/kg VCO (DT10). Alloxan (100 mg/kg b.w I.P) was used to induce diabetes and VCO was administered orally once daily for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose level was measured on Day 0 (72 hours post alloxan injection) and after 4 weeks. Glucose tolerance test was conducted on the 4th week as well as the determination of serum insulin and liver antioxidant parameters using standard biochemical methods. Values are means ± S.E.M., compared by ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. The results show that VCO significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose level in DT7.5 rats (132.4 ± 6.911) and DT10 rats (131.6 ± 12.2) are compared with DUT rats (320.4 ± 22.99) and improved the oral glucose tolerance. Serum insulin was increased in DT10 rats. GSH activities significantly increased p 10 rats (0.39 ± 0.022) when compared to DUT rats (0.032 ± 0.004). CAT activities also significantly increased p 7.5 (17.63 ± 0.61) and DT10 rats (30.88 ± 0.97) when compared to DUT rats (10.98 ± 0.6). SOD activities significantly increased p 0.05 in DT7.5 (2.634 ± 0.04) and DT10 rats (2.258 ± 0.32) when compared to DUT rats (1.366 ± 0.05) while MDA significantly reduced p 7.5 (49.16 ± 0.51) and DT10 (33.64 ± 0.42) rats when compared to DUT rats (99.93 ± 4.79). This study revealed that VCO has a hypoglycemic action, enhances insulin secretion and also ameliorates oxidative stress induced in type I (alloxan-induced diabetic) male rats.

Diversification of Cassava Flour in the Manufacture of Gluten-Free Flakes Enriched with Dietary Fibers from Virgin Coconut Oil Waste Flour

Food diversification is a way to strengthen national food security, for example by reducing the dependence on wheat flour as a main raw material of various food products through the use of cassava flour. Cassava flour, a rich source of carbohydrates, can be used in the making of flakes. In this study, the Virgin coconut oil （VCO） waste flour was added in cassava flour to produce gluten-free cassava flour flakes with high dietary fiber contents. The six different formulas of flakes were used in this study with addition of 0% （control）, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% coconut waste flour, respectively. Then, the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the flakes were measured. Based on the proximate data, both flours have a good quality. The microbiological analysis shows cassava flour and coconut waste flour have good sanitation and food safety. Results showed that flakes with 80% cassava flour and 20% coconut waste flour are gluten-free and contain 2.52% water, 2.27% ash, 14.40% fat, 4.50% protein, 76.31% carbohydrate, 8.56% dietary fiber. Therefore, it can be said that cassava flour flakes can serve as gluten-free and rich dietary fiber ready-to-eat food.

Volatile Organic Compounds in Crude Coconut and Petroleum Oils in Nigeria

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in crude coconut and petroleum oils from Nigeria is reported. Using head-space gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and mass spectrometer, 8 VOCs were found in crude coconut oil and 29 VOCs were identified in crude petroleum oil. Crude coconut oil contained two aromatic, two nitrogenated, and four oxygenated compounds. Alkane, alkene, alkyne, halogenated, and sulfur compounds were absent in crude coconut oil but not in crude petroleum oil. The same observation held true for naphthalene. Conversely, benzofuran was absent in crude petroleum oil but was present in crude coconut oil at a concentration of 1.38 part-per-billion (ppb). The most concentrated VOC in crude coconut oil was dodecanoic acid at 9.98 ppb and that of crude petroleum oil was toluene at 12.61 ppb. Total VOC concentrations in crude coconut and petroleum oils are 20.49 and 87.46 ppb, respectively. These results are helpful in characterizing the chemical signature of Nigerian crude coconut oil for potential forensics use or in biofuel research.

Antiphotooxidative Effect of Ascorbic Acid Microemulsion in Virgin Coconut Oil

This study was intended to determine the effectiveness of ascorbic acid microemulsion for inhibiting photooxidation of virgin coconut oil （VCO）. The ascorbic acid microemulsion was prepared by mixing ascorbic acid, deionized water, surfactant mixture, and VCO as continuous phase. Ascorbic acid microemulsion at 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 ppm was dispersed into VCO. The same level of ascorbyl palmitate, TBHQ （tertiary butylhydroquinone）, and BHA （butylated hidroxyanisole） were added into VCO and used for comparison. All of these samples were subsequently subjected to photooxidation under fluorescent light exposure （4,000 lux） for up to 8 hours at room temperature （30 ~ 1 ~C）. Peroxide values and p-anisidine values of photooxidized samples were measured at 1 hour interval. The result indicated that at the level of 250 ppm, ascorbic acid which was included into the microemulsion system effectively inhibited photooxidation of VCO in comparison with the other antioxidants. This study confirmed that a highly hydrophilic singlet oxygen quencher （SOQ） such as ascorbic acid can be successfully incorporated into the microemulsion system and the addition of ascorbic acid microemulsion effectively inhibited photooxidation of VCO during storage under fluorescent light.

Optimization of Parameters for Fermentative Production of Virgin Coconut Oil by Lactobacillus fermentum NDRI 141

Commercially, many methods are adopted for the production of the Virgin Coconut Oil （VCO）. Nowadays, natural fermentation is widely employed to produce VCO in wet processing. But the problem in natural fermentation process has much contamination, due to surplus micro organisms present in natural environment, which leads to the poor quality of VCO. To overcome this, usage of probiotic organism like Lactobacillus fermentum is more beneficial for the fermentative production of VCO. Fermentation studies were conducted scientifically in computer controlled bioreactor to determine the effect of pH, temperature, inoculum concentration, oxygen requirement and incubation time on the yield of VCO. Yield efficiency of VCO in each parameter was determined. The pH of 5± 0.1, temperature at 45 ± 0.1 ~C, inoculum concentration of 2%, fermentation end time of 48 hrs and microaerophilic conditions are the most suitable parameters for the superior production of VCO.

Effects of Coconut Oil on Human Health

Coconut oil (CO) has generated discussions about its possible effects on health, especially for being an oil rich in saturated fat, which is known to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, CO contains high levels of lauric acid that is directly absorbed by enterocytes and may prevent the fat deposition in blood vessels. In addition, flavonoids and polyphenols present in CO may be beneficial in reducing the oxidative stress involved in the etiology of various diseases, for instance, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This article aimed to review the likely benefits of CO and its effects related to oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and chronicle diseases in humans.

Effect of Different Vegetable Oils (Red Palm Olein, Palm Olein, Corn Oil and Coconut Oil) on Lipid Profile in Rat

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of different vegetable oils [red palm olein (RPO), palm olein (PO), corn oil (CO) and coconut oil (COC)] on lipid profile in rat. Sixty six Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into eleven groups of 6 rats per group and were treated with 15% concentrations of RPO, PO, CO and COC for 4 and 8 weeks. Rats in control group were given normal rat pellet only while in treated groups 15% of additional vegetable oils were given. The results at 4 weeks showed a decline in Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) values at RPO and PO groups whereas in CO and COC groups the LDL-C were increased compared to the control group. The High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) values increased in RPO and PO groups whereas it was declined in CO and COC groups compared to the control group. At 8 weeks, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in HDL-C of rats treated with vegetable oils compared to the control group. However, the LDL-C in RPO and PO was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in the LDL-C and there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) for CO and COC groups compared to the control groups. The mean value of the LDL-C after 8 weeks in the control group, RPO, PO, CO, and COC groups were 66.1 mg/dl, 31.9 mg/dl, 41.1 mg/dl, 50.41 mg/dl and 54.31 mg/dl respectively. There was significant decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in the total cholesterol (TC) in RPO group for 4 weeks compared to the control group while the TC in PO, CO and COC were within the normal range. The results of TC in all treated rats for 8 weeks were within the normal range. There was no significant difference in TC of rats treated with vegetable oils compared to the control group. Triglycerides (TG) in all treated rats for 4 weeks were within the normal range whereas the TG in RPO, PO and CO groups for 8 weeks were significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control group but there was no significant difference between the control group and COC group.

初榨椰子油加工技术的研究进展

初榨椰子油是从成熟椰肉中提取的可食用油脂,在护肤护发、减肥、调节脂质代谢、维护心血管健康等方面具有显著功效,是近年来健康食品中的明星产品,市场消费规模也越来越大。加工技术与工艺是影响椰子油品质的关键因素,国内外学者除了在对传统干法和湿法加工技术进行优化升级外,在初榨椰子油的新型加工技术和工艺方面加大研究力度如超临界二氧化碳技术,也在油脂的营养功能价值挖掘等方面进行了深入探索。本文旨在归纳总结近年来初榨椰子油的加工工艺、油脂品质和功能特性等方面的国内外研究进展情况,以期为广大从业者和相关科研工作者提供参考和借鉴。

生酮椰子油微胶囊的制备及其加工适用性探究

含可消化碳水化合物类壁材的油脂微胶囊不适合用于生酮食品的加工,椰子油中链脂肪酸含量较高,有利于促进机体生酮。因此,该研究以乳清分离蛋白和低分子质量阿拉伯胶为壁材,通过喷雾干燥法制备生酮椰子油微胶囊。对微胶囊的制备工艺进行优化,并通过对微胶囊的理化性质和体外消化情况进行分析,探究其在食品加工中的适用性。结果表明,当以吐温-80和Span-80复配物为乳化剂[亲水亲油平衡值(hydrophilic lipophilic balance,HLB)=10]、乳化剂添加量为总固形物含量的3%(质量分数)、芯壁比为1∶2、阿拉伯胶和乳清分离蛋白的质量比为1∶2、固形物含量为7.5%(质量分数),进风温度为180℃、出风温度为85℃时,微胶囊有最高的包埋率,为87.61%。微胶囊具有良好的加工特性,其可以满足一般食品热加工需要,在较宽的p H范围内和较大的Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Na^(+)浓度下能保持稳定,但对Fe^(2+)的耐受性较差(为50 mmol/L)。体外模拟消化结果表明,微胶囊对芯材的释放起到了良好的缓释作用,椰子油主要在肠道中释放,总释放率高达95.21%。生酮椰子油微胶囊的制备为生酮食品提供了新的原料选择。

椰子油催化裂解提质生物油的燃烧性能评价

在温度450℃、氮气气氛下,将椰子油液相热解为椰子油热解油,然后进一步以CaO为催化剂进行气相催化裂解制得提质生物油。将柴油、提质生物油和棕榈生物柴油按不同比例混合得到柴油-提质生物油二元燃料和柴油-提质生物油-生物柴油三元燃料,采用柴油机测试混合燃料的燃油经济性和燃烧性能。结果表明:与椰子油热解油相比,提质生物油的酸值显著降低,低热值提升4.46%,含氧质量分数下降31%。柴油-提质生物油-生物柴油三元燃料在预喷阶段的放热率比柴油略有下降,而在主喷阶段的放热率有所升高,这与2段喷射期间的缸内压力变化相一致。与柴油-提质生物油二元燃料相比,生物柴油的加入使得三元燃料的十六烷值得到提升,滞燃期缩短,放热起始点提前,并且瞬时放热率峰值相位更加接近柴油。因此,柴油-提质生物油-生物柴油三元燃料在燃烧特性上更接近柴油,更适合作为理想的替代燃料。

椰子油纳米乳液制备工艺条件优化

为扩大椰子油的应用范围,以精制冷榨椰子油为油相,Tween 80为乳化剂,无水乙醇为助乳剂,采用超声乳化法制备椰子油纳米乳液。以椰子油纳米乳液平均粒径及多分散指数(PDI)为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验对椰子油纳米乳液制备工艺条件进行优化,并对制备的椰子油纳米乳液的类型进行鉴定。结果表明:椰子油纳米乳液最佳制备工艺条件为超声功率500 W、超声时间20 min、油乳质量比1∶1.5、油乳混合物与水质量比2∶8,在此条件下制得的纳米乳液平均粒径和PDI分别为131.0 nm和0.27;制得的椰子油纳米乳液为水包油(O/W)型。该工艺条件下制得的椰子油纳米乳液粒径小且均匀,且O/W型的椰子油纳米乳液拓宽了椰子油的应用范围。

椰子油对核桃发酵乳品质影响及其发酵工艺研究

以核桃原浆和椰子油为原料制作发酵乳。以感官评分为指标,在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面试验优化发酵工艺,并以发酵乳的持水性和质构为特性指标,探究椰子油对发酵乳结构体系的影响。结果表明:最优发酵工艺条件为以核桃浆质量为基准,蔗糖添加量4%、发酵温度38℃、发酵时间12 h、菌种接种量5%、椰子油添加量8%,在此条件下的发酵乳口感细腻,香味浓郁,感官评分为90.6,且发酵乳的持水性最高,质构表现最优,理化和卫生指标均符合相关标准要求。

某低品位铷矿选矿探索试验

某Rb_(2)O品位仅为0.048%的低品位铷矿,直接进行氯化焙烧—浸出,可获得合格的氯化铷产品,为了降低综合加工成本,提高铷资源的开发利用价值,针对该低品位铷矿开展了铷资源选矿预富集探索试验。试验结果表明:在磨矿细度为-74μm65%及中性浮选条件下,将十二烷基硫酸钠与椰油胺按质量配比1∶1作为组合捕收剂,采用1粗2扫、粗选与扫选精矿合并再经1次精选浮选工艺流程,最终获得了Rb_(2)O品位0.102%、Rb_(2)O回收率60.99%的铷精矿。

采用复合乳化剂制备椰子油-葵花籽油基植脂奶油的研究

为解决传统植脂奶油所用部分氢化植物油中饱和脂肪酸与反式脂肪酸带来的健康问题,以椰子油-葵花籽油混合油(质量比1∶1)为基料油,β-环糊精和大豆卵磷脂为复合乳化剂,采用物理复配法制备植脂奶油,采用单因素试验研究了水分含量、β-环糊精和大豆卵磷脂添加量对植脂奶油持油性、持水性和稳定性的影响,并通过响应面法优化了制备工艺条件。结果表明:植脂奶油最优制备工艺条件为β-环糊精添加量6.0%、大豆卵磷脂添加量1.1%、水分含量38.0%,在此条件下植脂奶油的持油性和持水性分别达到98.9%和93.8%;对植脂奶油的稳定性分析也进一步说明了持油性、持水性与稳定性之间的正向关系。综上,以β-环糊精和大豆卵磷脂为复合乳化剂,采用物理复配法制备的椰子油-葵花籽油基植脂奶油是一种潜在的营养健康植脂奶油。

棕榈仁油取代椰子油生产人造奶油的研究

棕榈仁油的物化性质与棕榈油差异较大,但与椰子油形似。对两者的熔点、碘值、固体脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成、结晶形态进行比较,之后分别添加到混合油脂中,对相容性进行比较,最后进行成品品质分析。结果表明:棕榈仁油与椰子油熔点均在25℃左右;月桂酸质量分数均超过40%;棕榈仁油的不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为18.1%,椰子油为10.3%;棕榈仁油的结晶比椰子油细腻。在混合油脂中,棕榈仁油相容性好于椰子油。在成品中,含棕榈仁油人造奶油,其打发值为312.4、吸水值为650 mL,表现较优。同时,棕榈仁油市场价格也相对较低,可产生可观的经济效益。