Identification and developmental expression of putative gene encoding juvenile hormone esterase(CpJHE-like) in codling moth, Cydia pomonella(L.)

Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.

China starts a genome-sequencing project of codling moth,Cydia pomonella L.

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae）, is a destructive insect pest in the fruit production. The emergences of this notorious pest frequently cause the huge economic loss of apple orchards. It can also attacks pears, walnuts and other tree fruits. The codling moth is an important invasive species in China, which first appeared in Kuerle, Xijiang in 1953 and rapidly expanded in the whole area, in 1987 the codling moth spread to Dunhuang, Gansu. Recently, researchers from the Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University and so on initiated a genome-sequencing project of the codling moth. The genome size of the codling moth is 650 Mb, as estimated by flow cytometry and survey sequencing. Since the heterozygousity is a potential obstacle in sequencing the insect genome, the research consortium carefully measured the heterozygousity of the codling moth by SNP analysis and 17-mer estimation, showing that the heterozygousity of the codling moth is around 0.3-0.6%. The whole genome shotgun strategy is adopted and a sequencing plan has been made and officially started. The availability of the codling moth genome should be of great value to uncover the molecular invasion mechanism, high adaptive ability to the stress and to develop efficient control strategies of this pest worldwide and in China.

Thin-Plate Spline Analysis of Diversity in Field Populations of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L. （Lep., Tortricidae） in North West of Iran

In order to study morphological diversity of codling moth, Cydia pomonella （L.） using thin-plate spline analysis, nine geographical populations from four north western provinces of Iran namely East Azarbayjan, West Azarbayjan, Ardebil and Zandjan were collected during 2003 and 2004. 575 and 564 images were prepared from fore and hind wings, respectively. Then 15 and 11 landmarks were determined from fore and hind wings, respectively. With transforming of landmark＇s two dimensional coordinate data into partial warp scores, 26 and 18 scores were generated for fore and hind wings, respectively. Cluster analysis based on wing shape variables using Ward＇s algorithm assigned nine geographical populations into two groups. The pattern of grouping based on fore and hind wings was different in both sexes. Principal component analysis revealed discrimination between geographic populations and confirmed the result of cluster analysis. Among environmental parameters, wind speed showed the highest correlation with wing shape variables. Non significant correlation was observed between geographic and morphological distance matrices as revealed by Mantel test.

苹果蠹蛾在和田地区2个核桃品种上的种群动态

[目的]本文旨在明确和田地区核桃物候与苹果蠹蛾的发生关系,为精准防控提供理论依据。[方法]从核桃花期至果实成熟期定点、定期在野外进行物候观察,用游标卡尺测量果实三径,通过随机抽样法调查苹果蠹蛾各虫态发生,并将核桃物候与苹果蠹蛾各虫态发生进行关联。[结果]对苹果蠹蛾成虫消长动态调查发现,4月下旬‘新丰’核桃物候为果实膨大期,‘扎343’核桃物候为坐果期时,越冬代成虫达羽化高峰,在此阶段开展对越冬代成虫的防治可有效降低虫口密度;7月下旬‘新丰’核桃物候为果皮转色期,‘扎343’核桃物候为硬核期时,第1代成虫达羽化高峰,在此阶段开展对第1代成虫的防治可有效降低虫口密度。对产卵调查发现,4月下旬至5月上旬,越冬代成虫开始产卵,核桃物候为果实膨大期(花后20~30 d),此时为第1代卵防治的最佳时期;5月上旬至5月下旬,越冬代成虫产卵达高峰,核桃物候为果实膨大期(花后30~40 d),此时为第1代初孵幼虫防治的最佳时期;8月上旬,第1代成虫产卵达高峰。‘新丰’核桃物候为果皮开裂期,‘扎343’核桃物候为果皮转色期,此时为第2代初孵幼虫防治的最佳时期。对蛀果调查发现,5月上旬至6月上旬,第1代幼虫开始为害并达为害高峰,核桃物候为果实膨大期(花后40~60 d),此时为第1代老熟幼虫防治的最佳时期;8月上旬,第2代幼虫蛀果达高峰,‘新丰’核桃物候为果皮开裂期,‘扎343’核桃物候为果皮转色期,此时为第2代老熟幼虫的最佳防治时期。[结论]结合核桃物候明确了苹果蠹蛾各虫态的发生动态,为苹果蠹蛾各虫态的精准防控奠定基础,进而减少苹果蠹蛾对核桃果实的为害。

7种药剂对苹果蠹蛾的防治效果

为了筛选对苹果蠹蛾毒力大、防效好的生物药剂,为其防治提供依据,选用7种药剂进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐GR1 000倍液和8 000 IU/mg苏云金芽孢杆菌SP1 000倍液的防效在药后30 d均达到80%以上,且不污染环境,正常施药后不产生药害。因此,这两种药剂适合在防治苹果蠹蛾时大面积推广使用。

两种苹果蠹蛾性引诱剂诱捕器诱捕效率比较及地面植被的影响

在甘肃省高台县通过对三角胶粘式和水盆式这2种类型苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella（L.）诱捕器的田间比较研究。结果显示,二者在诱捕效率上存在的明显差异。在苹果蠹蛾密度较低的条件下,三角胶粘式诱捕器平均日诱捕量为2.50只,比水盆式诱捕器高出近2.84倍,最早监测到成虫的时间也比水盆式诱捕器提前3-4d,因此,三角胶粘式诱捕器具有更高的监测效率。结果还显示地面植被的遮盖极大地降低诱捕器的诱捕效果,严重时会使诱捕器对密度较低的苹果蠹蛾种群的监测功能丧失。

苹果蠹蛾入侵的影响因素及检疫调控措施

苹果蠹蛾是世界性重要的果树害虫之一,适应性广,危害严重,成为许多国家重要的检疫对象。为了更有效地防止苹果蠹蛾入侵中国主要水果产区,借鉴更安全环保的检疫处理和苹果蠹蛾发生区的控制措施,分析了苹果蠹蛾的传播途径和成功入侵的影响因素如寄主植物、温度、湿度、降雨和光周期等,并重点介绍了溴甲烷熏蒸、低氧空气或混合气体处理和高温低氧低温冷藏处理等检疫处理,以及性诱剂、苹果蠹蛾颗粒病毒和利用赤眼蜂等田间生物防治措施。苹果蠹蛾的成功入侵与寄主植物的种类有直接的关系,而气候条件则是影响其种群的重要因素。3种检疫处理措施均能安全有效地杀灭水果中苹果蠹蛾的不同虫态,而田间生物防治措施则能有效地控制苹果蠹蛾成虫、卵和幼虫3个重要的虫态,从而降低水果的损失。因此,这些结果为苹果蠹蛾的内外检疫和和田间控制提供了重要的参考。

Comparison of fatty acid composition in total lipid of diapause and non-diapause larvae of Cydia pomonella （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae）

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extracted from the whole body of Cydia pomonella L. larvae were determined by gas chromatography. The six most abundant fatty acids in both non-diapause and diapause larvae of codling moth were oleic （35%-39%）, palmitic （23%-33%）, linoleic （16%-30%）, palmitoleic （5%-10%）, stearic （1.5%-3.0%） and linolenic acids （1.0%-2.5%）. This represents a typical complement of Lepidopteran fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of total lipid of C. pomonella larvae was related to diapause. In similarity to most other reports, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased in diapause initiation state. The total lipid of diapause larvae contained more linoleic acid （25.8% vs. 16.1%） and less palmitic acid （24.7% vs. 33.4%）, than that of non-diapause larvae. The weight percentage of linoleic acid （C 18：2） increased from 16% to 26% from early-August through early-September during transition to diapause, while palmitic acid （C16：0） decreased from 33% to 25% at the same time. These changes resulted in an increase in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids （UFA/SFA） from 1.72 in non-diapause larvae to 2.63 in diapause larvae.

Field Trials of CpGV Virus Isolates Overcoming Resistance to CpGV-M

The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France and Italy. A laboratory insect colony was started from insects collected in a French resistant orchard. It was named RGV. Various virus isolates were identified as active against this resistant insect colony. Field tests were carried out in 2007 to test if the two virus isolates CpGV-I12 and NPP-R1 were effective in the field. Although these virus isolates were not able to reduce insect caused fruit damages, they significantly reduced the overwintering insect populations. NPP-R1 was subjected to eight passages on RGV larvae (NPP-R1.8) that improved its biological activity on RGV larvae. 2008 field trials were set up to test this improved virus strain, compared to CpGV-I12 and Madex plus active on RGV. These tests confirmed the ability to control both in susceptible and resistant insect populations.

苹果蠹蛾线粒体DNA COⅠ基因克隆与序列分析

本研究采集新疆阿拉尔地区苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)幼虫,对其线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)基因进行了扩增、克隆和测序,并对COⅠ序列进行了分析。结果显示:苹果蠹蛾DNA扩增出的COⅠ基因序列片段长度为709bp,序列中A+T含量极高,占68.7%,而G+C的含量只有31.3%。经基因序列比对,与其它几种食心虫的同源性为85.4%～88.1%,遗传距离为0.130～0.162;采用NJ法构建了卷蛾科系统树,所得的聚类结果与传统的分类结果基本一致。本研究结果为苹果蠹蛾快速鉴定的DNA条形码技术研究提供重要基础。