An improved strain-softening constitutive model of granite considering the effect of crack deformation

This paper presents an improved strain-softening constitutive model considering the effect of crack deformation based on the triaxial cyclic loading and unloading test results.The improved model assumes that total strain is a combination of plastic,elastic,and crack strains.The constitutive relationship between the crack strain and the stress was further derived.The evolutions of mechanical parameters,i.e.strength parameters,dilation angle,unloading elastic modulus,and deformation parameters of crack,with the plastic strain and confining pressure were studied.With the increase in plastic strain,the cohesion,friction angle,dilation angle,and crack Poisson's ratio initially increase and subsequently decrease,and the unloading elastic modulus and the crack elastic modulus nonlinearly decrease.The increasing confining pressure enhances the strength and unloading elastic modulus,and decreases the dilation angle and Poisson's ratio of the crack.The theoretical triaxial compressive stress-strain curves were compared with the experimental results,and they present a good agreement with each other.The improved constitutive model can well reflect the nonlinear mechanical behavior of granite.

The Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains for Unsaturated Soils

The principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains for rock and soil has been extended to the field of unsaturated soils.Two new interactions of suction-plastic volumetric strain and pore air pressure-plastic volumetric strain appear in the unsaturated state of a soil except the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains.It is very important to find that the suction possesses a dual property,which is the origin of generating its special functions.Thereby the effect of the suction on volumetric strain includes two opposite aspects.By means of this property of suction,the physical significance of effective stress parameter,effects of suction on volume change and preconsolidation pressure,and the mechanism of collapse upon wetting all can be explained.In addition,it is theoretically proved by application of this principle of interaction that the critical state line for unsaturated soils exists,and is unique and independent of the stress history.

Irradiation effect on strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） has been investigated through experiments. FBGs were fabricated in single mode fibers with 3 tool% Ge-concentration in the core and with a H2-1oading treatment. In experiments, the FBGs were subjected to y-radiation exposures using a Co6~ source at a dose-rate of 25 Gy/min up to a total dose of 10.5 kGy. The GeO defect in fiber absorbs photons to form a GeE＇ defect; the interaction with H2 is a probable reason for the y-radiation sensitivity of gratings written in hydrogen loaded fibres, The effect mechanism of radiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient is similar to that of radiation on the temperature sensitivity coefficient. Radiation affects the effective index neff, which results in the change of the thermo-optic coefficient and the strain-optic coefficient. Irradiation can change the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBGs by 1.48%-2.71%, as well as changing the Bragg wavelength shift （BWS） by 22 pm-25 pm under a total dose of 10.5 kGy. Our research demonstrates that the effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBG is small and that strain sensing FBGs can work well in the radiation environment.

Shaking table test and cumulative deformation evaluation analysis of a tunnel across the hauling sliding surface

To explore the cumulative deformation effect of the dynamic response of a tunnel crossing the hauling sliding surface under earthquakes,the shaking table test was conducted in this study.Combined with the numerical calculations,this study proposed magnification of the Arias intensity(MIa)to characterize the overall local deformation damage of the tunnel lining in terms of the deformation characteristics,frequency domain,and energy.Using the time‐domain analysis method,the plastic effect coefficient(PEC)was proposed to characterize the degree of plastic deformation,and the applicability of the seismic cumulative failure effect(SCFE)was discussed.The results show that the low‐frequency component(f1 and f2≤10 Hz)and the high‐frequency component(f3 and f4>10 Hz)acceleration mainly cause global and local deformation of the tunnel lining.The local deformation caused by the high‐frequency wave has an important effect on the seismic damage of the lining.The physical meaning of PEC is more clearly defined than that of the residual strain,and the SCFE of the tunnel lining can also be defined.The SCFE of the tunnel lining includes the elastic deformation effect stage(<0.15g),the elastic–plastic deformation effect stage(0.15g–0.30g),and the plastic deformation effect stage(0.30g–0.40g).This study can provide valuable theoretical and technical support for the construction of traffic tunnels in high‐intensity earthquake areas.

A SIMPLIFIED OVER-STRESS ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THEDYNAMIC BUCKLING OF A PERFECTLY PLASTICCOLUMN UNDER AXIAL IMPACT

This paper introduces the strain-rate effects in the analysis of dynamic buckling of a perfectly plastic cohoumn. The corresponding differential equation of dynamics is deduced. The expressions of half-wave length of buckling mode. critical load and time of buckling are obtained. Discussion on the strain-rate effect on the plastic dynamic buckling of a column is presented. The results of this paper are compared with those of the theory and experiment in[4]

THE VOID-SIZE EFFECT ON PLASTIC FLOW LOCALIZATION IN THE GURSON MODEL

Recent studies have shown that the size of microvoids has a significant effect on the void growth rate.The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the void size effect can influence the plastic flow localization in ductile materials.We have used the extended Gurson's dilatational plasticity theory,which accounts for the void size effect,to study the plastic flow localization in porous solids with long cylindrical voids.The localization model of Rice is adopted,in which the material inside the band may display a different response from that outside the band at the incipient plastic flow localization.The present study shows that it has little effect on the shear band angle.

INFLUENCES OF MICROSCOPE SIZE EFFECT OF MATRIX ON PLASTIC POTENTIAL AND VOID GROWTH OF POROUS MATERIALS

Based on approximate theoretical analyses on a typical spherical cellcontaining a spherical rnicrovoid, the influences of matrix materials' microscopic scale on themacroscopic constitutive potential theory of porous material and microvoid growth have beeninvestigated in detail. By assuming that the plastic: deformation behavior of matrix materialsfollows the strain gradient (SG) plastic theory involving the stretch and rotation gradients , theratio (λ = l/a) of the matrix materials' intrinsic characteristic length l to the micro-void radiusa is introduced into the plastic constitutive potential and the void growth law. The presentresults indicate that, when the radius a of microvoids is comparable with the intrinsiccharacteristic length l of the matrix materials, the influence of microscopic size effect on neitherthe constitutive potential nor the micro-void evolution predicted can be ignored. And when the voidradius a is much lager than the intrinsic characteristic length l of the matrix materials, thepresent model can retrogress automatically to the improved Gur-son model that takes into account thestrain hardening effect of matrix materials.

EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRAIN IN FINITE DEFORMATION

Whether the concept of effective stress and strain in elastic-plastic theory is still valid under the condition of finite deformation was mainly discussed. The uni-axial compression experiments in plane stress and plane strain states were chosen for study. In the two kinds of stress states, the stress-strain curve described by logarithm strain and rotated Kirchhoff stress matches the experiments data better than the curves defined by other stress-strain description.

Determination of plastic equation of state by indentation method on 304 stainless steel

An indentation method for determining the plastic mechanical equation of state (PES) was studied. The constant loading rate and constant loading rate/load indentation tests were carried out. The method for determining the work-hardening coefficient and the strain rate sensitivity coefficient of PES were discussed in detail. 304 stainless steel hot-treated at 1100°C was used to verify the method. The work-hardening coefficient and strain rate sensitivity coefficient of 304 stainless steel were respectively determined as 0.30 and 0.015. These values are very close to those achieved by tensile tests. From the establishment of the PES of 304 stainless steel it is shown that the PES obtained by the indentation method is easier than that by the tensile test.

RPC应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子无量纲化计算模型研究

为了方便活性粉末混凝土(Reactive Powder Concrete,RPC)等效矩形应力图系数与塑性损伤因子的计算与取值,对RPC应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子的计算模型进行了理论研究。通过对现有的计算方法进行无量纲化转化,推导了决定计算模型的四个原函数条件;对一个实际的应力-应变关系进行了计算,将得到的结果进行了分析;并对受弯矩形梁非极限状态下截面内力和力矩的推定计算进行了演示。针对应力-应变关系式含有非整次有理分式的情况提出了曲线拟合方法;研究了拟合次数、拟合区间和拟合函数类型对拟合精度与稳定性的影响。比较了4种典型的RPC本构模型在同种材料下的应力-应变曲线系数与损伤因子取值模型曲线,结果显示:拟合曲线得到的取值模型与其他原始曲线得到的取值模型在曲线上具有较高的相似度,证明了曲线拟合方法的准确可靠性;最后给出了一种RPC受压应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子无量纲化取值模型。

不同含水率细砂岩软化效应及裂纹演化规律

为研究深部坚硬顶板浸水后其力学特性及裂纹演化规律,以潘三矿区-810 m细砂岩为研究对象,开展不同含水率单轴压缩力学特性实验研究,分析其软化效应敏感程度及脆性系数,揭示不同含水率细砂岩裂纹演化规律。研究结果表明:细砂岩含水率与其脆性系数呈负相关,含水率的增加降低了其峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量,减弱了岩石的宏观破坏程度;在外部载荷持续作用下,含水率的增加是诱导孔隙水反力提前出现的关键因素,同时会促进细砂岩表面水平应变增长;细砂岩表面最大水平应变与其裂纹发育存在潜在联系,其表面宏观裂纹在最大水平应变区域出现。研究结果可为坚硬顶板注水软化机理研究提供一定参考。

四种典型球墨铸铁应变释放系数及其塑性修正研究

盲孔法是工程中测量残余应力最普遍的方法,其中材料的应变释放系数是该方法中的关键参数,目前国内外对球墨铸铁的应变释放系数研究相对较少。本文采用盲孔法对四种常用球墨铸铁QT450-10、QT550-6、QT600-3和QT700-4的应变释放系数进行了标定,得到应变释放系数与应力的关系曲线,发现低牌号的球墨铸铁由于铁素体含量多,对应力集中更为敏感,在标定试验中易产生局部的塑性变形。使用基于形状改变比能S的修正方法对四种球墨铸铁的应变释放系数进行修正,发现和其他均质金属材料不同,球墨铸铁应变释放系数与■之间存在良好的线性关系,因此提出了球墨铸铁应变释放系数关于■的修正公式,可直接应用于盲孔法测量球墨铸铁的残余应力。

热−力耦合作用下垃圾土体积变形特性和模型研究

城市生活垃圾填埋场因有机质降解产热导致其内部温度长期高于环境温度,引发工程运维问题。垃圾土温控三轴试验结果发现,温度变化引起的垃圾土体积应变与应力水平有关,且弹性体积应变占比较大,影响以塑性体积应变为硬化参数的弹塑性本构模型研究。在前期试验基础上,采用GDS温控应力路径三轴仪,研究了排水条件下温度对垃圾土中黏土体积变形特性和压缩特性的影响,并与相同条件下垃圾土体积变形特性进行比较,揭示了温度变化对垃圾土体积变形特性的影响机制。基于垃圾土温控三轴试验结果,推导了垃圾土热弹塑性压缩指数λT和热弹性压缩指数κT的确定方法;采用等效应力原则,假设温度变化引起的弹塑性体积应变等于某一等效应力增量引起的弹塑性体积应变,建立了垃圾土在热−力耦合作用下的体变计算模型,并对模型进行了验证分析。研究结果表明,孔隙比是影响垃圾土温度体积应变的主要因素;垃圾土的λT和κT随初始固结应力的增加而减小,比黏土高一个数量级;选取常温下相应固结应力水平的回弹指数κ和压缩指数λ比例值(κ/λ)能够较好地模拟热−力耦合作用下垃圾土的体积变形特性。

基于三剪能量屈服准则的岩石弹塑性耦合模型

为建立能够准确描述岩石变形过程中能量演化规律的力学模型,提出利用三剪能量屈服准则和弹性剪应变能获取岩石黏聚力与内摩擦角,以及基于三剪能量塑性势函数获取剪胀角的方法,依据所提方法和岩石循环加卸载试验数据,得到了各级围压下不同塑性累积阶段岩石的弹性模量、黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪胀角等参数,发现随着塑性变形的增大,弹性模量呈负指数关系减小,黏聚力峰前线性增大而峰后呈负指数减小,内摩擦角满足比例参数为1、形状参数为1.5的Weibull函数,剪胀角线性减小;随着围压的增大,弹性模量和黏聚力均呈线性关系增大而剪胀角呈线性减小。建立岩石三剪能量弹塑性耦合力学模型,实现了模型在有限差分软件中的二次开发并编写了能量演化监测程序。模拟岩石室内试验,结果表明所建模型能较准确地描述岩石后继屈服过程中的硬化软化、剪胀、围压效应以及能量演化等力学行为。研究成果可为从能量角度研究岩体失稳提供理论支撑和现实手段。

不同桩-土界面摩擦系数对水平荷载下大直径单桩变形特性影响研究

为研究不同桩-土界面摩擦系数对水平荷载下大直径单桩变形特性的影响,根据现场试验及室内循环剪切试验结果,采用Abaqus软件及可考虑软土软化效应的本构模型进行数值模拟。结果表明:提高桩-土界面摩擦系数可在一定程度上减少桩顶位移,其减少程度与桩土相对位移呈正相关。桩-土界面摩擦系数变化区间为0.1~0.5,在水平静载作用下,桩-土界面摩擦系数对桩顶位移的影响随荷载的增大而增大,随桩径的增大而减小。水平循环荷载作用下,桩-土界面摩擦系数对桩顶位移及桩周土体软化程度的影响随荷载峰值、荷载频率、循环次数的增大而增大,桩顶位移减小值最大可达25.85%,桩周土体软化程度最大可达17%。

基于有限元的重力式挡土墙应力与变形数值模拟分析

基于有限元强度折减法对一个11.74 m高的重力式挡土墙进行数值模拟,通过与未支护边坡进行对比,分析了重力式挡土墙的变形、应力、有效塑性应变和整体稳定性。研究结果表明,重力式挡土墙可以有效地限制边坡的滑动,其水平位移和沉降分别为3.89 mm和12.60 mm,并且水平位移沿高度方向呈现为上大下小的线性分布,重力式挡土墙的变位模式为绕墙底的转动破坏;重力式挡土墙墙身受到的压应力沿高度方向呈非线性分布。

基于高阶应变梯度塑性理论的受限薄层剪切问题研究

针对受限金属薄层在剪切塑性变形时出现明显尺度效应这一问题,现有理论分析多采用纯剪切假设和传统钝化边界条件,其理论预测与实验结果不符.文章采用黏弹塑性本构模型,对Gudmundson高阶应变梯度塑性理论进行了有限元实现,深入研究了金属薄层受限剪切的塑性变形机理.考虑因界面倾斜引起的附加压应力,采用自定义平面单元对材料的压缩-剪切组合变形进行了有限元模拟.根据表面解锁的物理机制,引入“软-硬”中间态的边界条件.结果表明,在压缩-剪切组合变形条件下,受限薄层的剪切流动应力明显低于纯剪切条件下的流动应力,而压应力的存在降低了剪切屈服强度.利用周期性钝化边界条件,能够定量描述界面处几何必需位错饱和引起的边界条件变化,理论预测与实验结果吻合.相关研究揭示了加载方式和高阶边界条件在受限薄层剪切尺度效应问题中的重要作用.

弹塑性梁板结构冲击相似性方法研究

针对传统的冲击相似性方法在处理弹塑性梁和板结构时无法同时考虑弹性效应、应变率效应和应变硬化效应的问题,提出了一种基于弹塑性材料的相似性修正方法。在现有理想弹塑性材料相似性方法基础上,通过建立应变率区间和应变区间上比例模型预测的屈服应力和原型屈服应力的最佳逼近关系,直接获得不同弹塑性材料之间的应力比例因子。通过矩形梁质量冲击模型和圆板质量冲击模型,分析了该方法的准确性和适用性。分析结果表明,该修正方法可以同时考虑真实金属材料的弹性效应、应变率效应和应变硬化效应,比现有的相似性方法适用性更广,准确性更高。

PARTICULATE SIZE EFFECTS IN THE PARTICLE-REINFORCED METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES

The influences of I,article size on the mechanical properties of the particulate metal matrix composite;are obviously displayed in the experimental observations. However, the phenomenon can not be predicted directly using the conventional elastic-plastic theory. It is because that no length scale parameters are involved in the conventional theory. In the present research, using the strain gradient plasticity theory, a systematic research of the particle size effect in the particulate metal matrix composite is carried out. The roles of many composite factors, such as: the particle size, the Young's modulus of the particle, the particle aspect ratio and volume fraction, as well as the plastic strain hardening exponent of the matrix material, are studied in detail. In order to obtain a general understanding for the composite behavior, two kinds of particle shapes, ellipsoid and cylinder, are considered to check the strength dependence of the smooth or non-smooth particle surface. Finally, the prediction results will be applied to the several experiments about the ceramic particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites. The material length scale parameter is predicted.