Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity Coefficients to Climate Factors in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions,such as Huang-Huai-Hai（3H） plain,where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand.Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration（ET 0）.In this study,the 51-yr ET 0 during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations.Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefficients for these key variables was plotted.In addition,the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefficients were obtained.Results showed that ET 0 during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET 0,due to its long phenological days,while ET 0 was detected to decrease significantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr-1in summer maize growing season.Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET 0 for summer maize season,and higher sensitive coefficient value of ET 0 to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively.Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET 0 in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET 0,furthermore the sensitivity coefficient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast.The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province.These ET 0 along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.

Parametric study on smoothed particle hydrodynamics for accurate determination of drag coefficient for a circular cylinder

Simulations of two-dimensional(2D) flow past a circular cylinder with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method were conducted in order to accurately determine the drag coefficient. The fluid was modeled as a viscous liquid with weak compressibility. Boundary conditions,such as a no-slip solid wall, inflow and outflow, and periodic boundaries, were employed to resemble the physical problem. A sensitivity analysis, which has been rarely addressed in previous studies, was conducted on several SPH parameters. Hence, the effects of distinct parameters, such as the kernel choices and the domain dimensions, were investigated with the goal of obtaining highly accurate results. A range of Reynolds numbers(1-500) was simulated, and the results were compared with existing experimental data. It was observed that the domain dimensions and the resolution of SPH particles, in comparison to the obstacle size, affected the obtained drag coefficient significantly. Other parameters, such as the background pressure, influenced the transient condition, but did not influence the steady state at which the drag coefficient was determined.

Irradiation effect on strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） has been investigated through experiments. FBGs were fabricated in single mode fibers with 3 tool% Ge-concentration in the core and with a H2-1oading treatment. In experiments, the FBGs were subjected to y-radiation exposures using a Co6~ source at a dose-rate of 25 Gy/min up to a total dose of 10.5 kGy. The GeO defect in fiber absorbs photons to form a GeE＇ defect; the interaction with H2 is a probable reason for the y-radiation sensitivity of gratings written in hydrogen loaded fibres, The effect mechanism of radiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient is similar to that of radiation on the temperature sensitivity coefficient. Radiation affects the effective index neff, which results in the change of the thermo-optic coefficient and the strain-optic coefficient. Irradiation can change the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBGs by 1.48%-2.71%, as well as changing the Bragg wavelength shift （BWS） by 22 pm-25 pm under a total dose of 10.5 kGy. Our research demonstrates that the effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBG is small and that strain sensing FBGs can work well in the radiation environment.

Reliability Sensitivity-based Correlation Coefficient Calculation in Structural Reliability Analysis

The correlation coefficients of random variables of mechanical structures are generally chosen with experience or even ignored,which cannot actually reflect the effects of parameter uncertainties on reliability.To discuss the selection problem of the correlation coefficients from the reliability-based sensitivity point of view,the theory principle of the problem is established based on the results of the reliability sensitivity,and the criterion of correlation among random variables is shown.The values of the correlation coefficients are obtained according to the proposed principle and the reliability sensitivity problem is discussed.Numerical studies have shown the following results：（1） If the sensitivity value of correlation coefficient ρ is less than（at what magnitude 0.000 01）,then the correlation could be ignored,which could simplify the procedure without introducing additional error.（2） However,as the difference between ρs,that is the most sensitive to the reliability,and ρR,that is with the smallest reliability,is less than 0.001,ρs is suggested to model the dependency of random variables.This could ensure the robust quality of system without the loss of safety requirement.（3） In the case of ｜Eabs｜ρ0.001 and also ｜Erel｜ρ0.001,ρR should be employed to quantify the correlation among random variables in order to ensure the accuracy of reliability analysis.Application of the proposed approach could provide a practical routine for mechanical design and manufactory to study the reliability and reliability-based sensitivity of basic design variables in mechanical reliability analysis and design.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of ET 0 and Sensitivity Coefficients in Spring-summer in Eastern Agricultural Areas of Qinghai,China

Reference crop evapotranspiration(ET 0) is a key parameter to calculate crop water requirements.In the paper,ET 0 during 1960-2005 was calculated with FAO-56 PM in eastern agricultural areas of Qinghai,China.Then the sensitivity coefficients of ET 0 to meteorological variables were estimated through the nondimensional partial derivative in FAO-56 PM.Results show that the mean annual ET 0 of the whole area is 904 mm,and ET 0 portrays a very significant decrease during the 46 years.In spatial,ET 0 decreases from southeast to northwest,firstly increases then decreases from southwest to northeast.Through sensitivity analysis,in spring the most sensitive variable is relative humidity,while in summer is temperature.The temperature,sunshine duration and wind speed sensitivity coefficients(S(TA),S(n),S(u)) are higher in middle areas as opposed to surrounding areas,while the relative humidity sensitivity coefficient(S(RH)) has an opposite distribution rule.

The Interstorey Drift Sensitivity Coefficient in Calculating Seismic Building Frames

In calculating the seismic response of a building, the Spanish Instructions NCSE-02 and CTE, paragraph 3.7.7 （also EUROCODE 8 paragraph 1.2 part 1-1）, establish that if for all storeys the interstorey drift sensitivity coefficient, ζ, is less than or equal to 0.1, then it will not be necessary to consider the effects of the 2nd order （ P-△ effects）. In this paper the authors review this claim, because even for ≤0.1, increases of the bending moment at the ends of the columns due to the inclusion of second order effects can account for between 15% and 34% of its value for static service loads. This is significant since most adverse effects are shown in the lower height buildings （up to 5 floors） which it is precisely the range in which most of the housing stock of Spain is located. Finally, the authors delimit the coefficient for buildings of lesser height （up to 5 floors）, proposing to lower it generally to ζ≤ 006.

SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN LOW-PERMEABILITY HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

Theoretical equations for computing sensitivity coefficients of wellbore pressures to estimate the reservoir parameters in low-permeability reservoirs conditioning to non-Darcy flow data at low velocity were obtained. It is shown by a lot of numerical calculations that the wellbore pressures are much more sensitive to permeability very near the well than to permeability a few gridblocks away from the well. When an initial pressure gradient existent sensitivity coefficients in the region are closer to the active well than to the observation well. Sensitivity coefficients of observation well at the line between the active well and the observation well are influenced greatly by the initial pressure gradient.

Soil Pressure Mini-sensor Made of Monocrystalline Silicon and the Measurement of Its Sensitivity Coefficient

A calibration test was done in order to measure its sensitivity coefficient by an improved soil test device.The experimental result shows that the soil pressure min-sensor made of the monocrystalline silicon（SPMMS）is proved to be good linear,high precision and less that can fetch precise data in low pressure range even near by O point,which guarantees the reliability of the soil pressure test in geotechnical engineering.

Parameter Sensitivity and Qualitative Analysis of Dynamics of Ovarian Tumor Growth Model with Treatment Strategy

In this paper, we are interested to find the most sensitive parameter, local and global stability of ovarian tumor growth model. For sensitivity analysis, we use Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method to generate sample points and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient (PRCC) method, uses those sample points to find out which parameters are important for the model. Based on our findings, we suggest some treatment strategies. We investigate the sensitivity of the parameters for tumor volume, y, cell nutrient density, Q and maximum tumor size, ymax. We also use Scatter Plot method using LHS samples to show the consistency of the results obtained by using PRCC. Moreover, we discuss the qualitative analysis of ovarian tumor growth model investigating the local and global stability.

花岗岩Sn-W-Nb-Ta-Rb-Cs-Li成矿作用的研究方法——以滇西南大同山稀土矿区土壤化探异常查证为例

滇西南大同山稀土矿区位于临沧花岗岩中南段,基岩主要为三叠纪黑云母二长花岗岩,属“S”型花岗岩,形成于同碰撞环境。临沧花岗岩分布区为Sn、W、Bi、B、Li、Rb、Cs、Pb、As、Sb高丰度区,在矿区内La-Y-Nb组合异常,但未进行检查。在矿区1∶50 000土壤地球化学调查中,圈定了16个综合异常。异常查证中,在13个综合异常区的半风化—微风化花岗岩中共采集19件化学分析样,分析了与综合异常相关的7种元素(Sn、W、Nb、Ta、Rb、Cs、Li)。本研究中总结了4种方法:(1)经岩石类型分析数值比较,除中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩(ηγ^(c)T)与Cs_(2)O矿化有较密切关系外,其他岩石类型与矿化无明显关系;(2)通过样品分析数值比较,将样品划分为矿化元素、矿化程度不同的4种类型;(3)通过矿化系数分析,矿区可能存在Sn-W矿化、Rb-Cs矿化;(4)通过成矿系数分析,矿种的平均成矿系数由大至小为Rb_(2)O(0.6929)→Nb_(2)O_(5)(0.1445)→Cs_(2)O(0.0626)→Ta_(2)O_(5)(0.0378)→WO_(3 )(0.0195)→Sn(0.0101)→Li_(2)O(0.0098)。这4种研究方法对研究临沧花岗岩的成矿作用、进行成矿预测有较为重要的指导作用。在地质背景相似的地区寻找相似矿种,也可借鉴本文提出的研究方法。

Psychophysics in the ophthalmological practice—Ⅱ.Contrast sensitivity

Contrast is the differential luminance between one object and another.Contrast sensitivity(CS)quantifies the ability to detect this difference:estimating contrast threshold provides information about the quality of vision and helps diagnose and monitor eye diseases.High contrast visual acuity assessment is traditionally performed in the eye care practice,whereas the estimate of the discrimination of low contrast targets,an important complementary task for the perception of details,is far less employed.An example is driving when the contrast between vehicles,obstacles,pedestrians,and the background is reduced by fog.Many conditions can selectively degrade CS,while visual acuity remains intact.In addition to spatial CS,“temporal”CS is defined as the ability to discriminate luminance differences in the temporal domain,i.e.,to discriminate information that reaches the visual cortex as a function of time.Likewise,temporal sensitivity of the visual system can be investigated in terms of critical fusion frequency(CFF),an indicator of the integrity of the magnocellular system that is responsible for the perception of transient stimulations.As a matter of fact,temporal resolution can be abnormal in neuro-ophthalmological clinical conditions.This paper aims at considering CS and its application to the clinical practice.

Chebyshev Polynomial-Based Analytic Solution Algorithm with Efficiency, Stability and Sensitivity for Classic Vibrational Constant Coefficient Homogeneous IVPs with Derivative Orders n, n-1, n-2

The Chebyshev polynomials are harnessed as functions of the one parameter of the nondimensionalized differential equation for trinomial homogeneous linear differential equations of arbitrary order n that have constant coefficients and exhibit vibration. The use of the Chebyshev polynomials allows calculation of the analytic solutions for arbitrary n in terms of the orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials to provide a more stable solution form and natural sensitivity analysis in terms of one parameter and the initial conditions in 6n + 7 arithmetic operations and one square root.

Cs(6P)+(Ne,N_2)碰撞能量转移

在气体样品池条件下,研究了Cs(6P3/2)+(Ne,N2)碰撞能量转移过程。用调频半导体激光器激发Cs原子至Cs(6P3/2)态,在不同的Ne或N2气压下,测量了直接6P3/2→6S1/2荧光和转移6P1/2→6S1/2荧光,对于6P3/2与Ne的碰撞,电子态能量仅能转移为Ne原子的平动能。在与N2的碰撞中,向分子振转态的转移是重要的。利用速率方程分析,可以得到碰撞转移速率系数,对于Ne,6PJ精细结构碰撞转移速率系数为1·45×10-12cm3·s-1。对于N2,测量6P+Ne和6P+N2二种情况下荧光的相对强度比,确定精细结构速率系数为1·64×10-12cm3·s-1,6P态猝灭速率系数为4·88×10-12cm3·s-1。

852.3nm激光线共振激发Cs蒸气的荧光光谱

研究了Cs蒸气被单模半导体激光器的852.3nm线激发产生的荧光光谱。由Cs,Cs2的荧光及其强度确定了在受激Cs-Cs2系统中的若干碰撞和辐射过程。高位态原子线是由Cs(6P3/2)+Cs(6P3/2)到Cs(6D,8S)的碰撞能量合并形成的,Cs2(B1∏u)带则由Cs(6P)+Cs2(X1Σg+)碰撞转移产生。通过激发转移、能量碰撞合并和Cs2-Cs碰撞传能研究了62P原子的精细结构混合,得到了6P3/2→6P1/2碰撞转移速率系数是(5.2±2.1)×10-11cm3.s-1,给出了过程Cs2(B1∏u)+Cs(6S)→Cs2(X1Σg+)+Cs(6P1/2)的速率系数是(1.0±0.4)×10-9cm3.s-1。

放射性核素^（137）Cs在石湖峪和阳坊花岗岩上的吸附与迁移特性的研究

用间歇法测定了１３７Ｃｓ在石湖峪和阳坊花岗岩上的吸附比和吸附平衡时间，研究了岩石颗粒度、固液比、水相ｐＨ值和核素载体浓度对吸附比的影响，测定了吸附等温线．用柱实验法研究了１３７Ｃｓ在石湖峪和阳坊碎石柱上的迁移行为，测定了阻滞因数和柱分配系数．结果表明：北京石湖峪和阳坊花岗岩对１３７Ｃｓ的吸附能力较差．

不同Cs、O电流比激活对GaAs光阴极灵敏度和稳定性的影响

鉴于不同的铯氧电流激活GaAs光阴极时会对激活过程和结果产生不同的影响,从而影响GaAs光阴极的灵敏度和稳定性。以固定铯源电流,改变氧源电流的方式获取不同铯、氧电流比,激活同类GaAs光阴极,得到了3组实验数据。对数据进行分析,结果表明:同类光阴极在相同条件下激活时,光电流出现的时间几乎一致,并且首个光电流峰值也非常接近;激活时ICs/IO=1.07是目前获得高灵敏度、高稳定性GaAs光阴极的最佳电流比,而ICs/IO=1.10时光阴极灵敏度低但稳定性好,ICs/IO=1.03时光阴极灵敏度高但稳定性差。双偶极层模型认为Cs、O激活后GaAs表面形成了稳定均匀的GaAs-O-Cs:Cs-O-Cs双偶极层,并达到了负电子亲和势,这一点与实验数据的分析结果相一致。该方法可用于提高GaAs光阴极灵敏度和稳定性。

不均衡数据下基于CS-Boosting的故障诊断算法

针对传统Boosting算法在训练样本不均衡数据情况下不能较好地实现转子系统故障诊断的问题,提出了一种基于代价敏感度框架的Boosting故障诊断算法CS-Boosting。该算法建立了一个代价敏感损失函数,通过先验概率公式计算正样本与负样本的惩罚因子,并通过决策规则的训练使代价损失函数最小化。将该算法应用到滚动轴承故障诊断中,并与传统的Adaboost算法进行对比。试验结果表明,在转子系统不能获取更多故障数据的情况下,该算法的故障诊断性能较其他算法有明显的提高。

Cs在压实膨润土和黏土中扩散行为研究

用扩散池法研究了在室温条件下pH值和溶液浓度对Cs在压实膨润土和黏土中的扩散系数和吸附分配系数的影响。实验测得的扩散曲线符合Fick's第二定律。实验结果表明,Cs在压实膨润土和黏土中的扩散系数均随pH值升高而减小,吸附分配系数随pH值升高无明显变化。Cs在膨润土和黏土中的扩散系数随溶液浓度升高而增大,吸附分配系数随溶液浓度升高而减小。

波前技术的眼视网膜AIM和CSF测定

提出了一种计算复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度AIM的方法。利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量的波前像差数据,求得眼睛光学系统的调制传递函数MTF,利用CSV-1000测试仪和VAF-1000视锐度测试仪分别测量同一只眼睛的对比敏感度函数CSF以及视锐度VA。由MTF,CSF,以及VA之间的关联获得复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度AIM曲线。结果表明:视网膜AIM曲线与眼光学系统的MTF无关,并且正常人眼(无视网膜疾病)的AIM值相近,因此多眼的AIM曲线的统计平均值可以作为标准。文中演示了基于波前技术和标准AIM曲线的对比敏感度CSF的测定,它具有快速和客观测量的特点。

Cs(6PJ)＋(He，N2)碰撞精细结构转移和猝灭

在气体样品池条件下,测量了6P3/2→6S1/2共振荧光和6P1/2→6S1/2转移荧光的相对强度,研究了Cs(6P3/2)+(He,N2)碰撞能量转移过程.对于6P3/2与He的碰撞,电子态能量仅能转移为He原子的平动能.在与N2的碰撞中,电子态能量除了转移为N2分子的平动能之外,还要向分子振转态转移.利用速率方程分析,可以得到精细结构碰撞转移速率系数.