Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence——On Human-Computer Competition from the Five-Level Theory of Cognitive Science

It is generally accepted that the human mind and cognition can be viewed at five levels; nerves, psychology, language, thinking and culture. Artificial intelligence(AI) simulates human intelligence at all five levels of human cognition, however, AI has yet to outperform human intelligence, although it is making progress. Presently artificial intelligence lags far behind human intelligence in higher-order cognition, namely, the cognitive levels of language, thinking and culture. In fact, artificial intelligence and human intelligence fall into very different intelligence categories. Machine learning is no more than a simulation of human cognitive ability and therefore should not be overestimated. There is no need for us to feel scared even panic about it. Put forward by John R. Searle, the"Chinese Room"argument, a famous AI model and standard, is not yet out of date. According to this argument, a digital computer will never acquire human intelligence. Given that, no artificial intelligence will outperform human intelligence in the foreseeable future.

Handling Uncertainty in Human Cognitive Reliability Method for Safety Assessment Based on DSET

Human Reliability Analysis(HRA)is an important part in safety assessment of a large complex system.Human Cognitive Reliability(HCR)model is a method of evaluating the probability that operators fail to complete during diagnostic decision making within a limited time,which is widely used in HRA.In the application of this method,cognitive patterns of humans are required to be considered and classified,and this process often relies on the evaluation opinions of experts which is highly subjective and uncertain.How to effectively express and process this uncertain and subjective information plays a critical role in improving the accuracy and applicability of HCR.In this paper,a new model was proposed to deal with the uncertain information which exists in the processes of cognitive pattern classification in HCR.First,an evaluation panel was constructed based on expert opinions and processing including setting corresponding anchor points and qualitative indicators of different cognitive patterns,and mapping them to fuzzy numbers and unit intervals.Second,based on the evaluation panel,different analysts judge the cognitive pattern types of actual specific events and provide the level of confidence he or she has in the judgments.Finally,the evaluation opinions of multiple analysts were expressed and fused based on the Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory(DSET),and the fused results were applied to the HCR model to obtain the Human Error Probability(HEP).A case study was used to demonstrate the procedure and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Our mindset, our behavior and our future

To illustrate how the universality of climate change is exhibited in radically different specifics,Kalamazoo,Michigan’s“100-year flood plain”which has been flooded three or four times in the past several years is offered as an immediate example.The county’s general topography and very complex watersheds are described,noting the similarity between this microcosm and giant riparian systems.China’s enormous data collection and analysis system founded on a magnificent recursive feedback loop is described.The parallel structure of human cognition as an inherited psycho-biological recursive feedback loop as the structure of all human cognition and learning is described with reference to how infants actually learn their native language.A brief summary of the critical role of China’s“Three Teachings”(Confucianism,Daoism and Buddhism)in fostering adaptation to nature is proposed in contrast to the Western preference for manipulating nature to fit human comfort.Practicing traditional modes of“meditation”is urged as a pathway towards a brighter future for both humanity and the nature.Coopting specialists in publicizing and advertising is required to help change the human narrative.

Surpassing the Limits to Human Cognition?On the Level of Detail in the Norwegian Building Design Guides

The SINTEF Building Research Design Guides are a series of Norwegian building technical recommendations.The design guides are highly reputed and widely used in the Norwegian construction sector,serving as a link between the technical regulations and the design process of the individual construction project.This paper examines the element of risk in the use of multiple design guides to extract information about a topic not explicitly covered by any single guide,using the example of blue-green roofs.The research has been conducted in the form of a document study.While the advice given in the design guides is both valid and coherent,the amount of information presented is likely to be overwhelming for industry professionals.There are great degrees of awareness of quality risk present in the individual design guides,but an overall risk picture is not presented.Input from the fields of project management and psychology can help develop risk awareness strategies.The design guides may benefit from an aggregate level of information,where main technical challenges are grouped into super-level categories.

Machine Knowledge and Human Cognition

Intelligent machines are knowledge systems with unique knowledge structure and function.In this paper,we discuss issues including the characteristics and forms of machine knowledge,the relationship between knowledge and human cognition,and the approach to acquire machine knowledge.These issues are of great significance to the development of artificial intelligence.

The Difference in Cognition Consistency Between the Sciences and Humanities

It is reasonable that the strict sciences represented by mathematics, physics and chemistry have nearly been a kind of substitutional belief of humans after "the Death of God". To conclude theoretically, the significant attraction or the extremely great power of science is, in a word, the validity of thinking and action. From the viewpoint of human action or prac-