Professional Cognitive Education Model for Agricultural Water Conservancy Engineering under the Background of New Agricultural Science

The construction of new agricultural science requires the use of modern scientific and technological means to transform and enhance current agricultural related majors.The agricultural water conservancy engineering major,with its inherent disciplinary advantages,plays an indispensable and important role in the construction of new agricultural science.In recent years,the lack of professional cognitive education has gradually become a significant problem in the training of talents in agricultural water conservancy engineering.Therefore,this paper deeply analyzes the problems and reasons faced by professional cognitive education,and proposes specific educational strategies for several key aspects such as enrollment promotion,freshman enrollment education,construction of teacher team,combination of scientific research and teaching,and strengthening professional cognition through competition activities.It aims to provide reference for improving the quality of professional cognitive education and exploring effective ways.

Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence——On Human-Computer Competition from the Five-Level Theory of Cognitive Science

It is generally accepted that the human mind and cognition can be viewed at five levels; nerves, psychology, language, thinking and culture. Artificial intelligence(AI) simulates human intelligence at all five levels of human cognition, however, AI has yet to outperform human intelligence, although it is making progress. Presently artificial intelligence lags far behind human intelligence in higher-order cognition, namely, the cognitive levels of language, thinking and culture. In fact, artificial intelligence and human intelligence fall into very different intelligence categories. Machine learning is no more than a simulation of human cognitive ability and therefore should not be overestimated. There is no need for us to feel scared even panic about it. Put forward by John R. Searle, the"Chinese Room"argument, a famous AI model and standard, is not yet out of date. According to this argument, a digital computer will never acquire human intelligence. Given that, no artificial intelligence will outperform human intelligence in the foreseeable future.

Evaluation of the Relation between Cognitive Science and Embodied Cognition

This article delves into the intricate relationship between cognitive science and embodied cognition, offering transformative philosophical insights with profound implications for our understanding of the mind-body connection. In response to the journal’s feedback, we have enhanced the abstract to provide a more comprehensive overview of our study. Background: We trace the historical evolution of ideas, from the inception of cognitive science rooted in analytic philosophy to the groundbreaking contributions of Rodney Brooks and others in the field of artificial intelligence. We also explore the work of scholars such as Agre, Chapman, and Dreyfus, shedding light on the role of cognitive metaphor and the concept of the cognitive unconscious in shaping our understanding of embodied cognition. Purpose: Our study aims to shed light on the central theme that unites these various strands of thought—the rejection of the traditional, transcendental view of the subject in favor of the concept of an embodied subject. This embodied subject actively engages with its environment, shaping consciousness and cognition. This shift in perspective challenges classical epistemological theories and opens new avenues for inquiry. Method: We have conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore the historical development and key concepts in the field of embodied cognition, with a particular focus on the philosophical underpinnings and their integration into cognitive science. Results: Our examination of embodied cognition reveals that the mind is intimately connected to the body, with cognition emerging through interactions with the environment and perceptual experiences. This perspective challenges reductionist notions and demonstrates that mental states cannot be reduced to brain states alone. We also explore the relationship between functionalism and computational states of the brain, illustrating that mental states can be understood in the context of mathematical functions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper highlights the profound implications of embodied cognition and suggests that the mind is not isolated from the body but intimately tied to it. This perspective provides a fresh approach to the mind-body problem, emphasizing the role of the environment and perceptual experiences in shaping cognition. We invite further research into the practical applications of embodied cognition in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and psychology, and encourage investigations into the intersections between cognitive science and various branches of philosophy, offering valuable insights into the nature of consciousness and cognition. In essence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and implications of embodied cognition, laying the groundwork for further research and fostering a deeper appreciation of the profound shifts in perspective that this theory brings to our understanding of the human mind.

Building the Supernatural:The Cult of Glykon of Abonuteichos From Lucian of Samosata to Cognitive Science

We can argue that the making and the spread of the cult of Glykon of Abonuteichos can be explained through a cognitivist template.Lucian of Samosata’s Pseudomantis booklet and the material evidence,which testifies to the building and the spread of Glykon’s cult by Alexander of Abonuteichos,belong to a historical context characterized by instability,deadly epidemics and military pressure.It is a historical context,therefore,in which people feel reality with anxiety;one of the reactions is the growing up of the belief in prophylactic and prophetic cults,capable to protecting and forecasting.Since Lucian had pointed out that fear and hope were the forces that dominated the lives of men,just as the same had denounced that Alexander of Abonuteichos was ready to exploit those forces to his advantage,the cult of Glykon could be labeled as a trick.However,cognitive science and specifically the hard-wired brain circuit research may offer an alternative explanation:the interaction between potential risk of low probability,but high impact events(unstoppable irruptions of the Germans,or generalized impotence against the spread of disease)can impact on the hard-wired brain circuit activity capable of keeping social and individual anxiety,implicitly conditioning mentality and behavior of a religious“entrepreneur”and consumers,both concerned about protection and forecasting,fear and hope.

Analysis on English Teaching Mode and the Analysis of Students’ Fitness from the Perspective of Cognitive Science

This paper conducts the analysis on English teaching mode and the analysis of the students’ fitness from the perspective of cognitive science. The importance of English has been recognized by the whole society, the community’s ability to use English in the expectation of the students is higher and higher, as both master professional knowledge and proficient in English compound talents more and more popular. Cognitive and other areas of education there is a mutual influence, and the relationship between each other. The most important factor that directly affects the education in the cognitive field is the student’s emotional domain that namely the student’s learning motivation, the learning interest and learning attitude. Within this condition, this paper proposes the novel idea on the English teaching mode which will promote the development of the subject.

A COGNITIVE AND MEMETIC SCIENCE APPROACH TO ANALYZE THE HUMAN FACTORS IN PREDICTING THE EVOLUTION OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTS IN THE 21^(sT) CENTURY

21世纪制纸技术。

Exploration on the Cognitive Schema and Its Transformation of Knowledge Management

Knowledge management(KM) has been receiving considerable attention in the human-system research community.And it is one of the key issues on what the cognitive structure(schema) is and how it transfers.From different perspectives,such as the cognitive science,the concepts,elements and characteristics of cognitive schema,the knowledge structure,knowledge acquisition and influence of schema on it,this paper explores the cognitive schema of knowledge management.

Towards a Theoretical Framework of Autonomous Systems Underpinned by Intelligence and Systems Sciences

Autonomous systems are an emerging AI technology functioning without human intervention underpinned by the latest advances in intelligence,cognition,computer,and systems sciences.This paper explores the intelligent and mathematical foundations of autonomous systems.It focuses on structural and behavioral properties that constitute the intelligent power of autonomous systems.It explains how system intelligence aggregates from reflexive,imperative,adaptive intelligence to autonomous and cognitive intelligence.A hierarchical intelligence model(HIM)is introduced to elaborate the evolution of human and system intelligence as an inductive process.The properties of system autonomy are formally analyzed towards a wide range of applications in computational intelligence and systems engineering.Emerging paradigms of autonomous systems including brain-inspired systems,cognitive robots,and autonomous knowledge learning systems are described.Advances in autonomous systems will pave a way towards highly intelligent machines for augmenting human capabilities.

Cognitive Machine Learning

Cognitive machine learning refers to the combination of machine learning and brain cognitive mechanism, specifically, combining machine learning with mind model CAM. Three research directions are proposed in this paper, that is, emergency of learning, complementary learning system and evolution of learning.

IDSS: Designing to Extend the Cognitive Limits

The paper presents the conceptual and operational basis of the creation of IDSS based on our recent research experience. In this paper, an intelligent decision support system, IDSS is defined as: any interactive system that is specially designed to improve the decision making of its user by extending the user's cognitive decision making abilities. As a result, this view of man-machine joint cognitive system stresses the need to use computational technology to aid the user in the decision making process. And the human's role is to achieve total systems's objectives. The paper outlines the designing procedure in successive steps. First, the decision maker's cognitive needs for decision support are identified. Second, the computationally realizable support functions are defined that could be provided by IDSS. Then, the specific techniques that would best fill the decision needs are discussed. And finally, for system implementation the modern computational technology infrastructure is emphasized.

The Monty Hall Problem and beyond: Digital-Mathematical and Cognitive Analysis in Boole’s Algebra, Including an Extension and Generalization to Related Cases

The Monty Hall problem has received its fair share of attention in mathematics. Recently, an entire monograph has been devoted to its history. There has been a multiplicity of approaches to the problem. These approaches are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The design of the present paper is to add one more approach by analyzing the mathematical structure of the Monty Hall problem in digital terms. The structure of the problem is described as much as possible in the tradition and the spirit—and as much as possible by means of the algebraic conventions—of George Boole’s Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854), the Magna Charta of the digital age, and of John Venn’s Symbolic Logic (second edition, 1894), which is squarely based on Boole’s Investigation and elucidates it in many ways. The focus is not only on the digital-mathematical structure itself but also on its relation to the presumed digital nature of cognition as expressed in rational thought and language. The digital approach is outlined in part 1. In part 2, the Monty Hall problem is analyzed digitally. To ensure the generality of the digital approach and demonstrate its reliability and productivity, the Monty Hall problem is extended and generalized in parts 3 and 4 to related cases in light of the axioms of probability theory. In the full mapping of the mathematical structure of the Monty Hall problem and any extensions thereof, a digital or non-quantitative skeleton is fleshed out by a quantitative component. The pertinent mathematical equations are developed and presented and illustrated by means of examples.

Evaluation of Selected Control Programming Languages for Process Engineers by Means of Cognitive Effectiveness and Dimensions

Different programming languages can be used for discrete, abstract and process-oriented programming. Depending on the application, there exist additional requirements, which are not fulfilled by every programming language. Flexible programming and maintainability are especially important requirements for process engineers. In this paper, the programming languages Activity Diagram, State Chart Diagram and Sequential Function Chart are compared and evaluated with regard to these requirements. This evaluation is based on the principles of cognitive effectiveness and cognitive dimensions. The aim of this paper is to identify the programming language suited best for controlling sequential processes, e.g. thermomechanical or batch processes.

恪守“养生治未病”理念倡导积极老龄化

中医养生学是中华传统文化的重要组成部分,包括中医养生理论、技术及方法等。先贤们将儒家自然的人化、道家人的自然化、阴阳学说、五行学说、精气学说等古代哲学思想引入中医养生学中,形成了以古代哲学为基础的养生之道。随着人口老龄化进程加快、人的平均寿命延长,老年人的健康问题亟待关注,尤其是老年脑健康,而“养生治未病”理念应贯穿整个生命周期,并顺应自然规律。提倡将中医学“养生治未病”理念应用于老年人群,重视老年脑健康,倡导“积极老龄化”,促进老年脑健康发展,挖掘老年人群的智慧与经验,使老年人群能够延年益寿、优雅老去,最大化地服务于国家与社会。

基于大规模教育测验的认知诊断研究

大规模教育测验数据包含丰富信息,采用认知诊断方法对其进行分析,可以更好地揭示个体的认知过程、发挥测验的诊断功能。本研究以我国某项大型科学素养测验为例,通过验证Q矩阵和选择拟合最佳的认知诊断模型,对学生作答数据进行了认知诊断分析。结果表明,基于科学内容领域和科学能力所标定的Q矩阵拟合最佳;饱和的G-DINA模型拟合最好;学生在科学能力属性上掌握更好,不同掌握模式差异较大。研究应用认知诊断方法对大规模测验进行分析,为后续研究提供了路径和方法上的参考。

认知科学视域下人工智能道德主体地位辨析

人工智能是否具有道德主体地位是解决人工智能伦理问题的关键。认知科学的建立使我们有可能从多学科的角度来理解人类心智和人工智能。人类心智和认知分为神经、心理、语言、思维、文化五个层级,其中语言、思维和文化是作为道德主体的人特有的心智和认知能力。文章基于认知科学视角,在探究人工智能道德主体地位的研究进路,分析人工智能神经认知、心理认知、语言认知、思维认知和文化认知的基础上,提出人工智能不具有道德主体地位。面对人工智能带来的伦理道德挑战,要厘清人工智能道德责任归属,推动科学技术向善,以问题为中心,把握好伦理“方向盘”,始终秉承以人为本的研发理念,才能保证人工智能的可持续发展。

Chinese Culture and Cognitive Science

In the civilizations of the axial age,Chinese and Western cultures gave birth to different scientific traditions—the image sciences and the natural sciences—within the knowledge frameworks of the union of man and nature and of the subject–object dichotomy respectively.Therefore,there are inevitably insurmountable barriers to explaining the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in terms of a natural science concerned with“things.”However,human nature is universal,and it is possible to make direct comparisons and interpretations of the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in terms of the cognitive sciences dealing with the mind.One important way to compare and interpret Chinese culture and cognitive science is the mutual interpretation of Chinese and Western cultures.In view of this,we have integrated enactive cognition(the frontier of cognitive science)and the free energy principle to propose the predictive mind model of enactive cognition and have used this mutual interpretation to study the two cultures using this model of cognitive science as a truly unified cross-cultural paradigm for cognitive science.First,the theory of enaction embedded in Chinese culture is actually closely related to enactive cognition,the frontier of Western cognitive science.Laozi’s theory of universal enaction(cosmology)shows that Chinese culture has an ancient theory of enaction.He firmly planted in the minds of Chinese people a way of thinking dealing with union of man and nature.Western enactive cognition,as a modern theory,advocates continuity of life and mind and emphasizes that life is both autopoietic and cognitive,which is actually a scientific cognitive expression of the Chinese cultural idea of the harmony of man and nature.This is actually a scientific cognitive expression of Chinese culture’s idea of the harmony of man and nature.Second,the qi in Chinese culture is similar to the free energy in Western cognitive science.In terms of concept definition,qi is a mixture of matter,function and principles(information),while free energy is the synthesis of energy and information.From the point of view of the mode of operation,qi is the contradictory harmony between yin and yang,while free energy is the unity of top-down and bottom-up approaches.In terms of kinetic purpose,the kinetic purpose of qi is the doctrine of benevolence,while the kinetic purpose of free energy has gradually changed from representation of nature to construction of meaning.Through comparison and interpretation,we find that enactive cognition is closely related to Chinese culture on the cognitive science route,in what will be a practical path for the rejuvenation of Chinese culture.In addition,through the association of qi in Chinese culture and free energy in Western cognitive science,Chinese and Western cultures can be expected to be truly connected through cognitive science.

The age of synthesis:From cognitive science to converging technologies and hereafter

This paper describes the development of two of the most important scientific disciplines in the last quarter of the 20th century, cognitive science, which emerged in 1975, and nano-bio-info-cogno (NBIC) converging technologies, which emerged in 2000. In this century, we will achieve cross-disciplinary integration, innovation in comprehensive knowledge and comprehensive devel opment in human resources. NBIC converging technologies will greatly expand human cognition and communication, improve human health, enhance social outcomes, strengthen national security and unify science and education. Cognitive science and converging technologies will have major effects on the future human development. I argue that the 21st century represents an age of synthesis, reflected in the continual reintegration between scientific disciplines in recent times. This new age of synthesis will require innovations in thought and methodology that differ from those underlying the age of analysis in the 20th century. I predict that these developments will allow every individual to realize comprehensive development. Accordingly, the education system will be transformed, and a comprehensive human resources system will be created.

On the integration and development of psychology and logic within the framework of cognitive science

Psychology that is experiential forms of cognition （lower-order cognition）, and logic that is rational forms of cognition （higher-order cognition） have long been separated although they are closely related in the original. The establishment and development of cognitive science provides a scientific basis and an academic framework for their integration. Against the background of cognitive science, logic has undergone fundamental changes, resulting in the new research framework of so-called ＂cognitive logic.＂ Within this framework, the integration of psychology and logic has given birth to the new discipline of mental logic, which holds that logical reasoning is affected by psychological factors and is an embodied and participatory empirical science. Cognitive logic has ushered in a new era for the development of modem logic and enabled it to embark on the broad path of development as a common tool for multiple disciplines. The evolution of cognitive science will bring about a new era which will see the synthesis of different disciplines, problem-driven scientific research that will in turn facilitate discipline construction, and the development of comprehensive human talent.

Shark Cognition and a Human Mediated Driver of a Spate of Shark Attacks

Five unprovoked shark attacks are reported from Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt, between 30 November and 5 December 2010. Three of the five attacks are attributed to an oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharinus longimanus with a distinctive crescent-shaped notch in the upper lobe of the caudal fin. The shark was observed during the first attack on a snorkeler and photographed underwater during the second shark attack on a swimmer. In a video taken several months prior to the attacks, the same shark is hand-fed underwater by a divemaster with additional fish in a pack over his buttock. The shark can be seen swimming behind the divemaster while he removed additional fish from this pack. In Victims 1, 2 and 5, the shark removed an extensive amount of tissue from the victims’ buttock. The three victims also lost a hand and/or a portion of their forearm, suggesting the injuries were inflicted by a shark conditioned to associating food with hand-feedings and the human form. The remaining two attacks, Cases 3 and 4, were attributable to the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus. This was determined from a unique dental pattern of the right side of the upper jaw due to a prior injury. This same “misalignment” dental pattern was observed in the injuries sustained by Victims 3 and 4. We conclude that the shortfin mako shark was responsible for the attacks on Victims 3 and 4, and the oceanic whitetip shark was the causal species of attacks on Victims 1, 2, and 5.