The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive function, involved in Executive Functions (EFs) such as planning, working memory, and inhibition. Activation in the PFC also occurs during some motor ac...The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive function, involved in Executive Functions (EFs) such as planning, working memory, and inhibition. Activation in the PFC also occurs during some motor activities. One commonly used tool to assess EF is the Tower of Hanoi, demonstrating sensitivity to PFC dysfunction. However, limited neuroimaging evidence is available to support the contribution of the PFC in the Tower of Hanoi task. In the current study, we use functional near infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy to examine hemodynamic responses associated with neural activity in the PFC in adults as they participate in the Tower of Hanoi task. We compared changes in cerebral oxygenation during resting, a motor task (tapping), and the Tower of Hanoi in 16 neurotypical adults, with measures of relative changes in concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (Δoxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δdeoxy-Hb) taken throughout tasks, as well as total hemoglobin (ΔHbT) and oxygenation (Δoxy). Performance on the Tower of Hanoi was measured by the number of moves used to complete each level and the highest level of successful performance (3, 4, or 5 disks). We found a significant higher value of Δoxy-Hb and Δoxy in dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the Tower of Hanoi as compared to tapping and resting. Significant changes in Δdeoxy-Hb and ΔHbT during the Tower of Hanoi were found in the right DLPFC only. These results support the notion that the Tower of Hanoi task requires higher levels of PFC activity than a similar motor task with low executive function demands.展开更多
The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concen...The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concentrated oxygen administration. This study investigated changes in cognitive ability, blood oxygen saturation （%）, and heart rate （beats/min） in normal elderly subjects at three different levels of oxygen [21% （1 L/min）, 93% （1 L/min）, and 93% （5 L/min）] administered during a 1-back task. Eight elderly male （75.3 ＋ 4.3 years old） and 10 female （71.1 ＋ 3.9 years old） subjects, who were normal in cognitive ability as shown by a score of more than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea, participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase after the start of oxygen administration （3 minutes）, a control phase to obtain stable baseline measurements of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before the task （2 minutes） and a task phase during which the 1-back task was performed （2 minutes）. Three levels of oxygen were administered throughout the three phases （7 minutes）. Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured during each phase. Our results show that blood oxygen saturation increased, heart rate decreased, and response time in the 1-back task decreased as the concentration and amount of administered oxygen increased. This shows that administration of sufficient oxygen for optimal cognitive functioning increases blood oxygen saturation and decreases heart rate.展开更多
Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a more capable and holistic adjustable autonomy system,involving situation reasoning among all involved information sources,to make an adjustable autonomy system which ...Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a more capable and holistic adjustable autonomy system,involving situation reasoning among all involved information sources,to make an adjustable autonomy system which knows what the situation is currently,what needs to be done in the present situation,and how risky the task is in the present situation.This will enhance efficiency for calculating the level of autonomy.Design/methodology/approach–Situation reasoning methodologies are present in many autonomous systems which are called situation awareness.Situation awareness in autonomous systems is divided into three levels,situation perception,situation comprehension and situation projection.Situation awareness in these systems aims to make the tactical plans cognitive,but situation reasoning in adjustable autonomous systems aim to communicate mission assessments to unmanned vehicle or humans.Thus,in solving this problem,it is important to design a new situation reasoning module for the adjustable autonomous system.Findings–The contribution of this paper is presenting the Situation Reasoning Module(SRM)for an adjustable autonomous system,which encapsulates event detection,cognitive situations,cognitive tasks,performance capacity assessment and integrated situation reason.The paper concludes by demonstrating the benefits of the SRM in a real-world scenario,a situation reasoning simulation in unmanned surface vehicles(USV)while performing a navigation mission.Originality/value–The method presented in this paper represents a new SRM to reason the situation for adjustable autonomous system.While the results presented in the paper are based on fuzzy logic and Bayesian network methodology.The results of this paper can be applicable to land,sea and air robotics in an adjustable autonomous system.展开更多
文摘The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive function, involved in Executive Functions (EFs) such as planning, working memory, and inhibition. Activation in the PFC also occurs during some motor activities. One commonly used tool to assess EF is the Tower of Hanoi, demonstrating sensitivity to PFC dysfunction. However, limited neuroimaging evidence is available to support the contribution of the PFC in the Tower of Hanoi task. In the current study, we use functional near infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy to examine hemodynamic responses associated with neural activity in the PFC in adults as they participate in the Tower of Hanoi task. We compared changes in cerebral oxygenation during resting, a motor task (tapping), and the Tower of Hanoi in 16 neurotypical adults, with measures of relative changes in concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (Δoxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δdeoxy-Hb) taken throughout tasks, as well as total hemoglobin (ΔHbT) and oxygenation (Δoxy). Performance on the Tower of Hanoi was measured by the number of moves used to complete each level and the highest level of successful performance (3, 4, or 5 disks). We found a significant higher value of Δoxy-Hb and Δoxy in dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the Tower of Hanoi as compared to tapping and resting. Significant changes in Δdeoxy-Hb and ΔHbT during the Tower of Hanoi were found in the right DLPFC only. These results support the notion that the Tower of Hanoi task requires higher levels of PFC activity than a similar motor task with low executive function demands.
文摘The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concentrated oxygen administration. This study investigated changes in cognitive ability, blood oxygen saturation （%）, and heart rate （beats/min） in normal elderly subjects at three different levels of oxygen [21% （1 L/min）, 93% （1 L/min）, and 93% （5 L/min）] administered during a 1-back task. Eight elderly male （75.3 ＋ 4.3 years old） and 10 female （71.1 ＋ 3.9 years old） subjects, who were normal in cognitive ability as shown by a score of more than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea, participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase after the start of oxygen administration （3 minutes）, a control phase to obtain stable baseline measurements of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before the task （2 minutes） and a task phase during which the 1-back task was performed （2 minutes）. Three levels of oxygen were administered throughout the three phases （7 minutes）. Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured during each phase. Our results show that blood oxygen saturation increased, heart rate decreased, and response time in the 1-back task decreased as the concentration and amount of administered oxygen increased. This shows that administration of sufficient oxygen for optimal cognitive functioning increases blood oxygen saturation and decreases heart rate.
文摘Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a more capable and holistic adjustable autonomy system,involving situation reasoning among all involved information sources,to make an adjustable autonomy system which knows what the situation is currently,what needs to be done in the present situation,and how risky the task is in the present situation.This will enhance efficiency for calculating the level of autonomy.Design/methodology/approach–Situation reasoning methodologies are present in many autonomous systems which are called situation awareness.Situation awareness in autonomous systems is divided into three levels,situation perception,situation comprehension and situation projection.Situation awareness in these systems aims to make the tactical plans cognitive,but situation reasoning in adjustable autonomous systems aim to communicate mission assessments to unmanned vehicle or humans.Thus,in solving this problem,it is important to design a new situation reasoning module for the adjustable autonomous system.Findings–The contribution of this paper is presenting the Situation Reasoning Module(SRM)for an adjustable autonomous system,which encapsulates event detection,cognitive situations,cognitive tasks,performance capacity assessment and integrated situation reason.The paper concludes by demonstrating the benefits of the SRM in a real-world scenario,a situation reasoning simulation in unmanned surface vehicles(USV)while performing a navigation mission.Originality/value–The method presented in this paper represents a new SRM to reason the situation for adjustable autonomous system.While the results presented in the paper are based on fuzzy logic and Bayesian network methodology.The results of this paper can be applicable to land,sea and air robotics in an adjustable autonomous system.
