Extended finite element-based cohesive zone method for modeling simultaneous hydraulic fracture height growth in layered reservoirs

In this study,a fully coupled hydromechanical model within the extended finite element method(XFEM)-based cohesive zone method(CZM)is employed to investigate the simultaneous height growth behavior of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in layered porous reservoirs with modulus contrast.The coupled hydromechanical model is first verified against an analytical solution and a laboratory experiment.Then,the fracture geometry(e.g.height,aperture,and area)and fluid pressure evolutions of multiple hydraulic fractures placed in a porous reservoir interbedded with alternating stiff and soft layers are investigated using the model.The stress and pore pressure distributions within the layered reservoir during fluid injection are also presented.The simulation results reveal that stress umbrellas are easily to form among multiple hydraulic fractures’tips when propagating in soft layers,which impedes the simultaneous height growth.It is also observed that the impediment effect of soft layer is much more significant in the fractures suppressed by the preferential growth of adjoining fractures.After that,the combined effect of in situ stress ratio and fracturing spacing on the multi-fracture height growth is presented,and the results elucidate the influence of in situ stress ratio on the height growth behavior depending on the fracture spacing.Finally,it is found that the inclusion of soft layers changes the aperture distribution of outmost and interior hydraulic fractures.The results obtained from this study may provide some insights on the understanding of hydraulic fracture height containment observed in filed.

Evaluation of interfacial properties in SiC composites using an improved cohesive element method

A two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model based on an improved cohesive element method was developed to simulate interfacial debonding, sliding friction, and residual thermal stresses in SiC composites during single-fiber push-out tests to extract the interfacial bond strength and frictional stress. The numerical load–displacement curves agree well with experimental curves,indicating that this cohesive element method can be used for calculating the interfacial properties of SiC composites.The simulation results show that cracks are most likely to occur at the ends of the experimental sample, where the maximum shear stress is observed and that the interfacial shear strength and constant sliding friction stress decrease with an increase in temperature. Moreover, the load required to cause complete interfacial failure increases with the increase in critical shear strength, and the composite materials with higher fiber volume fractions have higher bearing capacities. In addition, the initial failure load increases with an increase in interphase thickness.

基于CEM-FEM耦合方法的海上风力机抗冰和振动控制研究

冰荷载是影响海上风力机安全运行的重要决定性因素,严重时会致使海上风力机结构发生冰激振动破坏和冰激疲劳失效。该研究基于粘聚单元(cohesive element method,CEM)-有限元(finite element method,FEM)耦合方法,通过非线性分布弹簧考虑桩-土相互作用,建立海冰-寒区单桩海上风力机结构在风-冰联合作用下的整体耦合冰激振动非线性有限元模型。进而,基于非线性数值仿真工具LS-DYNA,分别模拟冰与直立结构和带有抗冰锥的基础结构相互作用过程,并与现有的挤压和弯曲冰力模型进行对比,验证该研究模拟动冰荷载的准确性,讨论两种冰破坏模式下动冰荷载的变化规律。最后,为解决海上风力机发生的强烈冰激振动问题,分别采用振动控制方法和施加抗冰锥的方式,开展风、冰联合作用下海上风力机动冰力和动力响应研究,对比分析以上两种减振方式的减振机理和减振效果差异。结果表明,虽然抗冰锥可明显降低冰-海上风力机相互作用的动冰荷载幅值,然而采用振动控制策略的海上风力机减振效果明显优于抗冰锥。因此,在海上风力机的冰激结构损伤研究和抗冰设计中必须分别考虑以上两种减振方式对结构的影响。

COHESIVE ZONE FINITE ELEMENT-BASED MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES

Hydraulic fracturing is a powerful technology used to stimulate fluid production from reservoirs. The fully 3-D numerical simulation of the hydraulic fracturing process is of great importance to the efficient application of this technology, but is also a great challenge because of the strong nonlinear coupling between the viscous flow of fluid and fracture propagation. By taking advantage of a cohesive zone method to simulate the fracture process, a finite element model based on the existing pore pressure cohesive finite elements has been established to investigate the propagation of a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture in an infinite elastic medium. The effect of cohesive material parameters and fluid viscosity on the hydraulic fracture behaviour has been investigated. Excellent agreement between the finite element results and analytical solutions for the limiting case where the fracture process is dominated by rock fracture toughness demonstrates the ability of the cohesive zone finite element model in simulating the hydraulic fracture growth for this case.

Numerical simulation of plate rigid restraint cracking tests based on cohesive element model

Cohesive element is developed from the Dugdal-Barenblatt model in the field of fracture mechanics. The mechanical constitutive relation of cohesive element can be artificially assumed depending on the specific applications. It has been successfully applied in the study of crystal plasticity/brittle fracture process and decohesion between delaminations. In this paper, tensile experiments of large steel plate with different length of pre-existing cracks are conducted. Based on commercial software ABAQUS, cohesive element is adopted to simulate the tensile tests, and appropriate parameter values are obtained by fitting displacement-force curves. Using these parameters, a numerical method is presented by applying cohesive element to thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method （TEP-FEM） to simulate plate rigid restraint cracking （PRRC） tests. By changing constitutive relation of cohesive element, dimensions of the model and welding conditions, the influence of welding restraint intensity and welding conditions on the crack propagation are discussed, respectively. Three types of welding cold cracking are simulated. Significant influence of welding cold cracking on resistant stress in welding line is captured by this numerical method.

基于Roe-Siegmund循环内聚力模型焊趾疲劳裂纹萌生仿真

为建立焊趾疲劳裂纹萌生行为仿真方法,基于Roe-Siegmund循环内聚力模型对ABAQUS进行二次开发,形成用于反映疲劳累积损伤的VUMAT子程序,依据文献方法及试验数据获取Q345焊接区域材料的内聚力参数,通过Voronoi图法和内聚力单元法生成具有疲劳累积损伤特性和晶粒特征的微观模型,并与宏观对接焊缝模型合并,进行多尺度疲劳裂纹萌生仿真模拟,获得裂纹萌生路径、临界循环次数及晶粒力学响应特征.结果表明,此方法能够自发地选择符合实际情况的裂纹萌生位置以及短裂纹扩展路径,完成对焊接区域材料微观断裂过程的模拟,不同仿真组获取的临界循环次数存在于一定的分布范围内,模型中的累积内聚力长度需通过试验数据进行拟合.

Numerical study of fatigue damage of asphalt concrete using cohesive zone model

In order to investigate the fatigue behavior of asphalt concrete, a new numerical approach based on a bi-linear cohesive zone model （CZM） is developed. Integrated with the CZM, a fatigue damage evolution model is established to indicate the gradual degradation of cohesive properties of asphalt concrete under cyclic loading. Then the model is implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS through a user-defined subroutine. Based on the proposed model, an indirect tensile fatigue test is finally simulated. The fatigue lives obtained through numerical analysis show good agreement with laboratory results. Fatigue damage accumulates in a nonlinear manner during the cyclic loading process and damage initiation phase is the major part of fatigue failure. As the stress ratio increases, the time of the steady damage growth stage decreases significantly. It is found that the proposed fatigue damage evolution model can serve as an accurate and efficient tool for the prediction of fatigue damage of asphalt concrete.

梯度晶粒结构材料拉伸断裂行为的晶体塑性有限元模拟

梯度晶粒结构材料通过在材料内部构筑由纳米晶、细晶渐进过渡至粗晶的微结构,使其展现出诸多优异的力学性能,如高强度、高韧性和抗疲劳性等.工程材料在长期服役过程中,不可避免会发生疲劳和断裂,严重威胁材料的服役安全和使用寿命.相关实验研究报道了纳米晶材料具有沿晶断裂的特点,且抗断裂性能与晶粒尺寸相关,然而梯度晶粒结构材料具有复杂的晶粒尺寸分布,其断裂机理仍需进一步揭示.为此,基于晶体塑性有限元方法,将Cohesive单元植入有限元模型的多晶晶界处,分别模拟了均匀晶粒结构铜和梯度晶粒结构铜的单拉力学性能,并研究了预制裂纹对梯度晶粒结构材料裂纹扩展的影响.结果表明,所提出的晶体塑性本构模型结合晶界损伤机制可以有效模拟梯度晶粒结构材料的塑性变形以及裂纹扩展过程.在单轴拉伸变形下,梯度晶粒结构材料展现了应力与塑性应变的梯度分布特征.一方面,由于晶粒尺寸效应,尽管基体细晶区具有相对较低的流动应力,但是表层纳米晶强度高.此外,由于应变硬化能力的不同,尽管纳米晶区域表现出较低的塑性应变,但细晶区域呈现较高的塑性变形能力.因此,梯度晶粒结构通过强度与应变硬化能力的差异,有效地优化了强度与韧性的协同作用,从而增强了抵抗裂纹扩展的能力.纳米晶区域预制裂纹对梯度晶粒结构材料的强度影响较大,因此抑制纳米晶区域的裂纹萌生有助于晶粒结构材料的安全服役.

基于XFEM与Cohesive模型分析PBX裂纹产生与扩展

利用扩展有限元法(XFEM)分析PBX-9502带孔板状试件在整体压缩下由局部裂纹萌生到裂纹扩展全过程的开裂破坏机理。采用应力状态相关的强度面、非关联流动法则及Cohesive模型,描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性本构行为以及材料的破坏行为。进行了数值模拟结果与美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室(LANL)试验结果的对比。结果表明,含孔洞的平板在整体压应力环境下孔洞周围产生局部拉伸应力,这种拉伸条件导致局部裂纹萌生。数值模拟的裂纹发展趋势与试验结果相吻合,包括裂纹时程的整体走势和拐点、启裂时刻、裂纹初期扩展速度等。基于扩展有限元方法和内聚模型法,可模拟高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)含能材料的裂纹萌生、扩展。

基于Cohesive单元法的弃置井水泥塞-套管界面胶结失效数值模拟

水泥塞-套管界面胶结失效对弃置井井筒完整性提出了严峻挑战。考虑地下流体与水泥塞的流固耦合作用,基于cohesive单元方法,建立水泥塞-套管-水泥环-地层系统三维有限元模型,模拟垂直井水泥塞-套管界面裂缝剥离过程,研究地应力对界面裂缝损伤演化的影响,并分析水平地应力、水泥塞力学参数及界面性质对裂缝剥离高度的影响。结果显示:水平地应力均匀时剥离裂缝沿着整个界面圆周延伸且高度相等,水平地应力非均匀时剥离裂缝倾向于沿着界面某一圆周角扩展且在最大水平地应力方向具有较大的高度;水泥塞弹性模量从30 GPa减小到1 GPa,裂缝剥离高度降低9.3 m,临界法向强度从0.25 MPa增大到2.0 MPa,裂缝剥离高度降低6.5 m,表明较低的弹性模量及较大的临界法向强度有利于减小水泥塞-套管界面胶结失效的风险;水泥塞泊松比从0.35减小到0.10,裂缝剥离高度仅降低2.0 m,临界剪切强度从0.5 MPa增加到4.0 MPa,裂缝剥离高度仅降低3.3 m,表明泊松比和临界剪切强度对界面胶结失效影响较小。建立的模型能够为水泥浆配方优选和井筒弃置工艺优化提供指导。

基于有限元技术的疲劳裂纹扩展方法研究进展

疲劳裂纹是引起工程结构断裂失效的重要因素之一.目前疲劳裂纹扩展的有限元仿真商业软件有ANSYS、ABAQUS、FRANC3D、ZENCRACK等,这些软件为疲劳裂纹扩展过程的研究提供了有力支撑.本文对目前疲劳裂纹扩展的有限元仿真方法进行了综述.阐明了疲劳裂纹的定义以及研究疲劳裂纹扩展行为的必要性;介绍了三种用于模拟疲劳裂纹扩展的有限元方法:扩展有限元法(XFEM)、内聚力模型(CZM)和虚拟裂纹闭合技术(VCCT);分别总结了三种方法的基本理论和核心思想,对三种方法的应用与发展进行了分类归纳;最后对三种有限元方法进行分析,指出每种方法各自的优势及目前存在的局限性,并对疲劳裂纹扩展有限元仿真技术的未来改进方向给出了建议.

基于内聚力单元法的船舶与重叠冰碰撞数值模拟研究

The gradual increase in shipping and drilling activities in the Arctic regions has resulted in the increased importance of studying the structural safety of polar ships in various ice conditions.Rafted ice refers to a type of accumulated and overlapped sea ice;it is driven by external forces,such as wind and waves,and may exert high loads on ships and threaten their structural safety.Therefore,the properties of rafted ice and the construction of numerical models should be studied before exploring the interaction and collision between ships and rafted ice.Based on the nonlinear finite-element method,this paper introduces the cohesive element model for the simulation of rafted ice.The interaction between ships and rafted ice is studied,and the ice force of the hull is obtained.Numerical simulation results are compared with model test findings,and the effectiveness of the cohesive element method in the construction of the model of rafted ice materials is verified.On this basis,a multilayer rafted ice model is constructed,and its interaction with the ship is studied.The research unveils that rafted ice parts impede crack generation and slow down crack propagation to a certain extent.

基于扩展有限元、内聚力单元和单元失效的受弯钢筋混凝土梁数值模拟分析

利用Abaqus中扩展有限元法、内聚力单元和显示动力分析模块下单元失效分析钢筋混凝土梁的受弯响应,对比混凝土4点受弯梁试验和有限元分析的整体性能、损伤与失效,提出混凝土的精细化建模方法。根据模拟结果可知:扩展有限元法和内置内聚力单元模拟混凝土整体性能和拉裂行为精度较高;扩展有限元法模拟的混凝土裂纹扩展路径自由,适合对受力或相互作用复杂的混凝土进行精细化建模与损伤分析;内置内聚力单元的裂纹形成与扩展依赖单元网格密度与形状,适合在相关理论成熟或试验数据全面的基础上做影响参数分析;设置单元失效准则可同时模拟混凝土的压溃和拉裂行为,但损伤发展较快,精度偏低。

Fracture propagation and evolution law of indirect fracturing in the roof of broken soft coal seams

Indirect fracturing in the roof of broken soft coal seams has been demonstrated to be a feasible technology.In this work,the No.5 coal seam in the Hancheng block was taken as the research object.Based on the findings of true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments and field pilot under this technology and the cohesive element method,a 3D numerical model of indirect fracturing in the roof of broken soft coal seams was established,the fracture morphology propagation and evolution law under different conditions was investigated,and analysis of main controlling factors of fracture parameters was conducted with the combination weight method,which was based on grey incidence,analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method.The results show that“士”-shaped fractures,T-shaped fractures,cross fractures,H-shaped fractures,and“干”-shaped fractures dominated by horizontal fractures were formed.Different parameter combinations can form different fracture morphologies.When the coal seam permeability is lower and the minimum horizontal principal stress difference between layers and fracturing fluid injection rate are both larger,it tends to form“士”-shaped fractures.When the coal seam permeability and minimum horizontal principal stress between layers and perforation position are moderate,cross fractures are easily generated.Different fracture parameters have different main controlling factors.Engineering factors of perforation location,fracturing fluid injection rate and viscosity are the dominant factors of hydraulic fracture shape parameters.This study can provide a reference for the design of indirect fracturing in the roof of broken soft coal seams.

Anisotropic shearing mechanism of Kangding slate:Experimental investigation and numerical analysis

The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly affected by the foliation angles.Direct shear tests were conducted on cubic slate samples with foliation angles of 0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The effect of foliation angles on failure patterns,acoustic emission(AE)characteristics,and shear strength parameters was analyzed.Based on AE characteristics,the slate failure process could be divided into four stages:quiet period,step-like increasing period,dramatic increasing period,and remission period.A new empirical expression of cohesion for layered rock was proposed,which was compared with linear and sinusoidal cohesion expressions based on the results made by this paper and previous experiments.The comparative analysis demonstrated that the new expression has better prediction ability than other expressions.The proposed empirical equation was used for direct shear simulations with the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM),and it was found to align well with the experimental results.Considering both computational efficiency and accuracy,it was recommended to use a shear rate of 0.01 m/s for FDEM to carry out direct shear simulations.To balance the relationship between the number of elements and the simulation results in the direct shear simulations,the recommended element size is 1 mm.

渤南坳陷沙河街组页岩油藏水力裂缝穿层扩展规律研究

渤南坳陷沙河街组页岩油储量丰富,但开发难度大。提高水力裂缝穿层能力,形成纵向三维立体改造区域是有效开发该类油藏的关键。在调研国内外数值模拟方法的基础上,基于cohesive有限元数值模拟手段,通过ABAQUS数值模拟软件建立了三维水力压裂模型,定量分析了储层岩石杨氏模量、层理面胶结强度以及泵注排量对裂缝穿层能力的影响。研究结果表明:1)随储层杨氏模量增加,水力裂缝展布范围和裂缝穿层比呈增加趋势;2)裂缝穿层比随层理面胶结强度增加呈现反向波动曲线,当胶结强度处于波峰位置时可获得较大穿层比;3)泵注排量对裂缝穿层效果贡献有限,随排量增加穿层比先增加后趋于平稳。以上成果对地质和工程相关因素进行了敏感性分析,为页岩油藏水平井体积压裂优化决策提供了重要理论基础。

界面应力传递重新分析及Cohesive模型参数的确定

在经典剪滞理论中引入双线性cohesive模型表征纤维/基体之间的非理想界面,重新分析了纤维增强复合材料中的应力传递机理,得到了考虑界面因素的应力分布。用上述结果解释了单丝段裂实验过程中的现象,讨论了界面参数和材料性能对应力分布的影响。基于上述理论,建立了用cohesive单元表征界面的模拟单丝段裂实验的三维有限元模型,结合单丝段裂实验结果,提出了一种估测cohesive界面刚度参数的新方法。数值和理论分析结果与实验结果对比,吻合良好,可以为材料的界面性能分析和材料设计提供参考依据。

基于CEM的加锚节理岩体动力学算法研究

复合单元法(CEM)是一种准确和快速的数值模拟方法,能够实现模型中结构面和加固措施的快速模拟,在静力学方面取得了大量研究成果。但是,动力学计算方面还未实现对加锚节理岩体动力学计算,针对此问题,本文进一步发展了复合单元法,提出了加锚节理岩体复合单元法动力学算法,并首次将粘弹性边界在复合单元上进行了应用,建立了惯性力、阻尼力、动力荷载及弹性力作用下的复合单元动力系统的控制方程组,编制了相应程序,通过算例证明了算法的合理性,为加锚节理岩体的动力学计算研究提供了一个新的思路。

基于粘聚单元的层冰-海洋平台碰撞数值模拟

为研究海洋平台的抗冰性能,利用粘聚单元模型,构建层冰与半潜式海洋平台碰撞的有限元模型进行数值模拟,研究碰撞过程的冰力、结构吸能变化。随后进行粘聚单元参数敏感性分析,研究粘聚单元断裂能量释放率与牵引力-位移准则(TSL)曲线形式的变化对冰力的影响。结果显示,采用粘聚单元法模拟计算得到的冰力值与经验公式计算得到的冰力值偏差仅为2.2%,较为吻合,验证了粘聚单元法模拟层冰与海洋结构物碰撞过程的准确性;立柱外板是碰撞过程中平台的主要耗能构件,吸能占比82.67%;冰力值随着断裂能量释放率的增大而增大,但不同形式的TSL曲线对冰力值的影响十分有限。

黄土区不同龄期灌木柠条锦鸡儿根系的分布特征及其固土护坡效果

为定量评价西宁盆地黄土区优势灌木柠条锦鸡儿根系固土护坡效果,该研究以区内生长期为幼龄期(<6 a)、中龄期(6~14 a)和老龄期(>14 a)3个龄期的柠条锦鸡儿为研究对象,通过原位挖掘法与原位拉拔试验相结合的方式,调查不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系形态学指标和根系分布特征,并通过单根拉伸试验获得单根抗拉强度。以此为基础,利用WWM模型对不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系附加黏聚力进行计算,评价不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系对土体抗剪强度的增强效果。结合有限元数值模拟分析,定量评价不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系加筋和锚固作用对黄土边坡稳定性的贡献。结果表明:随着龄期的增加,柠条锦鸡儿根系埋深、根系总根长、主根根径和主根根长均逐渐增加;各龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系主要分布在0~0.6 m土层深度范围内,随着土层深度增加,幼龄期和老龄期根系根长和根数呈逐渐减少趋势;中龄期根系则呈先增大后减小趋势,根长和根数的最大值出现在0.3~0.6 m的土层深度内。幼龄期和老龄期柠条锦鸡儿根面积比和根系附加黏聚力均随着土层深度增加而逐渐减少,中龄期柠条锦鸡儿则呈先增大后减小变化趋势,且该龄期根系增强土体抗剪强度的效果相对最为显著。不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系均能够降低边坡坡肩、坡体中间位置总位移和最大总位移,并提高边坡稳定系数,但提升幅度有限,在0.19%~0.93%之间。随着龄期的增大,柠条锦鸡儿根系固土护坡主导力学效应由加筋作用逐渐转变为锚固作用。研究可为西宁盆地及其周边地区生态恢复、植被护坡工程的实施提供理论指导。