Efficiency and Effectiveness Thermal Analysis of the Shell and Helical Coil Tube Heat Exchanger Used in an Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Nitrate Solubility (<i>ANSOL</i>) with 20% H₂O and 80% <i>AN</i>

The case study is about obtaining the flow rate and saturation temperature of steam that makes it possible to heat a solution of water and ammonia nitrate (ANSOL) in a shell and helical coil tube heat exchanger, within a time interval, without that the crystallization of the ANSOL solution occurs. The desired production per batch of the solution is 5750 kg in 80 minutes. The analysis uses the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness to determine the heat transfer rate and temperature profiles that satisfy the imposed condition within a certain degree of safety and with the lowest possible cost in steam generation. Intermediate quantities necessary to reach the objective are the Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and global heat transfer coefficient for the shell and helical coil tube heat exchanger. Initially, the water is heated for a specified period and, subsequently, the ammonium nitrate is added to a given flow in a fixed mass flow rate.

A new heat transfer correlation for flow boiling in helically coiled tubes

Based on the superposition principle of the nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer terms,a new correlation is developed for flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes.The effects of the geometric and system parameters on heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes are investigated by collecting large amounts of experimental data and analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms. The existing correlations are divided into two categories,and they are calculated with the experimental data.The Dn factor is introduced to take into account the effect of a complex geometrical structure on flow boiling heat transfer.A new correlation is developed for predicting the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the helically coiled tubes,which is validated by the experimental data of R134a flow boiling heat transfer in them;and the average relative error and root mean square error of the new correlation are calculated.The results show that the new correlation agrees well with the experimental data,indicating that the new correlation can be used for predicting flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in the helically coiled tubes.

Forced Convection Boiling Heat Transfer and Dryout Characteristics in Helical Coiled Tubes with Various Axial Angles

对水和水蒸汽汽液两相流体在螺旋轴呈各种倾角放置的螺旋管内强制对流沸腾传热与烧毁特性进行了系统地试验研究，试验中系统及结构参数范围如下：压力：Ｐ＝０．４～３．０ＭＰａ质量流速：Ｇ＝１００～２４００ｋｇ／ｍ２·ｓ进口水温：Ｔ＝３０～８０℃出口干度：ｘ＝－０．０５～１．２管内壁面热负荷：ｑ＝０～５４０ｋＥ／ｍ２试验段结构参数：总长Ｌ＝６４４８ｍｍ，管内径ｄ＝１１ｍｍ，螺旋直径Ｄ＝２５６ｍｍ，螺旋升角β＝４．２７°螺旋管轴向放置倾角：水平位置（０°）、向上倾斜４５°（＋４５°）、垂直向上（＋９０°）、向下倾斜４５°（－４５°）．共进行了１０５０个工况的试验．试验结果表明，螺旋管内汽液两相流强制对流沸腾传热可以划分为核态沸腾区、两相流强制对流区、烧毁及烧毁后传热区等３种区域．通过数据处理和分析总结，给出了３区域间转变的边界方程，和３个区域内两相流传热系数的计算公式．根据试验观察和数据结果，对烧毁现象及烧毁点或区域发生的条件及机理进行了深入的分析研究，发现一系列有关现象的规律和特点，指出了其主要影响因素，并给出了烧毁点临界质量干度的预报公式．

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of spiral coiled tube: Effects of Reynolds number and curvature ratio

Numerical analysis was performed to investigate flow and heat transfer characteristics in spiral coiled tube heat exchanger. Radius of curvature of the spiral coiled tube was gradually increased as total rotating angle reached 12n. As the varying radius of curvature became a dominant flow parameter, three-dimensional flow analysis was performed to this flow together with different Reynolds numbers while constant wall heat flux condition was set in thermal field. From the analysis, centrifugal force due to curvature effect is found to have significant role in behavior of pressure drop and heat transfer. The centrifugal force enhances pressure drop and heat transfer to have generally higher values in the spiral coiled tube than those in the straight tube. Even then, friction factor and Nusselt number are found to follow the proportionality with square root of the Dean number. Individual effect of flow parameters of Reynolds number and curvature ratio was investigated and effect of Reynolds number is found to be stronger than that of curvature effect.

Effects of coil length on tube compression in electromagnetic forming

The effects of the length of solenoid coil on tube compression in electromagnetic forming were investigated either by theory analysis or through sequential coupling numerical simulation. The details of the electromagnetic and the mechanical models in the simulation were described. The results show that the amplitude of coil current waveform and the current frequency decrease with the increase of the coil length. And the peak value of magnetic pressure is inversely proportional to the coil length. The distribution of the magnetic force acting on the tube is inhomogeneous while the tube is longer than the coil. The shortened coil length causes the increases of the maximum deformation and energy efficiency. The numerically calculated result and the experimental one of the final tube profile are in good agreement.

Effects on the mixing process of a coiled tube after a T-junction:Simulation and correlation

Simulations were performed to examine the effects of a coiled tube after a T-junction on the mixing and flow characteristics. A coiled tube was found to have two effects: inducing a radial flow and flattening the axial velocity distribution, which enhances and weakens the mixing, respectively. In the straight tube section connecting the Tjunction and coiled tube, the latter may dominate and cause the mixing to deteriorate. An experiment was performed with the Villermaux/Dushman method to verify the simulation results. Based on a mixing performance simulation with various fluid and geometric structure parameters, a dimensionless correlation was obtained that can be used to determine the mixing intensity along the coiled tube with a deviation of less than 1.5%.These results provide guidance for designing a coiled tube or optimizing the operating conditions to meet the mixing requirements of specific chemical processes.

CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪在页岩气开发中的应用

CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪是目前最先进的便携式实时电磁检测设备,可有效地识别油管外径、椭圆度、壁厚、内外壁缺陷,是一种十分有效的连续油管检测系统。阐述了CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪的组成以及CoilScan连续油管在线检测原理,以涪陵页岩气田服务(通井作业)的一盘2in连续油管为例,探讨了CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪在页岩气开发中的应用,并制定了相应的连续油管在线检测标准:收到新的连续油管即进行检测;连续油管使用中应进行常规检测;井况比较苛刻、异常等非常规情形,建议作业完成后,再作业前进行一次检测;发现异常情况时需及时进行检测;其他情况如连续油管闲置待命超过6个月的,使用前需进行检测;连续油管使用满1年的,建议至少需要进行1次检测;连续油管必须建立独立档案进行统一管理。

螺旋管内流动和传热特性实验研究及经验公式评价

螺旋管内流动和传热特性对螺旋管蒸汽发生器的设计具有重要意义。本文在较宽的压力范围:0.2~14.1 MPa,对内径为8.8 mm、螺旋直径为568 mm的立式螺旋管开展了流动和传热特性实验研究。获得了不同工况下单相段和两相段的摩擦系数以及单相水区、过冷沸腾区、饱和沸腾区和干涸区的换热系数。将实验结果与近年经验关系式进行对比分析发现,Akagawa等、Hart等、Ito学者经验公式对单相水摩擦系数预测的精度较高,在±5%以内。当前经验公式对本实验两相段摩擦系数与不同区域的换热系数的预测,相对平均偏差在10%~20%左右。分析结果可为螺旋管蒸汽发生器的设计提供参考。

含残余变形的连续油管下入过程载荷特性分析

由于连续油管作业特点使其在入井初始阶段与井壁存在显著的摩阻,从而使作业载荷控制与紧急情况井口截断存在一定的安全风险,此外,研究还发现,连续油管的残余变形不仅影响初始悬重载荷,还会对连续油管在井筒内的运行稳定性产生显著影响。通过合理设计导向架半径,不仅可以减小连续油管的入井摩阻,还能够降低其因残余应力引起的变形累积。同时,导向架半径的优化设计有助于减少作业载荷的不确定性。针对连续油管的地面结构开展了其残余变形及其入井载荷特性研究,建立了理论解析模型。研究结果表明,连续油管的残余变形与井口导向架半径存在相关性。连续油管下入过程中含残余变形的连续油管初始悬重载荷随着导向架弯曲半径的增大而减小,通过控制连续油管的地面导向架半径,能够有效降低其入井摩阻,从而实现对作业安全性的有效提升。

Investigations into the coiled tubing partial underbalanced drilling (CT-PUBD)technique for drilling hard formations

To improve the rate of penetration(ROP) in drilling deep and hard formations, this paper proposes a new drilling method called coiled tubing partial underbalanced drilling(CT-PUBD). As a preliminary investigation into the new drilling method, this paper presents predictions of hole cleaning efficiency, drilling speed, cuttings migration and pressure loss in the drilling process with CT-PUBD. Based on numerical simulation and full-scale experimental studies, we conclude that using CT-PUBD, an underbalanced drilling condition can be achieved near the bit while maintaining wellbore safety at the same time. This condition can be achieved using a cuttings discharge device, a rotary packer and a backflow controller.According to the numerical simulations performed in this study, CT-PUBD can achieve high efficiency of hole cleaning.Along the cuttings migration process, the fluid velocities can reach the maximum values in the backflow holes. A full-scale laboratory experimental system was used to test the hydraulic characteristics and obtain the drilling performance of the new technology. The result shows that CT-PUBD significantly improves the ROP compared to the conventional drilling method.

A solids-free brine drilling fluid system for coiled tubing drilling

There are many problems associated with coiled tubing drilling operations, such as great circulation pressure loss inside pipe, difficulties in weight on bit(WOB) transferring, and high probability of differential sticking. Aiming at these problems, solids-free brine drilling fluid system was developed on the basis of formulation optimization with brine base fluid experiment, which was evaluated and applied to field drilling. Based on the optimization of flow pattern regulator, salt-resisting filtrate reducer, high performance lubricant and bit cleaner, the basic formula of the solids-free brine drilling fluid system was formed: brine +(0.1%-0.2%) Na OH +(0.2%-0.4%) HT-XC +(2.0%-3.0%) YLJ-1 +(0.5%-2.0%) SDNR +(1.0%-2.5%) FT-1 A +(1.0%-5.0%) SD-505 + compound salt density regulator. Lab evaluation showed that the fluid had satisfactory temperature resistance(up to 150 ℃), excellent cuttings tolerance(up to 25%), and strong inhibition(92.7% cuttings recovery); Moreover, its lubrication performance was similar to that of all oil-based drilling fluid. The wellbore could be fairly cleaned at annular up-flow velocity of more than 0.8 m/s if the ratio of yield point to plastic viscosity was kept above 0.5. This fluid system has been applied in the drilling of three coiled tubing sidetracking wells in the Liaohe Oilfield, during which the system was stable and easy to adjust, resulting in excellent cuttings transportation, high ROP, regular hole size, and no down hole accidents. In summary, the solids-free brine drilling fluid system can meet the technical requirements of coiled tubing drilling.

Preliminary build and application of a data analysis platform for coiled tubing steel strips

To solve the problems in the quality control and improvement of coiled tubing steel strips production, such as scattered and inefficient production data, difficult performance fluctuation factor analysis, complex multivariate statistical analysis, and low accuracy and difficulty in mechanical property prediction, an industrial data analysis platform for coiled tubing steel strips production has been preliminarily developed.As the premise and foundation of analysis, industrial data collection, storage, and utilization are realized by using multiple big data technologies.With Django as the agile development framework, data visualization and comprehensive analyses are achieved.The platform has functions including overview survey, stability analysis, comprehensive analysis(such as exploratory data analysis, correlation analysis, and multivariate statistics),precise steel strength prediction, and skin-passing process recommendation.The platform is helpful for production overviewing and prompt responding, laying a foundation for an in-depth understanding of product characteristics and improving product performance stability.

Fatigue Life Analysis of Coiled Tubing in Deep Well Jet Plugging Removal

The coiled tubing plugging has become the main means of plugging in gas Wells in Xinjiang. These Wells are deep and have high pressure, which can easily affect the fatigue life of the operating coiled tubing. In order to improve the life of coiled tubing in high-pressure gas Wells, this paper studies the plugging conditions of coiled tubing in high-pressure ultra-deep Wells. Firstly, the cross section deformation of coiled tubing under high internal pressure is analyzed. Secondly, the factors influencing the fatigue life of coiled tubing and the influence of surface damage on the fatigue life of coiled tubing were studied. Finally, the mechanism of furrow damage caused by coiled tubing and the main measures to reduce furrow damage are analyzed. The following suggestions are made to improve the life of coiled tubing: select the right material and the right size coiled tubing;Use appropriate measures to prevent premature coiled tubing failure and reduce operating costs.

An Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Jet Fracturing Technology with Coiled Tubing

To solve the increasingly serious problem of "many wells,but low productivity"in China,the hydraulic jetting fracturing technology with coiled tubing,as a new measure for effectively improving the production rate of individual well and enhancing oil and gas recovery,merits much attention nowadays.On the basis of study of the hydraulic jetting fracturing mechanism with coiled tubing and numerical simulation of pressure distribution inside the pores,the mechanism of pressure rise inside the pores caused by the pressure boost action within the jetting pore and the hydraulic isolation action is examined,and the influence of main parameters on the pressure distribution inside the pores is analyzed.3 kinds of operating methods of hydraulic jetting fracturing with coiled tubing are raised with the tubular diameter of coiled tubing as an important feature parameter.According to the experimental study,the fracturing mechanism and computational results of numerical simulation are both examined.It is considered that under the same pressure drop of jet nozzle,the pressure inside the pores increases with the confining pressure nearly at a linear state.When the vertical depth of the borehole is rather big and the rupture pressure of the formation is higher,it is recommended to use higher pressure drop of jet nozzle for achieving better pressure boost and hydraulic isolation effect.For the hydraulic jetting fracturing with coiled tubing,the coiled tubing with tubular diameter not less than 50.8 mm(2 in.) is usually used.

低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井技术应用

产液剖面测试找水是了解生产层段产液状况,为油藏动态调整提供依据的重要手段,是油田开发的一项主要工作。针对低渗透油藏水平井单井产液低,常规产液剖面测试技术准确性差及分段生产测试效率低的问题,提出采用2 in^(*)预置式穿芯连续油管带测井仪器入井测试,通过氮气气举井筒排液,连续油管拖动井下测井仪器连续监测为核心的快速找水新方法。设计了制氮车+油管悬挂器+3½in普通油管+喇叭口的负压生产管柱,以及2 in穿芯连续油管+卡瓦连接器+测井连接工具串+测井仪器串的测试管柱,研制了连续油管测井连接工具、电滑环滚筒电缆密封固定器和FIT测井仪器等关键配套装置,形成了低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井快速找水技术。开展了6口井现场先导试验,试验过程中,井下测试信号无交流电干扰,保证了实时数据传输优势,真正做到了井下监测与地面实时可读同步。该技术可实现1天测试1口井,为定量快速解释低液量水平井产液分布状况提供了新的技术手段。

连续管磨损程度及剩余抗内压强度敏感性分析

针对连续管在水平井中下入起出时与套管内壁产生摩擦磨损的问题,借鉴钻杆-套管磨损模型建立思路,采用“磨损-效率”模型,研究下入起出时连续管摩擦磨损,获得了连续管外壁磨损深度的计算方法与公式;利用ANSYS Workbench有限元软件分析了连续管外径、壁厚、钢级、磨损率等敏感性因素对磨损连续管剩余抗内压强度的影响规律。研究表明:磨损率不同,井下磨损连续管最先屈服的部位亦不同;Φ44.45mm×3.96mm的QT-900连续管磨损率从0%到25%时,剩余抗内压强度下降率为35%;磨损连续管剩余抗内压强度随壁厚和钢级的增加而非线性增大,随外径和磨损率的增大而非线性降低;磨损率对连续管剩余抗内压强度的影响最强。研究结果可为磨损后连续管施工参数提供指导。

连续管磨损对防喷盒胶筒密封性能的影响

为研究连续管磨损对防喷盒胶筒密封性能的影响,归纳连续管常见磨损形式并构建其磨损几何模型,以通径为38.1 mm防喷盒胶筒为例,通过实验得到其材料本构模型参数,建立防喷盒胶筒密封连续管的有限元模型;以有效接触应力和最大Mises应力为指标,分析连续管的磨损形式、磨损深度、磨损长度以及偏磨角度对胶筒密封性能的影响。结果表明:连续管偏磨形式对胶筒密封性能影响较大,连续管偏磨段长度大于胶筒高度且偏磨深度大于1 mm时,胶筒密封能力会出现不能满足井口密封要求的情况;偏磨角度会影响胶筒的应力分布,从而影响密封性能。

基于轴向载荷离散模型的连续管下入性分析

连续管在水平井作业过程中易发生屈曲变形制约其作业深度,为此开展不同井段中连续管轴向载荷对其下入深度的影响研究。通过对井眼轨迹中的关键参数分析构建弯曲段全角平面,并基于软杆模型和构建的全角平面,综合考虑连续管刚性、流体摩阻、井壁接触摩阻和屈曲后的附加接触摩阻,建立了连续管轴向载荷计算模型;通过迭代法并结合屈曲状态分析对某井进行算例分析。分析结果表明:连续管在垂直段与斜直段更容易发生螺旋屈曲;随着摩擦因数由0.10增加到0.35,螺旋屈曲长度增加到1189.19 m,下入深度由4370.00 m减小到3905.41 m;摩擦因数为0.25时,工作钻压增加到2.5 kN,下入深度由4370.00 m减小到4148.48 m。可见,在轴向压力作用下,连续管螺旋屈曲长度与摩擦因数成正比,下入深度与摩擦因数和工作钻压均成反比。所得结论可为连续管下入性研究及施工参数选择提供技术参考。

QT1100连续油管钢的抗液固两相流冲蚀性能

采用含砂粒清水混合液(携砂液)对QT1100连续油管钢进行液固两相流冲蚀试验,研究了携砂液冲刷角度(15°,30°,45°,60°,75°,90°)、冲刷速度(2.4,7.2,12.0,16.9 m·s^(−1))、砂质量浓度(15,30,45,60,75 kg·m^(−3))、砂类型(尖角形天然石英砂、近圆形人工陶粒砂)和砂粒径(0.063~0.420 mm)对试验钢抗冲蚀性能的影响,分析了冲蚀损伤机理。结果表明:在试验参数下冲蚀后,试验钢均主要发生机械冲刷磨损,损伤机理均包括微切削和冲击挤压,其中小角度冲刷以微切削为主,大角度冲刷以冲击挤压为主。试验钢的冲蚀速率随着冲刷角度或砂粒径的增大先增大后减小,在45°冲刷角度或者0.15~0.18 mm粒径天然石英砂条件下试验钢的冲蚀损伤最大;冲蚀速率随着冲刷速度增大而增大,随着砂质量浓度增加先增大,当砂质量浓度为60 kg·m^(−3)时减小,随后快速增大;相较于近圆形人工陶粒砂,尖角形天然石英砂的冲蚀速率更大,对试验钢的冲蚀磨损更严重。

超深井连续管作业技术研究进展与展望

在油气开采过程中,连续管作业因具有作业速度快、对地层伤害小、劳动强度低等优势而备受行业关注,连续管作业的研究是一个系统工程,涉及多个方面。从国内外文献发表的情况以及主要研究学者开始论述,回顾了连续管作业的发展过程,并对目前国内现有的相关成果进行了归纳总结。目前,连续管作业正处于快速发展阶段,但针对连续管在超深井应用进行的研究很有限。阐述了在超深井连续管下入性、连续管水平段延伸、连续管作业施工参数优化、连续管作业井下安全评估等方面开展的相关研究。根据超深井连续管作业研究现状,建议开展基于数智技术的连续管疲劳寿命实时预警技术、牵引器带动连续管延伸能力、耐高温工具和液体研发等方面的研究,解决连续管在超深井作业的技术难题。