Effects of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management on Yield and Dry Matter Accumulation of Rice from Cold Areas of Northeastern China

The effects of yield increase and mechanism of site-specific nitrogen management （SSNM） in five rice varieties from cold areas of northeastern China were studied. Plot experiment for critical SPAD value and experiments of two fertilization methods, SSNM and farmer＇s fertilization practice （FFP） were conducted to study their effects on the quality and dry matter accumulation of rice population, as well as N uptake. Compared with FFP, SSNM significantly decreased the average N rate by 33.8%, significantly increased average ear-bearing tiller rate and LAI for grain-filling stage by 12.3% and 14.1-27.6%, correspondingly, improved dry matter weight and N uptake after heading period by 4.3-29.1% and 11.8-55.1% （P 〈 0.05）, and heightened recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency by 38.5-133.4% （P 〈 0.05） and 39.8-194.3% （P 〈 0.05）, respectively, as well as increased the average yield by 9.8% in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that the accumulation rate of dry matter and N increased the rice yield and N use efficiency, because of improving rice population quality and increasing LAI after heading period.

Advances in the research field of osteoporosis in cold areas

While osteoporosis is a chronic disease caused by multiple factors,it is also a risk factor for fractures.At present,numerous risk factors for osteoporosis and secondary fractures have been identified,including sunlight,physical fitness,gender,age,trauma,dietary habits,tobacco,alcohol,drugs,air quality,and genetics.Despite that factors such as long winters,short daylight hours,less daily physical activity,air pollution,low calcium and high salt diet,and sedentary lifestyle could negatively impact the bones of residents in the alpine regions of northern China,the direct effect of low-temperature stimulation on bone growth and development remains unclear.In this study,by reviewing current research progress related to osteoporosis and fracture risk in northern China,we proposed appropriate preventive measures for different risk factors to reduce the occurrence of osteoporosis and fracture in cold areas of northern China.

Discussion on the model of community management of chronic diseases in cold areas

Because of the overbearing low temperature,cold areas increase the morbidity and mortality of chronic non-communicable diseases(chronic diseases)in exposed populations.With the growth of the aging population and the superposition of lifestyle risk factors,the number of people with chronic diseases in cold areas is climbing,and the family and social burdens are rising.These health-threatening circumstances in the cold areas render the general practitioners to face serious challenges and difficulties in the community management of chronic diseases.This paper summarizes the current situation of chronic disease management in cold areas and explores the relevant management models so as to provide a useful reference for regional health construction,graded diagnosis and treatment,and prevention and control of chronic diseases in China.

Occupancy of rooms in urban residential buildings by users in cold areas of China

Occupancy is used to represent the movements and locations of users among various zones of buildings,and it is the basis of all other daily energy consumption behaviors.This study investigated eight families in cold areas of China based on occupancy measurements obtained in four main rooms,i.e.,living room,bedroom,kitchen,and bathroom.In particular,we analyzed the duration of user occupancy and hourly mean occupancy,and characterized their regular and random features.According to the results,we developed an event-based occupancy model using an inhomogeneous Markov chain,where the rooms were modeled and daily events were divided into three categories according to their randomness.We established a new method for conversion between event characteristic parameters and a transition probability matrix,as well as an overlap avoidance method for active events.The model was then validated using real data.The results showed that the model performed well in terms of two evaluation criteria.The model should improve the accuracy of simulations of occupancy.

Construction Technology of Warm Mix Asphalt Pavement in Cold High-Altitude Areas

With the continuous development of domestic highway construction,highway civil engineering and service level quality have attracted much attention.Good pavement quality and high-quality service make people feel comfortable and smooth when traveling.High-quality pavement can significantly reduce the probability of traffic accidents.At present,there is a direct relationship between pavement quality and pavement construction operations.Carrying out pavement construction operations in cold high-altitude areas requires a reasonable selection of construction equipment and methods.The application of warm-mix asphalt pavement construction technology can ensure pavement quality.Therefore,this paper analyzes the advantages of warm-mix technology,the environmental characteristics of cold high-altitude areas,and construction preparations,and discusses the construction technology of warm-mix asphalt pavement in cold high-altitude areas in detail,to improve the overall road quality of cold high-altitude areas.

Effects of cold climate on growth and development

Climate is one of the environmental conditions on which people live.Climate conditions impact every aspect of people's daily life and production activities,even the survival of humankind.In recent years,human activities have adversely changed the climate.The emergence of global warming and extreme weather has prompted people to pay attention to the impact of climate on life.The adverse climate issues include reduced quality of air and food,facilitated spread of diseases and increased mortality of the population.Being more orientated to climate changes in the past,research has been less alerted to the negative impacts that climate changes could bring to human health.This could be ascribed to that after living in a region for a long time,the human body has"adapted"to climate.And after adaptation,routine health outcomes such as disease incidence and hospitalization rate become less obvious,making the habitants blind from the undesirable impacts of climate on the health status.This review article summarizes the impacts of cold climate on human development,including maternal/fetal factors,lifestyle factors,etc.,and delineates the relationship between cold climate and human health.

Settlement Control Technology of High Filled Soil-Rock Embankment in Alpine and High-Altitude Areas

China's infrastructure has gradually achieved large-scale development,and transportation construction has also shifted from east to west,transitioning from plains to mountainous areas.High-fill embankments of different sizes in mountainous areas are unavoidable,and the settlement of high-fill embankments is usually the most concerned issue in high-fill projects.According to the current research of highway projects,most of the high embankments in mountainous areas are soil-rock mixed embankments or rock-filled embankments,and their post-construction settlements are directly related to construction technology and the type of filler used.In this paper,the problems in the settlement control of earth-filled embankment and related factors are analyzed in detail.The settlement control technology of high-fill embankment in high-cold and high-altitude areas is also discussed,so as to ensure the overall quality of high-fill embankment.

Study on the Improvement Strategies of Physical Environment for Square in Severe Cold Regions' Rural Areas

To improve the comfortable physical environment for square in severe cold regions' rural areas. This paper applies the methods of questionnaires,field testing and statistical analysis to compare and analyze two different square cases of Qingyunpu in Liaoning Province,and conclude the main factors which affect the physical environmental comfort. The improvement strategies for physical environment of rural square are put forward from the aspects of site selection,road position,orientation,landscape design,and ground pavement material selection,aiming to provide the design basis for the physical environment of square in severe cold regions' rural areas.

Contemporary understanding of the risk factors for chronic kidney disease in cold area

The management of chronic kidney disease(CKD)patients in cold areas is an important task in the daily practice of primary medical and health institutions.An important way to reduce the burden of CKD is to achieve early identification of and implement timely intervention on the relevant risk factors.Studies have shown that diet,alcohol,tobacco,air,sedentary and other factors in cold areas have negative impacts on human kidneys;yet,our current understanding of the effect of cold stimulation on CKD remains blurry.This paper introduces the research progress of risk factors related to CKD in cold areas and analytically summarizes the pathogenesis of CKD caused by cold stimulation,aiming to provide a reference work for the prevention,screening,evaluation,and management of CKD in cold areas.

Effects of Nitrogen Management on the Yield of Winter Wheat in Cold Area of Northeastern China

A plot experiment including four treatments, CK （N 105 kg ha-1 as urea, including a basal N application of 35 kg ha-I and a topdressing N 70 kg ha-1 at turned green stage） and optimized N management （OPT1, OPT2 and OPT3, applied two-thirds, one-third and two-fifths N at jointing stage, respectively, total N 60 kg ha-l）, was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen management on growth and N uptake of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Dongnong 1, which is the first highly cold tolerant winter wheat in China. Index of population quality, N uptake and yield were determined. The ear-bearing tiller rate was increased by above 12%, and the leaf area index, biomass and N uptake were significantly decreased （P〈O.05） at jointing stage. OPT treatments increased the grain to leaf area ratio at heading stage, the dry matter weight and N uptake after heading by 14.3-27.9%, 11.6-28.7% and 118.1-161.8 %, respectively. The yield of the OPT treatments was increased by 14.2-37.5% compared with CK, and there was a significant difference （P〈0.05） between CK and OPT1 treatments. Harvest index and N partial factor productivity （PFP, kg grain yield per kg N applied） was clearly enhanced from 0.4 and 35.6 kg, respectively for CK to an average of 0.48 （P〈0.05） and 77.6 kg （P〈0.05） in the OPT treatments. These results indicated that the optimized N management increased the harvest index, yield and N use efficiency by decreasing the N application rate and postponing N application time, improved wheat population quality, controlled excessive growth in the vegetative stages and increased dry matter and N accumulation rates after heading.

Effects of Rice Yield and Quality Across Accumulated Temperature Zone Planting in Cold Area

Five rice varieties were planted to determine the variation of the yield and quality traits in five different regions in a cold area of China. The results showed that the number of the panicles, the number of grains per panicle and percentage of head-milled rice displayed quadratic curves against the accumulated temperature, and the sterile rate decreased with greater accumulated temperature. However, 1 000-grain weight had no correlation with the accumulated temperature and protein content, amylose content and taste also had no obvious relation with the accumulated temperature. The results from the accumulated temperature differed with rice variety, so the temperature insensitive type variety should be proposed for production.

Saving Strategy and Simulation Analysis of Green Log Walls in Severe Cold Area

Log house is a traditional type of vernacular dwelling in Chinese cold area. It contains distinct regional characteristics and architectural cultures. In recent years,log house has come into vogue softly with the development of wood techniques. However,log houses expend too much wood materials. There are also many negative aspects of this type of wood building which go against the criteria of energy conservation,and its high prime cost hinders the application as well. To solve these problems, the paper emphasizes using more environmental standardized techniques which save cost at the same time,and put forward technical strategy to improve the log walls. The optimization schemes are mainly divided into two categories: internal insulation and filled insulation. Each type of insulation is respectively derived two schemes through changing the thickness of main structure layers and insulation layer. Firstly,we use Weto software to calculate the timber volume of the four schemes,and it concludes that all the optimizations can save more timber than the prototype log wall with the section of 200 mm × 200 mm. Secondly,thermal comfort of each scheme is insulated in Design Builder.The results show that thermal insulation of filling type represents better than the other schemes. At last,we use thermal calculating formula to calculate thermal resistance of every scheme. Contrast to the energy efficiency standards of Heilongjiang Province, the data show that the four schemes meet the requirements of the specification.

Study on Energy-saving Technology and Design Optimization of Facade in Cold and Severe Cold Area

This article take cold regions of nlral residential building envelope as the research object, suitability technical theory as the theoretical basis, we evaluation of rural residential energy envelope because China＇s rural areas is chmacterized by large regional differences and to find a solution for the envelope. It could be considered as the useful reference for retrofit design of similar projects.

Research on the Development of Green Building Technology in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area under the Background of Carbon Neutrality:A Case Study of Zhuzhou City

Carbon sequestration and emission reduction in the construction industry plays an important role in China’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Research in Zhuzhou city scored 42 since the assessment of the green building project situation as the research object,in hot summer and cold winter areas of analysis and evaluation on the development of green building technology,and then sums up the carbon neutral background the priority areas and tasks for the development of green building techniques,optimization of the construction industry into a new era under the background of green development to provide the reference.

Studies on adaptability of Populus bolleana and other Poplar trees in northwest Shanxi Province

Through five years (1996-2000) experiment, the growth characteristics and resistance to insect and cold of the seven poplar varieties including P. po pularis, P. opera, P. pseudo-simonii, P. beijinensis, P. bolleana, P. ( eurameri cana and P. simonii, which were planted in loess hilly land in northwest Shanxi Province, were tested under different planting densities and site conditions. A randomized block design and three times repetition were adopted in the test. Bas ed on the test results in arid and cold area of the northwest Shanxi, the hybrid poplar trees taking Populus cathaysna as their female parent could be selected for afforestation, such as P. popularis and P. opera, and the growing space of s ingle plant should be larger than 20 m2. P. bolleana as an introduced tree speci es grows well in this area, but its growth is likely affected by ground water co ndition. On the site with relatively abundant soil water, P. bolleana usually su ffer from frost crack at its trunk base. As a result, P. bolleara is suited to p lanting in the site where is short of soil water. P. x euramericana is not suita ble for large-scale afforestation, especially in arid slopes and ridges of loess hilly land .

Landfill leachate production, quality and recirculation treatment in northeast China

Landfill leachate recirculation treatment process is a promising and economic way in northeast China due to the distinct season variation. In order to study the impact of recirculation on leachate production and its quality, two simulated sanitary landfill reactors, one with leachate recirculation and the other without, were placed outdoor in Harbin. The two-year experimental results indicated that leachate production was reduced by 86% with leachate recirculation and less or no facility for leachate treatment required. Recirculation could improve the leachate quality dramatically with lower COD, SS, NF4-N and higher pH level. Recirculation also could enhance waste degradation and stabilization and improve the efficiency of landfill. This study confirmed that leachate recirculation was a very feasible way for on-site landfill leachate treatment in cold areas.

An investigation of the influence of ground surface properties and shading on outdoor thermal comfort in a high-altitude residential area

Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.