A Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Relativizing Newton’s Physics

The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5) Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 6) At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 7) Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 8) Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.

Galaxy Evolution by the Incompatibility between Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter

The paper derives the galaxy evolution by the non-interacting (incompatibility) between dark matter and baryonic matter in terms of the short-range separation between dark matter and baryonic matter, so dark matter cannot contact baryonic matter. In the conventional CDM (cold dark matter) model, dark matter and baryonic matter are interactive (compatible), so dark matter can contact baryonic matter. However, the conventional CDM model fails to account for the failure to detect dark matter by the contact (interaction) between dark matter and baryonic matter, the shortage of small galaxies, the abundance of spiral galaxies, the old age of large galaxies, and the formation of thin spiral galaxies. The non-interacting (incompatible cold dark matter) model can account for these observed phenomena. The five periods of baryonic structure development in the order of increasing non-interacting (incompatibility) are the free baryonic matter, the baryonic droplet, the galaxy, the cluster, and the supercluster periods.

A Universe Comprised of 50% Matter Mass-Energy and 50% Dark Energy

The new C.G.S.I.S.A.H. theory of dark matter is used to appropriately classify and quantitate the previously-overlooked cold ground state neutral atomic hydrogen within the intergalactic vacuum. A surprising discovery is demonstrated in the Results section that approximately one-fifth of the cosmic critical density can be attributable to intergalactic cold ground state neutral atomic hydrogen. By subtracting this quantity of the critical density from the dark energy ledger column and adding it to the total matter mass-energy ledger column, our current universe appears to be equally proportioned between total matter mass-energy and dark energy. This has been a longstanding prediction of the Flat Space Cosmology model.

开宇宙的XCDM模型

用XCDM模型探讨开宇宙的情形.结果表明,当考虑宇宙加速膨胀的事实后,该模型下的冷暗物质(CDM)场将具有从负能正压状态向正能负压状态演化这一怪异的特点.

宇宙的构成和哥白尼原理

构成宇宙的物质的绝大部分居然与人们所熟知的通常物质不同,仅仅只有大约4%是通常的原子物质。新近宇宙学观测认为,70%左右的宇宙能量是不结团并具有负压力的,这些占据统治地位的神秘的暗能量,使得宇宙在加速膨胀。暗物质大约占到了宇宙总能量的26%,它的本质并未了解清楚,人们猜测它们由在早期宇宙中形成的粒子所组成。宇宙微波背景辐射的贡献只占了0.01%,然而它能提供宇宙时空结构、宇宙早期历史甚至于最终命运的信息。我们宇宙的构成是哥白尼原理另一种形式的体现。

轴子探测实验中的电磁衰变机制与微扰计算

在量子场微扰理论的框架内,探讨了轴子探测实验中的轴子电磁衰变机制与衰变振幅.微扰计算结果表明:轴子的电磁衰变振幅与轴子的电磁衰变机制密切相关,由轴子和核子(或夸克)的耦合常数以及核子(或夸克)的质量等因素决定.此结果为进一步研究轴子探测实验中的两类耦合机制之间的关联提供了一种可能的途径.

两类探测轴子实验中耦合常数间的关联

采用微扰计算方法,探讨了轴子探测实验中两类耦合常数间的关联.低阶微扰计算结果表明:轴子的电磁衰变振幅与轴子和光子相互作用的耦合常数有关,由此得到了轴子-光子相互作用的耦合常数与轴子-核子耦合常数之间的关系式.此关系式可用于两类轴子探测实验结果的之间的相互比较和转换.

超新星爆发与暗晕中重子物质的丢失

讨论了在以冷暗物质为主的宇宙中，超新星爆发对矮星系演化的反馈作用。建立了星系的质量丢失模型，提出了理论模型与观测进行比较的方法。对数值计算结果的理论分析表明，当星系外围存在一个暗物质晕时，由超新星爆发引起的质量丢失虽然受到了极大的限制，却不像人们预期的那么困难。如果假定星系的形成红移为ｚ＝２～８，那么，在所选取的参数范围内，理论计算和观测结果是相符合的。这种定性上的符合显示出，星系的质量越小，它们就形成得越早．

银河系卫星星系研究进展

对银河系内卫星星系进行全面的"人口普查"具有重要的意义。目前已经发现了二十几个卫星星系,其光度范围分布很广,最暗的矮星系比球状星体还暗。叙述了卫星星系的光度分布、空间分布和动力学性质。总结了观测和理论研究进展,并讨论了星流和伽玛射线在研究银河系结构和暗物质性质方面的贡献。表明了卫星星系的统计分布能用来很好地限制冷暗物质理论和星系形成的相关物理过程,同时指出当前研究的局限性和可能的发展方向。

冷暗物质晕紧致参数的研究进展

暗物质晕是冷暗物质宇宙学模型下宇宙结构组成的基本单位,暗晕的紧致参数是描述暗晕结构的重要参数,因而在宇宙学诸多研究中得到广泛的应用。主要回顾近年来冷暗物质晕紧致参数的相关研究进展,特别是关于紧致参数与暗晕质量的依赖关系;总结了目前主流的关于紧致参数的理论模型并介绍其各自特点;结合数值模拟结果,讨论了主流模型的实用性。最后对未来紧致参数的研究做了展望。

Single Parameter Model for Cosmic Scale Photon Redshift in a Closed Universe

A successful single parameter model has been formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard 𝛬 cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. This single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature. For the spacetime manifold to be finite, the time dimension must also have positive curvature. This model was formulated to consider whether the curvature of the time dimension may be related to the curvature of the space dimensions. This possibility is not considered in the more complex models previously used to fit the available redshift data. The geometry for the finite spacetime manifold was selected to be compatible with the Friedmann equation with positive curvature. The manifold shape was motivated by an assumption that there exists a matter hemisphere (when considering time together with a single space dimension) and an antimatter hemisphere to give a symmetrical and spherical overall spacetime manifold. Hence, the space dimension expands from a pole to the equator, at a maximum value for the time dimension. This is analogous to the expansion of a circle of latitude on a globe from a pole to the equator. The three space dimensions are identical so that any arbitrary single space direction may be selected. The initial intention was to modify the assumed geometry for the spacetime manifold to account for the presence of matter. It was surprisingly found that, within the error of the reported measurements, no further modification was necessary to fit the data. The Friedmann equation reduces to the Schwarzschild equation at the equator so this can be used to predict the total amount of mass in the Universe. The resulting prediction is of the order of 1051 kg. The corresponding density of matter at the current time is approximately 1.6 × 10-28 kg·m-3.

Primordial black holes generated by the non-minimal spectator field

We improve and generalize the non-minimal curvaton model originally proposed in arXiv:2112.12680 to a model in which a spectator field non-minimally couples to an inflaton field and the power spectrum of the perturbation of spectator field at small scales is dramatically enhanced by the sharp feature in the form of non-minimal coupling.At or after the end of inflation,the perturbation of the spectator field is converted into curvature perturbation and leads to the formation of primordial black holes(PBHs).Furthermore,for example,we consider three phenomenological models for generating PBHs with mass function peaked at~10^(-12) M_(⊙)and representing all the cold dark matter in our universe and find that the scalar induced gravitational waves generated by the curvature perturbation can be detected by the future space-borne gravitational-wave detectors such as Taiji,Tian Qin,and LISA.

非重子冷暗物质粒子的观测及其进展

简述了宇宙中的暗物质分类、候选者及对其观测研究的意义．综述了冷暗物质粒子观测方法与结果，及其发展趋势．特别评述了Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ－Ｒｏｍｅ合作组ＤＡＭＡ的有关实验与新成果．给出作用截面与冷暗物质粒子质量参数平面内目前世界上最低的排除域，以及首例的冷暗物质粒子年调制效应：其平均值＜Ｓｍ＞＝０．０３７±０．００８ｃｐｄ／ｋｇ·ｋｅＶ，参量估计其质量约为６０ＧｅＶ／ｃ２，这可能隐含着冷暗物质粒子的存在．为确认之，尚需更高统计量的验证和重复性的检验。