Cement-fly Ash Stabilization of Cold In-place Recycled (CIR) Asphalt Pavement Mixtures for Road Bases or Subbases

For lack of laboratory and field performance data on stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement （RAP） aggregate and stabilized soil （S） for road bases and subbases construction, the influences of RAP/S ratio, cement and fly ash content, modifying agent （MA） on the compact, unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and water stability of the CIR mixtures were investigated. The experimental results showed that the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of the mixture changed significantly with the RAP/S ratio and cement-fly ash content. Unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and water stability were improved significantly by the addition of MA, and the water stability was improved by nearly 20% on average. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） images indicated that MA accelerated the hydration of cement-fly ash system. Needle-like AFt and fibrous C-S-H gel were observed in the mixtures, which resulted in the cementation effect among the CIR mixture particles and a more compact microstructure. All these could be the cause of high strength of the CIR mixtures with MA.

The Characteristics of Asphalt Mixture in the System of Full Thickness Cold In-place Recycling

A new research method was proposed（A/S method） to study the components and properties of reclained asphalt mixture（RAP）. The RAP was divided into two main parts, one was marked with A that included all the reclaimed old asphalt materials（including some parts of particle materials covered by asphalt）, the other was marked with S which mainly included works soil in the road structure. The actual working conditions were simulated by this kind of new method, and the adaption between the RAP properties, A/S, and the content of cementitious materials were studied. The research indicated that the real working condition could be simulated effectively by means of A/S method. It was also showed that high content of cement could improve the overall performance of RAP significantly, but it would have a negative effect on the properties of RAP if the types and sizes of aggregate particles in RAP mixture were too single. The optimum water content and maximum dry density could not be regarded as the primary basis to evaluate the overall performance of RAP, when S=0 in the experiments, although the maximum density of samples was bigger than that with A/S=1/1, the samples were not strong enough and they were easy to collapse, which indicated that component design of RAP played a great role in improving the overall properties of RAP and the comprehensive tests should be considered to evaluate the stability of RAP. Low frequency load in high temperature environment had the negative effect on the overall stability of RAP, and factors such as the loading state of the materials, the hydration degree of cementitious materials, and the aggregate gradation in the mixture were the determining factors for improving the overall performance of RAP.

Cold In-Place Recycling as a Sustainable Pavement Practice

Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction methods with CIR （cold in-place recycling） are alternatives that can effectively reduce the high stresses and waste produced by conventional pavement strategies. An attempt was made to predict the performance, particularly low-temperature cracking resistance characteristics of CIR mixtures. These were prepared with the mix design procedure developed at the URI （University of Rhode Island） for the FHWA （Federal Highway Administration） to reduce wide variations in the application of CIR mixtures production. This standard was applied to RAP （reclaimed asphalt pavement） to produce CIR mixtures with CSS-Ih asphalt emulsion as the additive. By adjusting the number of gyrations of the SGC （Superpave gyratory compactor） for compaction, the field density of 130 pcf was represented accurately. To secure a base line, HMA （hot mix asphalt） samples were produced according to the Superpave volumetric mix design procedure. The specimens were tested using the IDT （indirect tensile） tester according to the procedure of AASHTO T 322 procedure at temperatures of-20, -10 and 0 ℃ （-4, 14, and 32°F, respectively）. The obtained results for the creep compliance and tensile strength were used as input data for the MEPDG （mechanistic empirical pavement design guide）. The analysis results indicated that no thermal or low-temperature cracking is expected over the entire analysis period of 20 years for both HMA and CIR mixtures. Thus, it appears that CIR is a sustainable rehabilitation technique which is also suitable for colder climates, and it is recommended to conduct further investigation of load-related distresses such as rutting and fatigue cracking.

Research and Analysis on the Principle in Plant Cold Recycling for Foamed Bitumen and Mixture Performance

The early asphalt pavement in our country severely reduced the road performance due to various external factors during the use process.According to incomplete statistics,there are more asphalt pavements that need to be renovated and repaired every year in China,and the amount of construction waste such as asphalt concrete and other construction waste reaches 1,000.About ten thousand tons.If such a huge amount of construction waste is not used,it will inevitably cause great pollution to the environment.If it can be reused,not only will it be environmentally friendly and energy-saving,it will also save more than one billion yuan in costs.In view of the above problems,this article conducts related Research and Analysis on the Principle in Plant Cold Recycling for Foamed Bitumen and Mixture Performance to provide reference for future projects.

Performance of RAP in the System of Cold Inplace Recycling of Asphalt Pavement

The property of reclaimed asphalt pavement（RAP） mixture will be affected mainly by composition of old asphalt/soil and cement content in CIR system. We studied the relationship between A/S and cementitious materials. It showed that if there was no soil in RAP, the unconfined compressive strength was only from 0.18 MPa to 1.07 MPa even if adding cement was from 2% to 6%, and RAP samples collapsed during conserving in water. The optimum water content rose from 6.5% to 11% with the declining of A/S from S=0 to A/S=1/5. Five RAP samples all got the maximum compressive strength when A/S=5/5, and the maximum compressive strength of the samples adding 6% cement was 3.17 MPa. It showed that the capacity of RAP was not only affected by A/S, but also by the content of cement. The dynamic modulus of RAP will increase with the rise of loading frequency and decrease with the temperature rising. SEM test showed that C-S-H interlacing formed the netted structure, and it enwrapped the aggregate and improved the strength of RAP.

Asphalt Pavement Cold Recycling and Basic Characteristics of RAP Materials and their application

In the developed countries significant proportion of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)materials are used in the construction of pavements.Until recently,milled asphalt from old roads was sent to tip as waste.However,in recent years there has been increased use of waste materials in many road projects within the capital city and federal road network.Use of RAP materials is relatively new to Ethiopia and understanding its characteristics and related technology with all its potential environmental,economic and social benefits is important.Cold recycling is desired due to its potential economic benefit.In this study characteristics of RAP materials are assessed both from literature and laboratory investigations in order to better understand its performance and use.Questionnaire survey was undertaken to identify factors that are hindering recycling of materials in pavements in Ethiopia and what is to be done to overcome these factors.A policy statement is derived to support a quick start and implementation of asphalt pavement recycling in Ethiopia.Currently,a huge asphalt pavement network is being constructed and virgin construction material exploration and import materials such as bitumen is costing the country a lot of money.Over USD 7 Billion worth asphalt pavement have been constructed over the last 23 years to serve the public and freight transport,which requires about USD 176 million annually for maintenance and rehabilitation works.Therefore,any saving obtained from recycling will have meaningful impact on cost saving and environment preservation.

寒区低温环境下泡沫沥青冷再生混合料性能研究

我国西藏、青海等省区全年气候寒冷,平均气温低,昼夜温差和年温差大,冻融循环频繁,公路建设普遍面临着生态环境脆弱、建筑材料数量匮乏且质量较差等问题。针对上述寒区气候特点,采用5℃、10℃、22℃、40℃、60℃和110℃分别模拟低温、室温、中温和高温养生条件下泡沫沥青冷再生混合料现场养生条件,基于室内试验分析了寒区低温环境温度对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料力学性能、路用性能、耐久性能的劣化影响;进而基于数字图像处理技术和工业CT无损检测技术,探讨了养生温度对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料内部泡沫沥青分散性状及微细观空隙结构的影响规律。结果表明:随着养生温度升高,泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的单轴贯入强度、无侧限抗压强度、动态回弹模量等力学指标均呈指数函数关系增大;相较于标准养生条件,在低温条件下拌和、养生的泡沫沥青冷再生混合料,其高温稳定性、抗反射裂缝性能及抗疲劳性能下降明显,并且环境温度越低,泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的综合路用性能降低幅值越大。升高养生温度后,泡沫沥青在破坏试件界面的分散面积增大,微细观空隙直径减小,并且微细观空隙结构中体积小于0.05 mm3的空隙占比增大。养生温度对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的作用机理主要在于提高养生温度对泡沫沥青分散性状的促增作用和微细观空隙结构的细化作用。建议在泡沫沥青冷再生路面施工期间加强施工和养生期间的温度控制,并且结合寒区施工季节温度调整室内配合比设计养生温度。本研究成果可为泡沫沥青冷再生技术在寒区的推广应用提供借鉴。

二次热压实作用对乳化沥青冷再生混合料性能的影响

为了量化分析现场二次热压实作用对乳化沥青冷再生混合料性能的影响,基于常规力学性能试验、Overlay Tester反射裂缝试验、低应变水平下的四点弯曲疲劳试验,对比分析了现场铺筑上覆热拌沥青混合料前后乳化沥青冷再生芯样与室内马歇尔试样的力学性能差异。量化分析了现场二次热压实作用对乳化沥青冷再生混合料力学性能及耐久性能的增强效果,并基于工业CT无损检测技术,分析了现场二次热压实作用对乳化沥青冷再生混合料微细观空隙结构的影响规律。结果表明:现行规范推荐的马歇尔二次击实方法并不能很好地模拟现场实际压实状况,现场二次热压实对乳化沥青冷再生混合料力学性能、抗反射裂缝性能和抗疲劳耐久性能均有明显增强作用;现场压实乳化沥青冷再生混合料内部的大空隙数量和等效空隙直径均小于马歇尔击实成型,二次热压实作用对乳化沥青冷再生混合料空隙级配影响显著;现场二次压实作用对乳化沥青冷再生混合料力学性能和疲劳性能的改善机理在于二次压实作用增强了乳化沥青冷再生混合料密实度,降低了微细观空隙直径,改善了微细观空隙级配。

水反应型全比例冷再生沥青混合料的路用性能研究

针对常规热拌再生沥青混合料应用时工序繁杂的问题,采用再生AC-20C矿料级配制备了水反应型全比例冷再生沥青混合料、热拌再生沥青混合料和泡沫沥青再生混合料,并对比了3种再生沥青混合料的性能。研究结果表明:水反应型全比例冷再生沥青混合料的性能优于泡沫沥青再生混合料,接近热拌再生沥青混合料。水反应型全比例冷再生沥青混合料7 d的马歇尔稳定度和动稳定度分别可达9.52 kN、4 228次/mm,其水稳定性能、低温抗裂性能和疲劳耐久性能均满足现行施工技术规范对热拌沥青混凝土的要求。随着时间的推移,反应型稀释剂与固化剂的交联络合反应会持续进行,水反应型全比例冷再生沥青混合料的物理力学性能也会持续增强。

沥青路面全深式水泥稳定冷再生混合料性能研究

在半刚性基层沥青路面结构性养护设计中,将基层旧料和沥青路面旧料混合冷再生作为一种低碳工程技术。为探讨冷再生基层旧料和沥青路面旧料的不同比例混合料强度规律,本文以现场取回的沥青层RAP料和基层RBM料为原材料,在调查面层和基层料比例的基础上,就沥青混合料强度进行研究。选择了三种面层和基层混合料比例,以五种水泥掺量占比进行不同种类混合料的无侧限抗压强度试验,得出了其抗压强度的规律。综合考虑混合料强度与稳定性、经济性,采用33∶67的面基层用料比例较优;水泥掺量在5%~8%时随着水泥用量的增加再生混合料的强度增长较快,建议水泥掺量大于5%。

不同养生龄期下VAE改性乳化沥青冷再生混合料的路用性能

乳化沥青冷再生技术应用于道路工程时,常因养生龄期的限制和冷再生混合料自身水稳定性不足导致出现各种路面病害。以提高冷再生混合料的水稳定性为出发点,采用一种新型的改性剂醋酸乙烯-乙烯共聚物(VAE)对乳化沥青进行改性;探究VAE改性乳化沥青冷再生混合料在较长养生期间其路用性能的变化规律,以普通乳化沥青冷再生混合料为参照,采用干湿劈裂试验、冻融劈裂试验、20℃肯塔堡飞散试验、车辙试验和-10℃弯曲试验综合分析VAE改性乳化沥青冷再生混合料的路用性能,并从微观角度分析VAE改性乳化沥青冷再生混合料性能提升的机理。试验与分析结果表明:养生3~7 d是乳化沥青冷再生混合料发育形成强度的关键阶段;无论从水稳定性、抗剥落性方面还是高低温性能方面,VAE改性乳化沥青混合料的各项性能均优于普通乳化沥青冷再生混合料,具有推广应用价值。

100%RAP的废机油-乳化沥青冷再生沥青及混合料性能试验

基于100%RAP再生率,采用废机油预润再生老化沥青,并对其进行三大指标和红外光谱试验,同时对其混合料进行干湿劈裂试验、冻融试验及马歇尔稳定度试验,以评价其力学及水稳性能。试验结果表明:废机油可以在三大指标上使老化沥青接近新沥青,但掺量过高会导致软化点过低,使冷再生混合料性能降低;红外光谱表明废机油具有降低亚砜基和羰基极性官能团指数的作用;经过废机油预润再生后,RAP表面老化沥青初步激活,与乳化沥青更好的粘结,可提高混合料的强度及水稳性能;废机油掺量为10%的乳化沥青再生混合料性能较差,这与废机油过量有关。

乳化沥青冷再生混合料疲劳性能及机理分析

乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗疲劳开裂性能会影响沥青路面结构层整体服役寿命。为了评价不同增强方式下乳化沥青冷再生沥青混合料的疲劳性能,以普通乳化沥青、外掺玄武岩纤维和SBR改性乳化沥青这3种冷再生混合料为研究对象,开展了乳化沥青冷再生混合料中梁试件的四点弯曲疲劳试验,建立了3种乳化沥青冷再生沥青混合料的疲劳方程,揭示了疲劳过程中动态弯拉模量和累积耗散能的演化规律。采用扫描电镜试验获取了乳化沥青冷再生混合料疲劳破坏界面的微观形貌。试验结果表明:动态弯拉模量衰减至初始模量的70%~80%即可能发生断裂。动态弯曲劲度模量比κ越小、累积耗散能越大,疲劳性能越好。SBR改性乳化沥青和外掺玄武岩纤维均可以改善乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗疲劳性能。SEM试验揭示了乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗疲劳性能增强机理。研究成果可为乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗疲劳性能提升及其耐久性设计提供参考。

乳化沥青冷再生混合料材料组成对其低温抗裂性能影响研究

为解决就地冷再生混合料低温抗裂性能不足的问题,通过间接拉伸(IDT)、半圆弯曲(SCB)等试验方法研究了矿粉、机制砂和9.5 mm~19 mm粗集料对冷再生混合料低温抗裂性能的影响。研究表明:1) IDT试验断裂功(W)与SCB试验断裂能(G_f)可较好区分不同类型冷再生混合料的低温性能,且数据变异性小(分别为12%和15%左右);2)矿粉掺量为3%时,相较不掺矿粉,W、G_f分别提高了116%、45%;3)机制砂掺量为20%~30%时,相较不掺机制砂,W、G_f可分别提高45%、37%;4) 9.5 mm~19 mm粗集料掺量为10%~30%时,相较不掺粗集料,W、G_f可分别至少提高92%~130%、38%~50%。综上,建议冷再生混合料中9.5 mm~19 mm粗集料掺量为10%~30%、机制砂掺量为20%~30%、矿粉掺量为3%。

乳化沥青冷再生混合料断裂性能试验研究

乳化沥青冷再生沥青路面的开裂问题是制约其大规模推广使用的主要原因之一。为了研究冷再生沥青混合料断裂性能的评价指标及抗裂性能提升措施,以普通乳化沥青、外掺玄武岩纤维和SBR改性乳化沥青3种冷再生混合料为研究对象,开展了有预制裂缝中梁的四点弯曲强度试验及其断裂过程的声发射测试;以应变能释放速率、应力强度因子和声发射测试中所采集的能量及振铃计数‒撞击数等参数为评价指标,对比分析了3种不同乳化沥青冷再生混合料的断裂性能。试验结果表明:使用SBR改性乳化沥青和外掺玄武岩纤维均对乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗断裂性能有较为显著的提升,且相比于使用SBR改性乳化沥青,外掺玄武岩纤维更为有效。振铃计数和撞击数参数可以较好地描述材料的断裂特征,声发射试验结果与断裂力学参数计算结果满足较好的线性相关性。声发射信号参数能够很好地描述乳化沥青冷再生混合料在四点弯曲试验中的断裂特征。

基于智能颗粒的冷再生混合料压实状态感知

为了更好地揭示压实过程中混合料颗粒间的相互作用,实现优化压实工艺与混合料设计的目的,基于智能颗粒传感装置开展了冷再生沥青混合料室内旋转压实试验。监测混合料在旋转压实过程中的受力、转角及加速度动态响应规律;研究智能颗粒动态响应规律与混合料相对压实度之间的关联性;揭示压实过程中颗粒间的互锁机制,并对混合料的压实状态做出评价。开展了不同粗骨料含量下的冷再生混合料旋转压实试验,研究不同粗骨料含量对压实过程的影响。试验结果表明:旋转压实过程中混合料相对压实度的变化规律与智能颗粒的动态响应有较好的相关性,初步实现旋转压实过程中混合料压实状态的智能感知;与45%和65%粗骨料含量的混合料相比,55%粗骨料含量的混合料更容易达到较高压实度,且在压实过程中的稳定性较高。此外,建立了基于改进的人工神经网络的压实度预测模型,选取智能颗粒实测的x、y方向的相对旋转角和加速度,z方向的接触力及集料在各筛孔的通过率作为模型的输入变量,采用Tensorflow2.0框架构建网络、循环神经网络结构与全连接深度神经网路结构,分别处理序列特征数据与连续特征数据,并通过拼接操作进行数据融合训练。经过600次迭代训练后,网络的损失函数和精度达到了收敛阈值,混合料相对压实度的实测值与预测值拟合直线方差为0.93,结果表明该模型对于混合料的相对压实度具有较好的预测能力。

不同类型纤维对乳化沥青冷再生混合料路用性能影响研究

将玄武岩纤维(BF)、聚丙烯纤维(PPF)、聚丙烯腈纤维(PANF)以不同的掺配比例添加至乳化沥青冷再生混合料(EACRM)中进行改性,并分别进行沥青混合料的高温车辙试验、低温小梁弯曲试验、浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂试验以及间接拉伸疲劳试验,考察不同纤维类型、掺量对EACRM性能影响规律。结果表明:随着纤维掺量的增加,三种纤维改性EACRM的各指标性能均呈先增大后减小变化;掺入适量的纤维有利于提升EACRM的路用性能及疲劳性能,但纤维过量会对其综合性能有所削弱;推荐BF、PPF、PANF的最佳纤维掺量分别为0.3%、0.2%、0.3%,其中BF改善EACRM的性能效果最佳。

混杂纤维改性乳化沥青冷再生混合料性能研究

为了提高乳化沥青冷再生混合料(EACRM)的使用性能,选用玄武岩纤维(BF)和聚丙烯纤维(PP)作为混杂纤维进行配比设计,并基于一系列室内试验针对混杂纤维EACRM的力学、路用、抗松散及耐久等性能进行了研究。结果表明:随着纤维掺量的增加,EACRM的力学性能先提高后降低,掺入合理配比及掺量的混杂纤维均能有效提高EACRM的力学性能;与未掺、单掺纤维相比,混杂纤维对EACRM路用性能、抗松散性能以及耐久性能的改善效果更优;m(BF):m(PP)=7:3、总掺量为0.4%的混杂纤维可显著增强EACRM的综合性能,进一步提升其服役质量及使用性能。

地沟油冷再生沥青混合料路用性能研究

将地沟油作为老化沥青再生剂,通过再生沥青三大指标及再生沥青混合料劈裂强度、浸水马歇尔稳定度和四点弯曲疲劳寿命等测试,研究了地沟油对老化沥青再生性能及冷再生混合料路用性能的影响。结果表明:地沟油掺量在15%时再生沥青的性能基本达到70^(#)基质沥青要求;铣刨料掺量相同时,随地沟油掺量增加,冷再生混合料力学性能、低温性能、水稳定性逐渐提高,高温稳定性能降低,疲劳寿命呈先延长后缩短的趋势;地沟油掺量相同时,随铣刨料掺量增加,混合料的力学性能、低温性能、水稳定性降低,高温稳定性能提高,疲劳寿命缩短。

乳化沥青冷再生混合料疲劳性能分析

为了研究乳化沥青冷再生混合料的疲劳性能,采用半圆弯曲疲劳试验,以乳化沥青混合料CIR-20试件为对象,深入探讨了不同应力比条件下乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗疲劳性能。研究发现,水泥用量对再生混合料疲劳性能具有显著影响。添加1.5%的水泥能增强乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗裂强度。在同等应力条件下,水泥的添加对乳化沥青冷再生混合料的疲劳性能产生负面影响,导致疲劳寿命的减少。相对于热拌沥青混合料,在低应力比(<0.35)下,乳化沥青冷再生混合料的抗疲劳性能优于普通热拌沥青混合料;而在高应力比(≥0.35)条件下,其抗疲劳性能则相对较差。