Effects of cold rolling deformation on microstructure,hardness,and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolling deformation results in significant refinement of the microstructure of this steel, with its average twin thickness reducing from 6.4 μm to 14 nm. Nanoindentation tests at different strain rates demonstrate that the hardness of the steel with nano-scale twins （nt-HNASS） is about 2 times as high as that of steel with micro-scale twins （mt-HNASS）. The hardness of nt-HNASS exhibits a pronounced strain rate dependence with a strain rate sensitivity （m value） of 0.0319, which is far higher than that of mt-HNASS （m = 0.0029）. nt-HNASS shows more significant load plateaus and a higher creep rate than mt-HNASS. Analysis reveals that higher hardness and larger m value of nt-HNASS arise from stronger strain hardening role, which is caused by the higher storage rate of dislocations and the interactions between dislocations and high density twins. The more significant load plateaus and higher creep rates of nt-HNASS are due to the rapid relaxation of the dislocation structures generated during loading.

Influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

The influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of 18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-I.IN （HNS-A）, 18Cr-16Mn-I.3N （HNS-B）, 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.96N （HNS-C） and 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.77N （I-INS-D） high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was investigated. The results show that the ＂nose＂ temperatures and incubation periods of the initial time-temperature-precipitation （TTP） curves of aged HNSs are found to be 850 ℃, 60 s; 850 ℃, 45 s; 850 ℃, 60 s and 900 ℃, 90 s, respectively. Based on the analysis of SAD patterns, the coarse cellular Cr2N precipitate which presents a lamellar structure has a hexagonal structure of a=0.478 nm and c=0.444 nm. The Z phase corresponding to a composition of Fe36Cr^2Mo10, is determined to be a body-centered cubic structure ofa=0.892 nm. The precipitating sensitivity presents no more difference with the nitrogen content increasing from 0.77% to 0.96%, but exhibits so obviously that the cellular precipitates nearly overspread the whole field. The addition of Mo element can restrain the TTP curves moving left and down, which means decreasing the sensitivity of aging precipitation. With increasing the cold deformation, the sensitivity of precipitation increases obviously.

Strain rate and cold rolling dependence of tensile strength and ductility in high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel

The tensile strength and ductility of a high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel with solution and cold rolling treatment were investigated by performing tensile tests at different strain rates and at room temperature. The tensile tests demonstrated that this steel exhibits a significant strain rate and cold rolling dependence of the tensile strength and ductility.With the increase of the strain rate from 10^-4s^-1to 1 s^-1, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increase and the uniform elongation and total elongation decrease. The analysis of the double logarithmic stress–strain curves showed that this steel exhibits a two-stage strain hardening behavior, which can be well examined and analyzed by using the Ludwigson equation. The strain hardening exponents at low and high strain regions（n2and n1） and the transition strain（εL） decrease with increasing strain rate and the increase of cold rolling RA. Based on the analysis results of the stress–strain curves, the transmission electron microscopy characterization of the microstructure and the scanning electron microscopy observation of the deformation surfaces, the significant strain rate and cold rolling dependence of the strength and ductility of this steel were discussed and connected with the variation in the work hardening and dislocation activity with strain rate and cold rolling.

Study on direct cold rolling of hot rolled austenitic stainless steel SUS 304 with oxide scale

The austenitic stainless steel SUS 304 with oxide scale was directly cold rolled at different reductions of 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. It was proved that the surface quality （lower surface roughness） of the cold rolled products was achieved after subsequent annealing and pickling possesses, compared to the conventional hot rolled No. 1 product, whereas the grain size, mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties were comparable to those of the No. 1 product.

Influence of cold deformation on microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of high-sulfur free-cutting 316LS stainless steel

In this study,the influence of plastic deformation produced by cold rolling at reduction ratios ranging from 10% to 80% on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and pitting corrosion behavior of high-sulfur freecutting 316 LS austenitic stainless steel was investigated. The results indicate that slipping is the predominant effect and that sulfide inclusions extend along the rolling direction during the cold deformation of 316 LS. The strong austenite stability of 316 LS results in the formation of only a small quantity of deformation-induced martensite. The experimental results reveal that the strength,hardness,and yield ratio increased with increases in the reduction ratio,mainly due to work hardening,whereas the elongation decreased drastically,due to the combined effect of the work hardening and brittleness caused by the numerous sulfide inclusions. Electrochemically active sites on the surface of316 LS increased with an increased reduction ratio,which caused an increased current fluctuation in the passive zone. This also caused the breakdown potential（ E_b） near the pitting zone to exhibit a gradual increase in the zigzag current shift to the left on the polarization curves. The E_b of 316 LS decreased with increases in the reduction ratio,mainly due to the extended sulfide inclusions,the increased dislocation density,and the deformation-induced martensite content.

Researches on the problems in the production of low nickel austenitic stainless steel

Problems encountered in the production of low nickel austenitic stainless steel have been studied. These problems primarily include the changes to the microstructure of the slab during the heating process, the formation and removal of deformation - induced martensite during cold rolling, and the effects of the annealing process on the surface oxide structure. A reasonable manufacturing process has been proposed on the basis of the research results and high-quality cold-rolled strips of low nickel austenitic stainless steel have been produced.

Effect of Cold Rolling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 301LN Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels

The microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of AISI 301LN metastable austenitic stainless steels during cold rolling were investigated. A wide range of cold thickness reduction (10%-80%) was carried out in a four-high rolling mill at ambient temperature. The X-ray and Feritscope MP30 were used to identify the strain-induced α′-martensite phase and its volume fraction, respectively. The microstructure was observed by optical micrograph and the mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests and microhardness. The results show that the strain-induced α′-martensite nucleated at the shear bands intersections and the growth of α′-martensite occurred by the repeated nucleation of new embryos. The volume fraction of strain-induced α′-martensite increased with increasing the cold rolling reduction. In addition, the percentage increased in the tensile strength is the same as that of hardness. The ratio between the average tensile strength and the average microhardness was found to range between 2.82 and 3.17.

Investigation of low-cycle fatigue behavior of austenitic stainless steel for cold-stretched pressure vessels

Cold-stretched pressure vessels from austenitic stainless steels （ASS） are widely used for storage and transportation of liquefied gases, and have such advantages as thin wall and light weight. Fatigue is an important concern in these pressure vessels, which are subjected to alternative loads. Even though several codes and standards have guidelines on these pressure vessels, there are no relevant design methods on fatigue failure. To understand the fatigue properties of ASS 1.4301 （equivalents include UNS $30400 and AISI 304） in solution-annealed （SA） and cold-stretched conditions （9% strain level） and the response of fatigue properties to cold stretching （CS）, low-cycle fatigue （LCF） tests were performed at room temperature, with total strain amplitudes ranging from ：~0.4% to ＂0.8%. Martensite transformations were measured during the tests. Comparisons on cyclic stress response, cyclic stress-strain behavior, and fatigue life were carried out between SA and CS materials. Results show that CS reduces the initial hardening stage, but prolongs the softening period in the cyclic stress response. Martensite transformation helps form a stable regime and subsequent secondary hardening. The stresses of monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves are improved by CS, which leads to a lower plastic strain and a much higher elastic strain. The fatigue resistance of the CS material is better than that of the SA material, which is approximately 1 - 103 to 2 - 104 cycles. The S-N curve of the ASME standard for ASS is compared with the fatigue data and is justified to be suitable for the fatigue design of cold-stretched pressure vessels. However, considering the CS material has a better fatigue resistance, the S-N curve will be more conservative. The present study would be helpful in making full use of the advantages of CS to develop a new S-N curve for fatigue design of cold-stretched pressure vessels.

Effect of cold deformation on corrosion fatigue behavior of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel for coronary stent application

Due to the excellent mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, high biocompatibility and nickel- free character, the high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） becomes an ideally alternative material for coronary stents. Stent implantation works in harsh blood environment after a balloon dilatation, i.e., the material is used in a corrosive environment with a permanent deforma- tion. The present study attempts to investigate effects of pre-straining on high-cycle fatigue behavior and corrosion fatigue behavior of HNASS in Hank＇s solution and the relevant mechanism for coronary stents application. It is found that higher pre-straining on HNASS results in higher strength and maintains almost same corrosion resistance. Fatigue limit of 0% HNASS is 550 MPa, while corrosion fatigue limit is 475 MPa. And improvement in fatigue limit of 20% and 35% pre-strained HNASS is in comparison with the 0% HNASS, while corrosion would undermine the fatigue behavior of HNASS. In a suitable range, the pre- straining had a beneficial effect on corrosion fatigue strength of HNASS, such as nearly 300 MPa improved with 20% cold deformation. This result provides a good reference for predicting the life of HNASS stent and as well its design.

Effect of Cold Deformation on Phase Evolution and Mechanical Properties in an Austenitic Stainless Steel for Structural and Safety Applications

The effects of cold deformation on the formation of strain induced α’ martensite and mechanical properties of an austenitic stainless steel have been examined.X-ray diffraction analysis has revealed that 30% and 40% cold rolling have resulted in the formation of 24% and 31.5% martensite respectively.Microstructural investigation has demonstrated that the formation of martensite is enhanced with increase in the percent deformation at 0 ℃.Investigation of mechanical properties reveals that hardness,yield strength and tensile strength values increase where as percent elongation drops with increasing deformation.The fractographic observation corroborates the tensile results.Examination of sub-surface at the fractured end of the tensile sample manifests that void/microcrack nucleation occurs in the interfacial regions of the martensite phase as well as at the austenite-martensite interface

超低温热疲劳对Z2CND18.12奥氏体不锈钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

核电厂低低水位阀门维修中经常采用冰塞封堵实现一段管道的封闭隔离,为研究冰堵作业中冷冻→解冻→加热过程对一回路管材Z2CND18.12奥氏体不锈钢的显微组织与力学性能的影响,采用实验模拟方法开展了20个循环周次的超低温热疲劳(-196℃→0℃→350℃→室温)实验。通过金相、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等方法设备表征材料经过不同循环周次的显微组织变化;通过室温、高温拉伸、室温冲击等测试方法获得试样宏观力学性能变化。研究结果表明:Z2CND18.12奥氏体不锈钢管材在20个循环周次的超低温热疲劳后,仍然保持了0周次试样(原始样品)的强度、塑性和韧性;显微组织中未发生相变和沉淀相析出,仅位错密度增加,晶粒尺寸略微减小。综上可知超低温热疲劳后Z2CND18.12奥氏体不锈钢管材显微结构稳定、力学性能良好,能够抵抗深冷热循环的反复作用。

冷轧变形对0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、XRD、维氏硬度计、万能试验机等研究了不同变形量冷轧对热轧态0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着冷轧变形量的增加,0Cr18Ni9不锈钢晶粒变形越来越明显,晶界处位错塞积不断加剧,晶界越来越模糊,组织中越来越多的奥氏体转变为马氏体。随着冷轧变形量的增加,0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度均逐渐升高,伸长率逐渐下降。冷轧变形量36%的0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度均达到最大值,分别为432.3 HV、1283.1MPa、1195.2 MPa。

核电站堆内构件用奥氏体不锈钢冷拉棒材的研制

核电站堆内构件用奥氏体不锈钢对材料的纯净度、晶粒度、耐腐蚀性及力学性能要求极其严格,质量稳定的材料对核电站的安全运行至关重要。通过对316不锈钢设计合理的化学成分(质量分数/%:0.045C、0.06N、17.00Cr、2.50Mo、12.50Ni、1.80Mn);采用三元预熔渣重熔冶炼提升钢液纯净度,低熔速减少冶炼偏析;锻造+轧制联合开坯;依据材料规格控制固溶保温时间;精确控制冷拉变形量2 mm。成功研制出堆内构件用奥氏体不锈钢SA-479316(N-60-6)冷拉棒材。其非金属夹杂物A、B、C、D类粗系、细系单项均≤1.0级,晶粒度达到5级,晶间腐蚀合格,室温拉伸屈服强度479~545 MPa,350℃高温拉伸强度515~575 MPa,满足堆内构件用冷拉棒材使用要求。

冷成形奥氏体不锈钢封头硬度和铁素体含量超标及异种钢焊接裂纹案例分析

冷成形奥氏体不锈钢封头硬度、铁素体含量超标,异种钢焊接裂纹是压力容器监造过程中遇到的比较典型的制造质量问题。本文结合监造设备案例,对质量问题产生的原因进行分析,提出了处理措施,为后续监造过程中预防、处理同类质量问题提供借鉴。

奥氏体不锈钢应变强化工艺及性能研究

针对奥氏体不锈钢延性好但屈服强度低的问题,提出采用应变强化工艺来提高材料屈服强度。分析应变强化工艺中两个关键工艺参数——应变速度和应变量对材料力学行为的影响,指出应变速度不宜过慢,否则会出现锯齿形屈服行为,对材料性能造成不利影响。经应变强化后的奥氏体不锈钢在显著提高强度的同时,仍能保持较好的韧性。通过金相组织分析、马氏体体积分数测定等结果表明,将应变量控制在10%以下,强化后奥氏体组织仅发生少量的α′马氏体相变,对材料的力学性能影响不大,且材料的微观组织也没有明显变化。研究结果表明,采用应变强化技术在大幅提高奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度的同时,对材料的其他力学性能均不造成大的影响,从而为压力容器的安全运行提供有力保证,可实现压力容器的轻型化设计,经济和社会效益显著,应用前景广阔。

奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器室温应变强化技术

随着低温液化气体的日益广泛应用,深冷容器的需求量不断增加。在安全的前提下,实现深冷容器的轻量化,对于节能降耗具有重要意义。采用室温应变强化技术可以提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,显著减薄奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器的壁厚,减轻重量。中国、美国、德国、澳大利亚等已将该技术用于制造奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器。在简要介绍室温应变强化技术发展历史、标准和优点的基础上,着重分析讨论了该技术推广应用中遇到的常见问题。

高氮奥氏体不锈钢与316L不锈钢的冷变形行为研究

以一种含氮量达1．0%(质量分数)的高氮奥氏体不锈钢N10和316L不锈钢为研究对象,通过在室温下对这两种材料施加不同的压缩变形量,研究了两种材料变形后的显微组织、真应力-真应变曲线和显微硬度．结果表明,两种材料在冷变形量小于20%时,机械孪晶和滑移共同参与变形．随变形量增加至50%,316L的变形方式过渡到以滑移为主,而高氮钢中机械孪晶和滑移仍共同参与变形．高氮奥氏体不锈钢在变形过程中不发生马氏体相变,表明其具有较高的结构稳定性；而316L中有马区体形成．高氮不锈钢的固溶态强度、硬度和加工硬化系数均显著高于316L,冷变形可大幅提高两种材料的强度．两种材料的显微硬度均与晶粒取向有明显相关性,晶粒取向对显微硬度的影响大于变形不均匀性的影响．对高氮不锈钢表现出的优民性能的机制进行了分析和讨论．

应变强化奥氏体不锈钢力学行为研究及应用

针对奥氏体不锈钢塑性和韧性优良但屈服强度低的问题,提出采用应变强化工艺来提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度。研究了应变强化工艺中的两个关键工艺参数——应变量和应变速率对材料力学行为的影响。对应变量的研究结果表明,将奥氏体不锈钢的应变强化量控制在10%左右,材料的屈服强度可以得到显著提高。由此可大幅减薄压力容器的设计壁厚,实现压力容器的轻型化设计。与此同时,在10%左右的形变量下,因形变诱发的马氏体量很少,材料仍保持了较好的塑性和韧性,为压力容器的安全设计提供了保证。对应变速率的研究结果表明,在准静态条件下,奥氏体不锈钢材料力学性能指标对应变速率不敏感,但过小的应变速率会导致材料出现锯齿形屈服,产生Portevin-Le Chatelier(PLC)效应。

奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器室温应变强化技术常见问题探讨

室温应变强化技术可显著提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,降低奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器内容器的壁厚,是一种省材节能的绿色制造技术。目前,包括中国在内的多个国家和地区已将该技术用于奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器的制造。中国采用室温应变强化技术的时间相对较短,在实施过程中提出了一些新的技术问题。本文结合近些年的研究成果和实践,从材料、设计、制造和检验等方面,对奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器室温应变强化技术的常见问题进行了探讨,并提出了若干建议。

应变强化奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头冲击试验研究

为了研究9%应变强化工艺对焊接接头冲击性能的影响,给应变强化奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头冲击试验指标的制定提供依据,以奥氏体不锈钢S30408为研究材料,对9%应变强化前、后焊接接头焊缝区和热影响区的标准尺寸和5mm厚小尺寸夏比V型缺口试样进行-196℃低温冲击试验.研究结果表明:9%应变强化对冲击功与侧向膨胀量在统计学上无影响;试样的冲击功与侧向膨胀量均保持线性关系,且线性关系在应变强化前、后在统计学上无明显差异;除焊缝区标准试样外,其余试样在冲击功满足指标要求时,对应的侧向膨胀量也能满足指标要求;应变强化前、后小尺寸试样冲击功与标准尺寸试样冲击功比值在焊缝区内均大于0.5,在热影响区内均等于0.5.