This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study...This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.展开更多
Within the context of a never ended Cold War in the energy field, the discoveries of natural gas resources in the Southern Eastern Mediterranean definitely create new impetus for the resolution of the longstanding Cyp...Within the context of a never ended Cold War in the energy field, the discoveries of natural gas resources in the Southern Eastern Mediterranean definitely create new impetus for the resolution of the longstanding Cyprus issues. After the failure of the last negotiations talks in July 2017, there is common strategic reason that calls for a mutually accepted resolution among all the parties involved. The situation calls to put aside national feelings and the burden of history and move forward. What is of crucial importance is not only the maintenance of international peace and regional stability but also the enhancement of the welfare of the people of this turbulent region. Whether the path of reason will be followed is remained to be seen.展开更多
In August 1950, the nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo suddenly left Rome for Stockholm and disappeared without leaving any trace. Pontecorvo had joined the British atomic bomb project. His abrupt disappearance quickl...In August 1950, the nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo suddenly left Rome for Stockholm and disappeared without leaving any trace. Pontecorvo had joined the British atomic bomb project. His abrupt disappearance quickly became an international affaire, causing much concern to the western intelligence services, who were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, especially after Fuchs＇ famous case. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics （USSR）, Pontecorvo was welcomed with honour, but also isolated from the rest of the world for many decades. He always denied any direct involvement in the Soviet nuclear programme. According to him, he moved to Russia because of his socialist beliefs, working only on particle physics and peaceful applications of atomic energy. Who was really Bruno Pontecorvo？ A pacifist like Robert Oppenheimer or a communist agent like Klaus Fuchs？ Did he have access to any information about the Manhattan Project during the war, thanks to his friendship with Enrico Fermi？ Did he spy on the Anglo-Canadian programme like Igor Gouzenko, before moving to Russia？ Did he join Soviet military projects across more than 30 years in Dubna？ The author will discuss how the perception of Pontecorvo＇s case changed in the public opinion from the 1950s until the 1990s, as a mirror of the tensions between the two blocks. The whole affaire was object of harsh political confrontation in Italy for almost 50 years. Therefore, the author will also focus on the role played by the Italian communists in Pontecorvo＇s defection to the USSR as well as on such a local debate, which reflects the history of the post-war Italian Communist Party （PCI） until the end of the Cold War.展开更多
Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship bet...Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship between China and the US isembodied in the regional and bilateral levels that are more specific and essential.Beyond the field of economy and trade, their relationship is mainly embodied in thestrategic and security field.展开更多
This paper analyzes in a long-term perspective the evolution of the international system between the 1920s and the 1980s in the particular case of broadcasting frequency regulation. It addresses the constructing of ＂...This paper analyzes in a long-term perspective the evolution of the international system between the 1920s and the 1980s in the particular case of broadcasting frequency regulation. It addresses the constructing of ＂Airy Curtains＂--the immaterial equivalent to the Iron Curtain-along ideological frontiers by focusing on the International Telecommunication Union＇s frequency allocation conferences throughout the ＂Cold War＂. The question is raised： Which changes in the construction of ＂Airy Curtains＂ and the international system are observable in a long term perspective？ The paper answers this question by telling a story of specialization and differentiation of the international system. At the core of the paper the tensions between experts and diplomats in the negotiations on international regulations are discussed. The paper argues that in three periods the governance changed from an expert matter over a conflictual diplomatic period into a system where ＇Cold War engineers＇ and the ＇Engineering diplomats＇ took a pragmatic approach to the ideological conflicts and the political demand for Cold War broadcasting by a decoupling of politics and technology. In that context decision-making changed from ＂conference diplomacy＂ in the beginning to a complex process where many problems were solved outside the conferences themselves.展开更多
Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening ...Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening reforms to head off po-tential fresh crises threatening regional peace and development.展开更多
The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,th...The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,the United States and Russia,proceed from the need of the antifascit strug-gle together,formed an alliance.Shortly after the Second World War,however,relations between theUnited States and the Soviet Union worsened dramatically.They could no longer cooperate and be-came opponent.The United States emerged from the World War Ⅱ a relatively unified,powerfuland confident nation,Victory gave Americans an uncritical pride in the productivity of their econo-my,in the prowess of their armed forces,in the rectitude of their motives,and in the strength展开更多
In 1952, the federal government was called upon to investigate the comic book industry in order to determine if reading comic books influenced juvenile delinquency. The United States could not afford to look weak from...In 1952, the federal government was called upon to investigate the comic book industry in order to determine if reading comic books influenced juvenile delinquency. The United States could not afford to look weak from any angle; the idea of Communist nations exploiting moral weakness of any kind was frightening to many. However, the Soviets were already aware of moral issues on the American home front that were affecting the health of the nation, such as civil rights, sexism （sexual confusion）, a rise in fascism, and juvenile delinquency. This study will discuss the investigation of the comic book industry as the sole contributors to juvenile delinquent issues, as Fredric Wertham charged in his book Seduction of the Innocent. In addition, this study focuses on the ways in which Entertaining Comics （EC） pushed the envelope and challenged Cold War standards of ideal middle class values. Their creative resistance led to the federal investigation which nearly destroyed the comic book industry. Through these investigations, the federal government re-defined the first amendment as it applied to this type of media as a way to curtail what they believed was the Soviet Union＇s efforts to use our own literature as a propaganda tool for their people.展开更多
文摘This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.
文摘Within the context of a never ended Cold War in the energy field, the discoveries of natural gas resources in the Southern Eastern Mediterranean definitely create new impetus for the resolution of the longstanding Cyprus issues. After the failure of the last negotiations talks in July 2017, there is common strategic reason that calls for a mutually accepted resolution among all the parties involved. The situation calls to put aside national feelings and the burden of history and move forward. What is of crucial importance is not only the maintenance of international peace and regional stability but also the enhancement of the welfare of the people of this turbulent region. Whether the path of reason will be followed is remained to be seen.
文摘In August 1950, the nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo suddenly left Rome for Stockholm and disappeared without leaving any trace. Pontecorvo had joined the British atomic bomb project. His abrupt disappearance quickly became an international affaire, causing much concern to the western intelligence services, who were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, especially after Fuchs＇ famous case. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics （USSR）, Pontecorvo was welcomed with honour, but also isolated from the rest of the world for many decades. He always denied any direct involvement in the Soviet nuclear programme. According to him, he moved to Russia because of his socialist beliefs, working only on particle physics and peaceful applications of atomic energy. Who was really Bruno Pontecorvo？ A pacifist like Robert Oppenheimer or a communist agent like Klaus Fuchs？ Did he have access to any information about the Manhattan Project during the war, thanks to his friendship with Enrico Fermi？ Did he spy on the Anglo-Canadian programme like Igor Gouzenko, before moving to Russia？ Did he join Soviet military projects across more than 30 years in Dubna？ The author will discuss how the perception of Pontecorvo＇s case changed in the public opinion from the 1950s until the 1990s, as a mirror of the tensions between the two blocks. The whole affaire was object of harsh political confrontation in Italy for almost 50 years. Therefore, the author will also focus on the role played by the Italian communists in Pontecorvo＇s defection to the USSR as well as on such a local debate, which reflects the history of the post-war Italian Communist Party （PCI） until the end of the Cold War.
文摘Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship between China and the US isembodied in the regional and bilateral levels that are more specific and essential.Beyond the field of economy and trade, their relationship is mainly embodied in thestrategic and security field.
文摘This paper analyzes in a long-term perspective the evolution of the international system between the 1920s and the 1980s in the particular case of broadcasting frequency regulation. It addresses the constructing of ＂Airy Curtains＂--the immaterial equivalent to the Iron Curtain-along ideological frontiers by focusing on the International Telecommunication Union＇s frequency allocation conferences throughout the ＂Cold War＂. The question is raised： Which changes in the construction of ＂Airy Curtains＂ and the international system are observable in a long term perspective？ The paper answers this question by telling a story of specialization and differentiation of the international system. At the core of the paper the tensions between experts and diplomats in the negotiations on international regulations are discussed. The paper argues that in three periods the governance changed from an expert matter over a conflictual diplomatic period into a system where ＇Cold War engineers＇ and the ＇Engineering diplomats＇ took a pragmatic approach to the ideological conflicts and the political demand for Cold War broadcasting by a decoupling of politics and technology. In that context decision-making changed from ＂conference diplomacy＂ in the beginning to a complex process where many problems were solved outside the conferences themselves.
文摘Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening reforms to head off po-tential fresh crises threatening regional peace and development.
文摘The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,the United States and Russia,proceed from the need of the antifascit strug-gle together,formed an alliance.Shortly after the Second World War,however,relations between theUnited States and the Soviet Union worsened dramatically.They could no longer cooperate and be-came opponent.The United States emerged from the World War Ⅱ a relatively unified,powerfuland confident nation,Victory gave Americans an uncritical pride in the productivity of their econo-my,in the prowess of their armed forces,in the rectitude of their motives,and in the strength
文摘In 1952, the federal government was called upon to investigate the comic book industry in order to determine if reading comic books influenced juvenile delinquency. The United States could not afford to look weak from any angle; the idea of Communist nations exploiting moral weakness of any kind was frightening to many. However, the Soviets were already aware of moral issues on the American home front that were affecting the health of the nation, such as civil rights, sexism （sexual confusion）, a rise in fascism, and juvenile delinquency. This study will discuss the investigation of the comic book industry as the sole contributors to juvenile delinquent issues, as Fredric Wertham charged in his book Seduction of the Innocent. In addition, this study focuses on the ways in which Entertaining Comics （EC） pushed the envelope and challenged Cold War standards of ideal middle class values. Their creative resistance led to the federal investigation which nearly destroyed the comic book industry. Through these investigations, the federal government re-defined the first amendment as it applied to this type of media as a way to curtail what they believed was the Soviet Union＇s efforts to use our own literature as a propaganda tool for their people.
