Artificial ground freezing of underground mines in cold regions using thermosyphons with air insulation

Current practice of underground artificial ground freezing(AGF)typically involves huge refrigeration systems of large economic and environmental costs.In this study,a novel AGF technique is proposed deploying available cold wind in cold regions.This is achieved by a static heat transfer device called thermosyphon equipped with an air insulation layer.A refrigeration unit can be optionally integrated to meet additional cooling requirements.The introduction of air insulation isolates the thermosyphon from ground zones where freezing is not needed,resulting in:(1)steering the cooling resources(cold wind or refrigeration)towards zones of interest;and(2)minimizing refrigeration load.This design is demonstrated using well-validated mathematical models from our previous work based on two-phase enthalpy method of the ground coupled with a thermal resistance network for the thermosyphon.Two Canadian mines are considered:the Cigar Lake Mine and the Giant Mine.The results show that our proposed design can speed the freezing time by 30%at the Giant Mine and by two months at the Cigar Lake Mine.Further,a cooling load of 2.4 GWh can be saved at the Cigar Lake Mine.Overall,this study provides mining practitioners with sustainable solutions of underground AGF.

Thermally insulating and fire-retardant bio-mimic structural composites with a negative Poisson's ratio for battery protection

Battery safety has attracted considerable attention worldwide due to the rapid development of wearable electronics and the steady increase in the production and use of electric vehicles.As battery failures are often associated with mechanical-thermal coupled behaviors,protective shielding materials with excellent mechanical robustness and flame-retardant properties are highly desired to mitigate thermal runaway.However,most of the thermal insulating materials are not strong enough to protect batteries from mechanical abuse,which is one of the most critical scenarios with catastrophic consequences.Here,inspired by wood,we have developed an effective approach to engineer a hierarchical nanocomposite via self-assembly of calcium silicate hydrate and polyvinyl alcohol polymer chains(referred as CSH wood).The versatile protective material CSH wood demonstrates an unprecedented combination of light weight(0.018 g cm-3),high stiffness(204 MPa in the axial direction),negative Poisson's ratio(-0.15),remarkable toughness(6.67×105 J m-3),superior thermal insulation(0.0204 W m-1 K-1 in the radial direction),and excellent fire retardancy(UL94-V0).When applied as a protective cover or a protective layer within battery packages,the tough CSH wood can resist high-impact load and block heat diffusion to block or delay the spread of fire,therefore significantly reducing the risk of property damage or bodily injuries caused by battery explosions.This work provides new pathways for fabricating advanced thermal insulating materials with large scalability and demonstrates great potential for the protection of electronic devices.

Corrosion performance of Al–Al2O3 cold sprayed coatings on mild carbon steel pipe under thermal insulation

This paper focused on the corrosion resistance of cold spray Al–Al_2O_3composite coatings used on carbon steel pipe surfaces under thermal insulation. Al–Al_2O_3coatings were produced on the carbon steel pipe surface by cold spray(CS) technology. Experimental apparatus was built to test the corrosion resistance of coatings beneath mineral wool insulation under isothermal, thermal cycling and wet/dry conditions. The results showed that when α-Al_2O_3 was added in spraying powder, the coating could obtain higher hardness and a denser microstructure. From corrosionunder-insulation(CUI) tests, Al–Al_2O_3CS coatings were proven to be efficient in protecting carbon steel pipe from CUI mainly owning to lamellar microstructures of coatings. There was no evidence to show that α-Al_2O_3 might bring any negative effect on corrosion resistance. Al–Al_2O_3CS coatings were sensitive to the chloride ion concentration. When these coatings were exposed to higher concentrations of NaC l, the coating's exhibited faster degradation.

Suitability and Construction of Self-Insulation Walls in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of Southern Shaanxi

In this paper, the suitability and construction technology of self-insulation walls were studied under the specific climatic conditions and regional resources of Hanzhong and Ankang in the hot summer and cold winter zone of Southern Shaanxi. Through the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and thermal inertia index, combined with the specifications of the shale hollow brick and aerated concrete block of Hanzhong and Ankang in southern Shaanxi, the thermal performance and suitable thickness of the external wall using self-insulation materials that meet the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings(DBJ61-65-2011) in Shaanxi Province were obtained. The results showed that the self-insulation wall had technical suitability in the hot summer and cold winter zone. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for the external wall insulation design of urban residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone of southern Shaanxi, but also a reference for designers to carry out energy-saving design of external walls of residential buildings in other similar climate zones.

The Theoretically Studies and Field Testing of Self-Insulation Exterior Wall in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

The energy efficiency design of the exterior wall in the buildings of the hot summer and cold winter zone of China should consider the heat prevention in summer and the heat insulation in winter. The self-insulation of the exterior?wall is a more feasible design to satisfy the energy efficiency of buildings in the?zone. However, the systematic research is urgently needed for the self-insulation of the exterior wall in the hot summer and cold winter zone of China. The paper tested the thermal performance of the common non-clay materials such as shale sintered hollow brick, sand autoclaved aerated concrete block, etc. by means of indoor experiments. The energy efficiency effect of the common materials was verified using dynamic calculation soft PKPM and several constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge were simulated, too. Besides, the tests of the thermal performance of exterior wall in real constructions were carried out to testify the practical effect of the recommended constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge. The conclusions are: the physical and thermal properties of the six non-clay wall material are better than the clay porous brick;the thermal performance of the non-clay brick can be improved obviously through the rational arrangement of the holes;shale sintered hollow brick after increasing the holes and rationalizing the hole arrangement and sand autoclaved aerated concrete block are recommended for buildings in the hot summer and cold winter area of China. The dynamic calculation results show that the thermal performances?of the non-clay materials are all satisfied with the energy efficiency;The heat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall with composition?③,?in which?the main wall was sand autoclaved aerated concrete block and the material on the heat bridge was sand autoclaved aerated concrete plate, is the smallest among the three recommended compositions.

STEADY HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTILAYER THERMAL INSULATIONS

The energy equilibrium equation and discrete ordinate methods are combined to establish the one-dimensional steady heat transfer mathematical model of multi-layer thermal insulations （MTIs） in metallic thermal protection systems. The inverse problem of heat transfer is solved by the genetic algorithm and data from the steady heat transfer experiment of fibrous thermal insulations. The density radiation attenuation coefficient, the albedo of fibrous thermal insulations and the surface emissivity of reflective screens are optimized. Finally, the one-dimensional steady heat transfer model of MTIs with optimized thermal physical parameters is verified by experimental data of the effective MTI conductivity.

Effects of Warm Blood Cardioplegic Solution on Myocardial Protection

To evaluate the effects of warm blood cardioplegic solution on myocardial protection, normothermic induction and terminal perfusion of oxygenated blood cardioplegia in combination with intermittent administration of cold blood cardioplegia during ischemia were studied in an isolated working rat heart model.The experimental protocol consisted of a 120 min cardioplegic arrest followed by 45 min normothermic reperfusion. Myocardial content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), recovery of the left ventricular function, release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and ultrastructure of myocardium were assessed before and after ischemia. The results showed that the hearts preserved with warm blood cardioplegic induction and terminal perfusion had significantly higher levels of ATP,better recovery of cardiac function and lower releases of CPK than those receiving cold blood cardioplegia alone, with myocardial tissue being of generally normal structure. These findings suggest that warm induction and terminal perfusion of blood cardioplegic solution can accelerate myocardial metabolic and functional recovery, preserve high-energy phosphate, reduce myocardial injury and enhance myocardial protection.

Protection of ±500 kV HVDC Double-circuit Converter Station from Lightning Induced Overvoltage

In order to obtain reasonable schemes of arrester in converter stations, the arrester scheme of "Xiluodu-Guangdong HVDC ± 500 kV double circuit transmission" project against lighting induced overvoltage, which was designed according to the main principle of lightning protection in converter station, is discussed. A calculation of the lighting induced overvoltage in Zhaotong converter station un- der various operation modes is performed with ATP-EMTP software, then the surge arrester configuration of the converter station is decided, and the arrester protection schemes of smoothing reactor and neutral line are studied. It is concluded that additional protection is necessary because of the relatively large gap between protected disconnecting switch and arrester of metallic return transfer bus. Plus, the smoothing reactor (SR) arrester near the valve hall could be removed to improve the scheme’s economic performance.

Shaped Insulating Refractory Products——Determination of Cold Crushing Strength

1 Scope This standard specifies a method for determination of the cold crushing strength of shaped insulating refractory products.

Overvoltage and Insulation Coordination for ±1 100 kV UHVDC Converter Station

In order to specify the overvoltage and insulation level of equipments in ±1 100 kV UHVDC converter stations,the arrester configuration scheme and some basic parameters for ±1 100 kV Zhundong converter station are proposed.Overvoltage of equipments in AC system,valve hall,DC busbar,and neutral busbar are also calculated in accordance with the fundamental principles of arrester configuration for UHV converter stations and the existing experiences in insulation coordination of ±800 kV UHVDC converter stations.The work is done also for specifing insulation levels for ±1 100 kV UHVDC converter stations of the ±1 100 kV UHVDC power transmission project from Zhundong to Sichuan in China.Thus,the recommended insulation margins that determine the insulation levels of converter station equipments are proposed: the insulation margins for thyristor valves are 10%/10%/15% for switching impulse/ lightning impulse/ steer front impulse; the insulation levels of lighting and swtiching impulses are recommended as 2 600 kV and 2 150 kV respectively for 1 100 kV DC buses,and as 2 250 kV and 2 100 kV respectively for equipments at the valve side of high-voltage Y/Y converter transformers.

寒区隧道防冻保温层隔热作用机理及其厚度影响因素研究

针对寒冷地区公路隧道防冻保温层表面铺设,共设置了21组计算工况,通过对年周期下隧道防冻保温层、衬砌结构和围岩沿径向温度场变化以及各工况所需的防冻保温层厚度进行数值模拟计算,研究隧道防冻保温层隔热作用机理及其所需厚度的影响因素。结果表明:防冻保温层隔热作用显著,主要体现在使隧道衬砌结构和围岩年温度振幅降低上,同时年平均温度也有一定升高;随着防冻保温层铺设厚度增大,隧道衬砌结构和围岩年平均温度和年温度振幅分别呈指数函数升高和降低,相应的年最低温度也呈指数函数升高,防冻保温层厚度越大,隔热效果越好,但是隔热效率不断降低;围岩导热系数越大,导温系数越小,防冻保温层隔热效果越显著;防冻保温层所需厚度随围岩导热系数和围岩初始温度升高呈指数函数减小,随围岩导温系数升高呈对数函数增加,随年平均气温和年温度振幅升高分别呈线性减小和增加,防冻保温层厚度应综合考虑以上各因素进行计算确定。

冷热冲击下纳米粒子改性硅橡胶/环氧树脂绝缘修复涂料耐电特性

为解决现有绝缘修复材料在大范围温度波动时出现绝缘件剥落、二次开裂、电气失效等问题,研制了多种纳米粒子填充的硅橡胶/环氧树脂复合修复涂料,对比分析了冷热冲击循环前后修复涂料的粘合强度、电气性能和微观结构。结果表明:冷热冲击会造成修复涂料分子主链断裂,产生低分子产物和氧化游离基团,导致涂料相对介电常数和介质损耗增大,击穿场强减小;而功能纳米母粒可提高界面结合能,阻碍聚合物分子的拉伸和扭转,使涂料具有相对稳定的化学结构,可防止冷热冲击下基体内局部劣化通道的延伸,从而有效抑制修复涂料耐电性能的下降;当玻璃纤维、纳米ZnO、SiO_(2)共混,填充量(质量分数)为16%时,涂料电气性能良好,且硅橡胶/环氧树脂复合修复涂料固化时间短,无溶胀现象发生,附着力良好,为设备绝缘快速修复提供可能。

发射台可快速修复的热防护方法探究

热防护作为防止发射台承载结构受到火箭发射燃气流烧蚀的区域性防护措施,是保证发射台能够可靠承载火箭的关键环节。近年来,随着以长征二号丙运载火箭为代表的常规液体运载火箭发射频率逐年升高,发射台在火箭发射后的恢复时间也大幅压缩。为此,提出发射台热防护的快速恢复方案,将烧蚀式防热技术与隔热式防热技术相结合,设计模块化的热防护组件以实现快速更换。通过仿真、试验并进行搭载使用,结果表明,新式热防护的修复时间由3天缩短至1天,防护效果良好,可以满足高密度火箭发射的使用需求。

EVALUATING WINDOW INSULATION FOR COLD CLIMATES

INTRODUCTION In cold climates,a large amount of heat is lost through windows during the winter.For instance,a double-pane window might allow as much as 10 times the amount of heat to leave a house compared to the same area of a typical 2×6 wall.It makes sense to upgrade or insulate windows in order to improve the thermal envelope of a home,especially in an area with a long heating season;however,windows are a very expensive component of the building envelope to replace.Replacing a single window can cost several hundred to more than a thousand dollars;therefore,people often resort to cheaper methods to reduce heat loss,such as shutters or curtains.Others may already have high-performance windows,but want to reduce heat loss even further by placing movable insulation over their windows during the cold winter nights.To help guide these decisions,the Cold Climate Housing Research Center(CCHRC)in Fairbanks,Alaska,conducted a study of common window insulation methods and compared them in terms of thermal effectiveness,affordability,ease of installation,durability,functionality,and condensation resistance.The purpose of the study was to inform homeowners about the various advantages and disadvantages of different window treatments.As part of the research,CCHRC studied a variety of methods and windows in volunteers’homes to understand how the methods work in real-life situations.CCHRC also modeled the retrofit window treatments with Therm 6.3,a modeling program,to help explain more generally how they can help homeowners.

天津地区住宅建筑屋面通风隔热效果实测研究

为了解通风隔热屋面在北方寒冷地区的夏季降温效果,分别对天津某一小区内一栋通风隔热屋面住宅与一栋常规平屋面住宅的屋面温度及对应顶层的自然室温进行对比测试。结果显示,测量期间,相比常规屋面,建筑通风隔热屋面建筑屋面温度平均降低约14.3℃,屋面温度低于对应顶层自然室温时间比例由59.5%提高到81.7%,对应顶层自然室温平均降低0.58℃,表明通风隔热层在北方寒冷地区应用具有可行性。

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑辐射型反射隔热涂料节能设计方法研究

辐射型反射隔热涂料在夏热冬冷地区居住建筑中的应用案例越来越多,其节能设计方法备受关注。等效热阻法是目前反射隔热涂料热工设计的标准方法,但相关文献研究指出,涂覆于非透明材料上的隔热涂料应采用太阳光直接反射比作为隔热评价指标,不宜用等效热阻来评价。通过上海某6层住宅建筑探讨了夏热冬冷地区居住建筑外墙采用辐射型反射隔热涂料的节能效果及其传热系数、太阳辐射吸收系数和表面发射率之间的关系,对比分析了采用参数直接计算与等效热阻法计算能耗结果,结果表明:1)辐射型反射隔热涂料隔热机理与反射隔热涂料差异明显;2)辐射型反射隔热涂料节能效果不适宜采用等效热阻法进行节能效果评价;3)辐射型反射隔热涂料墙体冬季保温热阻设计应充分考虑其对墙体温度的负面影响。

LNG管道冷保温外护材料CSPE施工技术研究

以某大型LNG项目为例,介绍了一种新型LNG管道冷保温外护材料—CSPE(氯磺化聚乙烯)的材料特性、结构性能及防护特点,总结了CSPE外护材料施工的工艺流程和技术要点,同时对施工过程中CSPE可能产生的质量问题进行分析并提出对应解决方案,防止因CSPE外护层失效所带来的设备设施安全风险与隐患,为新建LNG管道同类型冷保温外护施工提供参考。

土石坝护坡冻胀破坏水-热-力耦合数值模拟研究

针对寒区土石坝护坡普遍存在的冻胀破坏问题,选取寒区某土石坝工程为研究对象,结合土石坝工程特点,建立考虑水-热-力耦合作用的有限元计算模型。研究护坡在库水位和坝体填土水分迁移作用下冻胀破坏全过程,分析土石坝温度场、水分场和位移场的变化规律,并将位移场有限元计算结果与实测冻胀变形资料进行对比,验证有限元计算结果。研究结果表明:冻胀作用对坝坡影响深度约为2 m,坝坡浅层0~2 m范围的温度变化受外界气温影响较大,坝体内部温度相对坝坡浅层变幅小,且有一定的滞后性;负温使坝坡浅层孔隙水相变成冰,宏观上表现为未冻水体积分数的降低,坝坡浅层土石混合体孔隙水相变、坝体填土内水分向坝坡迁移和冻结峰面向坝体内部移动是护坡冻胀破坏的主要因素;大坝坝坡计算冻胀量为20~30 cm,最大值为36 cm,计算结果与实测冻胀变形资料吻合;护坡冻胀破坏主要由砂砾料垫层、坝体填土等土石混合体冻胀及冰推力共同作用引起。研究结果可为寒区土石坝护坡设计提供参考。

寒冷地区装配式日光温室保温性能仿真

日光温室的保温性能直接影响农作物产量,为了使其提高产量,需要对保温性能进行分析。但由于需要考虑诸多因素,导致分析过程繁复。因此,提出寒冷地区装配式日光温室保温性能仿真研究,利用数学模型化繁为简。计算温室前段与后段曲率,并构建温度场数学模型,使用二次曲线逼近的方式解析该模型;建立有限元分析模型,根据有限元求解思路计算热传递问题,分别确立稳态和瞬态下的热传递微分方程,设置边界条件;结合热传递情况,使用流体动力学算法,计算流体质量、动量和能量守恒公式,进而获得温室不同节点温度。实验结果表明,目标温室的保温性能良好,模拟出的温度与实际温度相符,能够为温室参数改进提供参考依据。

我国《反家庭暴力法》的实施困境与法律纾解

我国反家庭暴力立法以性别中立为政策框架,在保护妇女权益的同时也关注对家庭其他弱势群体的权益保护。2016年我国《反家庭暴力法》实施以后,多个省市纷纷在该法基础上制定或修订相关法规,形成了以《反家庭暴力法》为核心的反家庭暴力法律体系。在近年来的家庭暴力预防、干预和制止责任履行的实践中,《反家庭暴力法》暴露出一些不足,主要表现在家庭暴力概念的界定未能更好适应现实的需要,强制报告制度与告诫书制度的操作规则不够明确以及人身安全保护令的执行架构存在缺陷等方面。因此,在立法及适用上唯有承认当前社会中出现的新型家庭暴力,细化强制报告制度与告诫书制度的操作规则,并完善人身安全保护令的执行体系,才能适应反家庭暴力的现实需求。