Renal resistive index measurements by ultrasound in patients with liver cirrhosis:Magnitude and associations with renal dysfunction

BACKGROUND The hemodynamic alterations seen in liver cirrhosis lead to renal vasoconstriction,ultimately causing acute kidney injury(AKI).The renal resistive index(RRI)is the most common Doppler ultrasound variable for measuring intrarenal vascular resistance.AIM To evaluate the association of the RRI with AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis and to identify risk factors for high RRI.METHODS This was a prospective observational study,where RRI was measured using Doppler ultrasound in 200 consecutive hospitalized patients with cirrhosis.The association of RRI with AKI was studied.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was utilized to determine discriminatory cut-offs of RRI for various AKI phenotypes.Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of high RRI.RESULTS The mean patient age was 49.08±11.68 years,with the majority(79.5%)being male;the predominant etiology of cirrhosis was alcohol(39%).The mean RRI for the study cohort was 0.68±0.09,showing a progressive increase with higher Child-Pugh class of cirrhosis.Overall,AKI was present in 129(64.5%)patients.The mean RRI was significantly higher in patients with AKI compared to those without it(0.72±0.06 vs 0.60±0.08;P<0.001).A total of 82 patients(41%)had hepatorenal syndrome(HRS)-AKI,29(22.4%)had prerenal AKI(PRA),and 18(13.9%)had acute tubular necrosis(ATN)-AKI.The mean RRI was significantly higher in the ATN-AKI(0.80±0.02)and HRS-AKI(0.73±0.03)groups than in the PRA(0.63±0.07)and non-AKI(0.60±0.07)groups.RRI demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability in distinguishing ATN-AKI from non-ATN-AKI(area under ROC curve:93.9%).AKI emerged as an independent predictor of high RRI(adjusted odds ratio[OR]:11.52),and high RRI independently predicted mortality among AKI patients(adjusted OR:3.18).CONCLUSION In cirrhosis patients,RRI exhibited a significant association with AKI,effectively differentiated between AKI phenotypes,and predicted AKI mortality.

Comparison of resistive index and shear-wave elastography in the evaluation of chronic kidney allograft dysfunction

BACKGROUND Detection of early chronic changes in the kidney allograft is important for timely intervention and long-term survival.Conventional and novel ultrasound-based investigations are being increasingly used for this purpose with variable results.AIM To compare the diagnostic performance of resistive index(RI)and shear wave elastography(SWE)in the diagnosis of chronic fibrosing changes of kidney allograft with histopathological results.METHODS This is a cross-sectional and comparative study.A total of 154 kidney transplant recipients were included in this study,which was conducted at the Departments of Transplantation and Radiology,Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation,Karachi,Pakistan,from August 2022 to February 2023.All consecutive patients with increased serum creatinine levels and reduced glomerular filtration rate(GFR)after three months of transplantation were enrolled in this study.SWE and RI were performed and the findings of these were evaluated against the kidney allograft biopsy results to determine their diagnostic utility.RESULTS The mean age of all patients was 35.32±11.08 years.Among these,126(81.8%)were males and 28(18.2%)were females.The mean serum creatinine in all patients was 2.86±1.68 mg/dL and the mean estimated GFR was 35.38±17.27 mL/min/1.73 m2.Kidney allograft biopsy results showed chronic changes in 55(37.66%)biopsies.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),and negative predictive value(NPV)of SWE for the detection of chronic allograft damage were 93.10%,96.87%%,94.73%,and 95.87%,respectively,and the diagnostic accuracy was 95.45%.For RI,the sensitivity,specificity,PPV,and NPV were 76.92%,83.33%,70.17%,and 87.62%,respectively,and the diagnostic accuracy was 81.16%.CONCLUSION The results from this study show that SWE is more sensitive and specific as compared to RI in the evaluation of chronic allograft damage.It can be of great help during the routine follow-up of kidney transplant recipients for screening and early detection of chronic changes and selecting patients for allograft biopsy.

Role of cystatin C and renal resistive index in assessment of renal function in patients with liver cirrhosis

AIM:To evaluate the clinical significance of cystatin C and renal resistive index for the determination of renal function in patients with liver cirrhosis.METHODS:We conducted a study of 63 patients with liver cirrhosis.A control group comprised of 30 age and gender-matched healthy persons.Serum cystatin C was determined in all study subjects and renal Doppler ultrasonography was made.Estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine(GFRCr)and cystatin C(GFRCys)was calculated.RESULTS:We confirmed significant differences in val-ues of cystatin C between patients with different stages of liver cirrhosis according to Child-Pugh(P=0.01),and a significant correlation with model of end stage liver disease(MELD)score(rs=0.527,P<0.001).More patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate were identified based on GFRCys than on GFRCr(P<0.001).Significantly higher renal resistive index was noted in Child-Pugh C than in A(P<0.001)and B stage(P=0.001).Also,a significant correlation between renal resistive index and MELD score was observed(rs=0.607,P<0.001).Renal resistive index correlated significantly with cystatin C(rs=0.283,P=0.028)and showed a negative correlation with GFRCys(rs=-0.31,P=0.016).CONCLUSION:Cystatin C may be a more reliable marker for assessment of liver insufficiency.Additionally,cystatin C and renal resistive index represent sensitive indicators of renal dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis.

A drought resistance index to select drought resistant plant species based on leaf water potential measurements

The water deficit in arid and semi-arid regions is the primary limiting factor for the development of urban greenery and forestation. In addition, planting the species that consume low levels of water is useful in arid and semi-arid regions that have poor water management measures. Leaf water potential(Ψ) is a physiological parameter that can be used to identify drought resistance in various species. Indeed, Ψ is one of the most important properties of a plant that can be measured using a pressure chamber. Drought avoiding or drought resistant species have a lower Ψ than plants that use normal or high levels of water. To determine drought resistance of species that are suitable for afforestation in arid urban regions, we evaluated twenty woody species in the Isfahan City, central Iran. The experimental design was random split-split plots with five replications. The species were planted outdoor in plastic pots and then subjected to treatments that consisted of two soil types and five drip irrigation regimes. To evaluate the resistance of each species to drought, we used the Ψ and the number of survived plants to obtain the drought resistance index(DRI). Then, cluster analysis, dendrogram, and similarity index were used to group the species using DRI. Result indicates that the evaluated species were classified into five groups:(1) high water consuming species(DRI>–60 MPa);(2) above normal water consuming species(–60 MPa≥DRI>–90 MPa);(3) normal water consuming species(–90 MPa≥DRI>–120 MPa);(4) semi-drought resistant species(–120 MPa≥DRI>–150 MPa);and(5) drought resistant species(DRI≤–150 MPa). According to the DRI, Salix babylonica L., Populus alba L., and P. nigra L. are high water consuming species, Platanus orientalis L. and Albizia julibrissin Benth are normal water consuming species, and Quercus infectoria Oliv. and Olea europaea L. can be considered as drought resistant species.

Central retinal artery resistive index and optical coherence tomography in assessment of glaucoma progression

AIM: To assess the relation between central retinal artery(CRA) resistive index(RI) and retinal nerve fiber thickness measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT) in assessment of disease progress in cases of open angle glaucoma.METHODS: Twenty-three patients with diagnosed open angle glaucoma were included in this study. They were examined by colored duplex ultrasonography of CRA with estimation of RI of CRA and ophthalmic artery(OA)with estimation of CRA/OA RI ratio as well as OCT measurement of the average retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) thickness in order to assess the disease progress.RESULTS: There was strong inverse relation between the increased RI in CRA as well as the increased CRA/OA RI ratio and the decrease in average RNFL thickness in cases of open angle glaucoma.CONCLUSION: Assessment of CRA RI can indirectly assess the vascular changes associated with glaucoma and can assess the degree of retinal atrophy helping in evaluating prognosis thus guiding the choice of treatment.

The Relationship of Carotid Plaque, Intima Media Thickness (IMT), Resistivity Index (RI) and Pulsatility Index(PI) in Asian-Indian Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke with and without Type2 DM

Aim: To determine the relationship of carotid plaque, intima media thickness (IMT), resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) and prevalence of different risk factors with acute ischemic stroke and stroke subtypes in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Materials and methods: 80 cases of acute ischemic strokes and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. The plaque, IMT, RI and PI were measured by carotid duplex ultrasound. Results: 31 subjects were Type 2 diabetic, 54 hypertensive while 25 were both diabetic and hypertensive. 23 cases (28.75%) had lacunar stroke (LACI), 32 (40%) stroke involving partial anterior circulation(PACI), 10(12.5%) stroke in posterior circulation (PACI) and 15(18.75%) stroke involving total anterior circulation(TACI) respectively. The mean IMT (0.88 ± 0.19mm), RI(0.76 ± 0.05) and PI(1.71 ± 0.19) of patients and mean IMT (0.6±0.09mm), RI (0.61 ± 0.06) and PI (1.53 ± 0.11) of controls were statistically significant (p-0.000). The mean values of IMT, PI and RI were significantly higher in diabetics (IMT-0.90 ± 0.16 VS 0.64 ± 0.11, p-0.013;PI-1.76 ± 0.20 VS 1.49 ± 0.09, P-0.000 and RI-0.76 ± 0.04 VS 0.59 ± 0.06, P-0.000) and similarly the mean values for IMT, PI and RI in hypertensives as compared to controls (IMT-0.88 ± 0.16 vs 0.65 ± 0.10, P-0.006;PI1.69 ± 0.18 vs 1.49 ± 0.09, P-0.000 and RI 0.76 ± 0.04 vs 0.59 ± 0.06, P-0.000). The mean IMT, PI and RI were increased significantly in smokers compared to controls (IMT-0.93 ± 0.20 vs 0.63 ± 0.06, P-0.000;PI-1.82 ± 0.22 vs 1.49 ± 0.09, P-0.000 and RI-0.77 ± 0.04 vs 0.59 ± 0.06, P-0.000). Type 3 plaque accounted for 27 (56.2%) cases and Type 2 plaque 12 (25%) cases. The total number of plaques in patients as compared to controls were significantly more (P-0.0034) and the mean plaque area was 46 mm2 for cases and 20 mm2 for control (P-0.0001). TACI was the most common type of ischemic stroke seen in DM (60%), HTN (66.6%) and smokers (66.7%). Plaques (73.3%), IMT (0.90 ± 0.12), PI(1.72 ± 0.14) and RI (0.76 ± 0.13) were more commonly associated with TACI subtype. On multivariate analysis using ANOVA, the mean PI was highly significant (0.000) in relation to types of plaque. Summary and Conclusions: IMT, RI, PI and plaque type are useful diagnostic parameters for acute ischemic stroke and its subtypes. They can be used as noninvasive tools for predicting and preventing ischemic stroke in smokers as well as subjects with DM and hypertension.

The concept and statistical method of drought resistance index in crops

There is evindence showing that stress susceptibility index(SSI)(1一Yd/Yp)/(1—(?)d/(?)p)used as a measure of drought resistance of crop on the field is an altered form of droughtresistance coefficient(DRC)(Yd/Yp).The correlative coefficient SSI and DRC is r=-1.Therefore,the SSI doesn’t improve the defect of the DRC.After two years experiments per-formed by using thirty winter wheat varieties as trial materials,the concept of drought resistanceindex in crops was put forward.Its expressing equation is:the yield in drylan×drought resis-tance coefficient/average yield in dryland.It makes the drought resistance coefficient(physicalindex)correlate well with the yield in dryland(agronomy index)and is suitable for breeder.

Contrasting Characteristics of Lodging Resistance in Two Super-Rice Hybrids Differing in Harvest Index

The“super rice”breeding program in China has been successful in developing high-yielding hybrids,including few with high harvest index values.However,there is limited information on the relationship between lodging resistance and harvest index,and the mechanisms underlying the relationship in super-rice hybrids.In this study,a two-year field experiment was conducted to compare lodging resistance and its related traits between two superrice hybrids differing in harvest index,i.e.,Guiliangyou 2(G2)with a high harvest index and Y-liangyou 1(Y1)with a typical harvest index of modern high-yielding rice varieties.Results showed that compared to Y1,G2 was lower in plant height due to its lower aboveground N uptake,and its higher stem breaking resistance(i.e.,lower stem breaking index)resulted from a lower stem height at its center of gravity.Consequently,G2 had a higher lodging resistance(i.e.,lower plant lodging index)than Y1.This study suggests that developing super-rice hybrids with high harvest index values is a possible way to achieve both high grain yield and strong lodging resistance in rice.

The Association of Visceral Adiposity Index with Insulin Resistance in Adults with Prediabetes

Visceral adiposity mediates insulin resistance, but their association among adults with prediabetes is scarce in the literature. This study is aimed to determine the association of visceral adiposity index (VAI) with insulin resistance in adults with prediabetes. This cross-sectional study was done among 117 adults with newly detected prediabetes [m/f;23/94;mean ± SD: Age 36.30 ± 9.99 years, BMI 28.89 ± 4.35 kg/m2] based on American Diabetes Association 2018 criteria and 141 matched healthy controls [m/f: 28/113;mean ± SD: 35.30 ± 6.88 years, BMI 25.03 ± 4.58]. Waist circumference, body mass index, fasting triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured in each group to calculate VAI and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). People with prediabetes had significantly higher median value of VAI {3.08 (2.26) vs. 1.86 (2.31);p < 0.001} with higher frequency of high VAI (>1) (98.3% vs. 85.8%;p < 0.001) than the control population. HOMA-IR level was significantly higher in prediabetes with high VAI (cut-off of 2.64) than control with normal VAI [2.78 (2.22, 4.15) vs. 2.20 (1.53, 3.36);p = 0.002]. VAI was positively correlated with HOMA-IR in females with prediabetes (r = 0.299, p = 0.003). VAI had predictive association with prediabetes [OR (95% CI: 9.504 (2.173, 41.576);p = 0.03] and high insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6) in females with prediabetes [OR (95% CI) = 3.50 (1.476, 8.297);p = 0.004] only. It could satisfactorily discriminate prediabetes in both sexes (male: AUC = 0.767, p = 0.001;female: AUC = 0.641, p < 0.001) and high insulin resistance in females with prediabetes (AUC = 0.641;p = 0.019) only. So, VAI was associated with prediabetes and insulin resistance only in females with prediabetes.

Resistance Distance and Kirchhoff Index in Corona and Edge Corona of Two Graphs

Let G_1 and G_2 be vertex-disjoint graphs with n_1 and n_2 vertices,m_1 and m_2 edges,respectively.The corona G_1° G_2 of G_1and G_2 was defined as the graph obtained by taking one copy of G_1and n_1 copies of G_2,and then joining the ith vertex of G_1 to every vertex in the ith copy of G_2.The edge corona G_1° G_2 of G_1 and G_2was defined as the graph obtained by taking one copy of G_1 and m_1copies of G_2,and then joining two end-vertices of the ith edge of G_1to every vertex in the ith copy of G_2.Kirchhoff index of G_1 ° G_2 was obtained in a much simple proof and the resistance distance of G_1 °G_2 is obtained.Furthermore,the Kirchhoff index and the resistance distance of G_1 ° G_2 were obtained.

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Pore Structure on Resistivity, Formation Factor and Cementation Index in Tight Sandstone

Tight sandstone,with severe diagenesis and complex pore structure,differs greatly from conventional sandstone in terms of rock electrical parameters.In subsurface rock electrical experiments,various electrical parameters are confounded and can only be analyzed qualitatively.The lack of quantitative analysis for each individual electrical parameter presents a challenge for the evaluation of oil and gas saturation in tight sandstone.Based on the 2D pore-throat model and the features of pore structure in the tight sandstone of the Penglaizhen and Shaximiao Formations in the upper and middle Jurassic of the Western Sichuan Depression,this paper presents 3D micro pore-throat models for three types of tight sandstone.It proposes a finite element-based rock electrical simulation method to analyze the influence of pore structure parameters,such as throat radius and throat tortuosity,on electrical parameters such as resistivity,formation factor,and cementation index quantitatively.The research revealed the following results:(1)Throats of tight sandstone usually have lamellar or curved lamellar shapes that are slender and narrow.The lamellar throat used in the proposed porethroat model is more consistent with the features of tight sandstone than the tubular throat used in the original model.(2)The throat determines the conductivity of tight sandstone.The throat parallel to the electric potential has the greatest influence on conductivity,and the throat perpendicular to the potential has the least influence.(3)In tight sandstone grades I to III,as the porosity decreases,the formation factor increases and the cementation index decreases.(4)The results of the rock electrical simulation are consistent with the results of the rock electrical experiment,which indicates that the proposed rock electrical simulation method of tight sandstone is effective and accurate.

Hemodynamic Profiling Using a Cardiac Index–Systemic Vascular Resistance Plot in Patients with Fontan Circulation

Background: Elevated Fontan pressure (FP) alone cannot fully predict clinical outcomes. We hypothesized thathemodynamic profiling using a cardiac index (CI)-systemic vascular resistance (SVR) plot could characterize clinicalfeatures and predict the prognosis of post-Fontan patients. Methods: We included post-Fontan patients whounderwent cardiac catheterization at age < 10 years. Patients were classified into four categories: A, CI ≥ 3, SVRindex (SVRI) ≥ 20;B, CI < 3, SVRI ≥ 20;C, CI ≥ 3, SVRI < 20;and D, CI < 3, SVRI < 20. The primary outcome wasfreedom from the combined endpoint: new onset of protein-losing enteropathy or plastic bronchitis, heart transplant,and death. Clinical and hemodynamic variables and freedom from the endpoint were compared betweenthe hemodynamic categories and outcome predictors were evaluated. Results: Eighty-three patients wereincluded. Median follow-up was 5.3 years. Category A/B/C/D consisted of 4/15/53/11 patients, respectively. Allthe patients in category A were New York Heart Association I/II and had a significantly lower pulmonary vascularresistance index (PVRI). Patients in category C had lower pulmonary/systemic blood flow. Patients in category Dhad a higher PVRI and had the poorest freedom from the endpoint (44% at 5 years). Elevated FP and category Dwere outcome predictors. Conclusions: CI-SVR plots was a novel adjunctive method for Fontan hemodynamicprofiling.

Screening of Drought Resistance Identification Indexes for Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars in Ningxia

The morphological characters, physiological characters, yield traits and yield per plant of total 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia were investigated under conditions of water stress and non-water stress so as to determine the relationship between each trait and yield per plant under water stress and the relationship between each relative character and drought resistance coefficient under water stress and non-water stress. The correlation, grey correlation, stepwise regression and path analyses showed that the tiller number per plant, plant height, grain density, effective panicle number per plant and grain number per panicle, total 5 traits, were significantly correlated with the drought resistance of rice, and they could be used to identify the drought resistance of rice in Ningxia. In addition, the drought resistance of rice was graded qualitatively according to the subordinate function value of corresponding drought resistance coefficient. The results showed that among the 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia,6 rice cultivars were highly drought resistant, and 9 rice cultivars were moderately drought resistant, suggesting that the evaluation method was feasible and effective.

Association between triglyceride-glucose index and colorectal polyps:A retrospective cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Colorectal polyps(CPs)are frequently occurring abnormal growths in the colorectum,and are a primary precursor of colorectal cancer(CRC).The triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index is a novel marker that assesses metabolic health and insulin resistance,and has been linked to gastrointestinal cancers.AIM To investigate the potential association between the TyG index and CPs,as the relation between them has not been documented.METHODS A total of 2537 persons undergoing a routine health physical examination and colonoscopy at The First People's Hospital of Kunshan,Jiangsu Province,China,between January 2020 and December 2022 were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study.After excluding individuals who did not meet the eligibility criteria,descriptive statistics were used to compare characteristics between patients with and without CPs.Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the TyG index and the prevalence of CPs.The TyG index was calculated using the following formula:Ln[triglyceride(mg/dL)×glucose(mg/dL)/2].The presence and types of CPs was determined based on data from colonoscopy reports and pathology reports.RESULTS A nonlinear relation between the TyG index and the prevalence of CPs was identified,and exhibited a curvilinear pattern with a cut-off point of 2.31.A significant association was observed before the turning point,with an odds ratio(95% confidence interval)of 1.70(1.40,2.06),P<0.0001.However,the association between the TyG index and CPs was not significant after the cut-off point,with an odds ratio(95% confidence interval)of 0.57(0.27,1.23),P=0.1521.CONCLUSION Our study revealed a curvilinear association between the TyG index and CPs in Chinese individuals,suggesting its potential utility in developing colonoscopy screening strategies for preventing CRC.

Resistive Index for the Evaluation of Renal Damage in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Background: One of the most common causes of renal impairment and development of chronic kidney disease is diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM 2). The aim of this prospective study was to determine the role of Resistive Index (RI) as a non-invasive marker for the evaluation of renal impairment in patients with DM 2. Material and Methods: 47 patients with DM 2 in mean age 62.66 ± 10.081 years were included in the study for the period of one year. All of them were with well-compensated diabetes mellitus (HbA1c Results: Patients with RI 0.05 for all). There was significant difference between the groups according to serum creatinine (p = 0.026), GFR (p = 0.044) and the degree of proteinuria (p = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between RI and serum creatinine (r = 0.418;p = 0.001) and between RI and proteinuria (r = 0.396;p = 0.004). A negative correlation relationship between RI and GFR values was found (r = –0.413;p = 0.011). Conclusions: RI may be used as an indicator for the assessment of the severity of renal impairment in patients with DM 2. It correlates well with serum creatinine, GFR and proteinuria, which are proven biochemical parameters indicating the degree of renal damage in patients with DM 2.

Correlation of ultrasound resistance index of cervical cancer lesion with cell proliferation and angiogenesis

Objective: To study the correlation of ultrasound resistance index of cervical cancer lesion with cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Methods: Patients with cervical cancer who underwent surgical resection in the First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan City between May 2014 and June 2017 were selected as the malignant group, and patients with fibroid who underwent surgical resection during the same period were selected as the benign group. Transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography was done before operation to determine the vascular resistance index;cervical tissue was collected after operation to determine the expression of cell proliferation genes and angiogenesis genes. Results: PRPS2, TUG1, Derlin1, EFEMP1, VEGFA, Ang-2 and Tie-2 mRNA expression in cervical cancer lesion were significantly higher than those in benign group lesion whereas SFRP2 and NDRG4 mRNA expression were significantly lower than those in benign group lesion;PRPS2, TUG1, Derlin1, EFEMP1, VEGFA, Ang-2 and Tie-2 mRNA expression in cervical cancer lesion with high RI were significantly lower than those in cervical cancer lesion with low RI whereas SFRP2 and NDRG4 mRNA expression were significantly higher than those in cervical cancer lesion with low RI. Conclusion: The decrease of ultrasound resistance index in cervical cancer is closely related to the excessive proliferation of cells and the increase of new blood vessels.

Progress of Triglyceride Glucose Index in Lesion Severity and Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background: In response to the escalating burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide, exacerbated by lifestyle changes and socioeconomic shifts, acute coronary syndromes (ACS) stand out as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The pivotal role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, independent of traditional risk factors, has garnered significant interest. Objective: This review aims to synthesize the recent advancements in the utilization of the triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) as a biomarker for assessing the severity and predicting the prognosis of ACS lesions. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, incorporating keywords such as “triglyceride glucose index”, “TyG index”, “acute coronary syndrome”, “cardiovascular disease”, “insulin resistance”, “coronary artery calcification”, “SYNTAX score”, “Gensini score”, and “major adverse cardiac events”. Studies were included from the inception of each database up to July 2024. Selection criteria encompassed observational studies, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials, with a particular emphasis on evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of the TyG index in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Ultimately, 46 publications met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed in accordance with established guidelines. Results: Evidence suggests that the TyG index, reflecting insulin resistance, blood glucose, and lipid levels, is significantly associated with lesion severity in ACS, including coronary artery calcification, SYNTAX score, and Gensini score. Moreover, it demonstrates predictive power for major adverse cardiovascular events, underscoring its potential as a valuable tool in clinical decision-making. Conclusion: The review highlights the emerging role of the TyG index in the assessment and prognosis of ACS, advocating for its incorporation into clinical practice as a complement to existing diagnostic modalities. However, the establishment of standardized reference ranges and further validation across diverse populations are warranted to refine its applicability in personalized medicine. The interdisciplinary approach is essential to advance our understanding of the complex interplay between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, paving the way for the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Resistance Distance and Kirchhoff Index of a Class of Join Graphs

For some complicated graphs obtained by graph operations,it is very difficult to compute resistance distance and Kirchhoff index.Define a new graph operation,and obtain a class of new join graphs:the subdivision-vertex-vertex join G_1* G_2.Then,describe the Laplacian matrix of the graph G_1 * G_2 and use generalized inverse of the Laplacian matrix to get formulas for resistance distance and Kirchhoff index.Through the obtained formulas,the resistance distance of any pairs of vertices and Kirchhoff index of the join graph can be computed.

Resistance Evaluation of Capsicum spp. Germplasm to Meloidogyne incognita

[Objective] This study aimed to screen out hot pepper germplasms highly resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, thereby providing resistant resources for hot pep- per breeding. [Method] Comprehensive analysis combining cluster analysis and sub- ordinate function was conducted through determining related resistance indexes of 67 hot pepper germplasms 50 days after inoculated with M. incognita. [Result] The effects of M. incognita on related resistance indexes were significantly different am- ong the hot pepper germplasms. Egg index and gall index had abundant genetic variation with variation coefficients of 143.16% and 118.95%, respectively. Based on the gall indexes, cluster analysis of hot pepper germplasms was performed. The 67 hot pepper germplasms were divided into 4 groups （resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and high susceptible）. The resistance intensity of the hot pepper germplasms were ranked according to the sum of subordinate function values of various resistance indexes. The total function values of Rela 2 and L506M were the largest （2.00）, indicating that these two germplasms were immune to M. incognita. The total function values of L287-2, L522-1M, L504M, L515-2, 13SM100-1, L512M, L292-1, L319, L316, L317, 13SM87-1 and Rela 5 were larger than 1.95, indicating that these germplasms were highly resistant to M. incognita. [Conclusion] This study could provide certain resistant resources for resistance breeding of hot pepper to M. incognita.

慢性心力衰竭患者三酰甘油葡萄糖指数与心房颤动发生的相关性研究

背景胰岛素抵抗(IR)与心房颤动(AF)及心房重构有关,三酰甘油葡萄糖(TyG)指数作为IR新型简单且有价值的指标与慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者发生AF相关性的研究甚少。目的探讨CHF患者TyG指数与AF发生风险的相关性。方法回顾性选取2021年1月—2022年1月在郑州大学第二附属医院心血管内科住院的CHF患者417例为研究对象,根据CHF患者是否发生AF将其分为两组:AF组(138例)和非AF组(279例)。依据四分位数将TyG指数分为4个水平:Q1(TyG指数≤8.20)、Q2(8.20<TyG指数≤8.44)、Q3(8.44<TyG指数≤8.84)、Q4(TyG指数>8.84)。通过医院电子病历系统收集患者基线资料,包括TyG指数及基本资料、实验室检查指标、超声心动图资料等。利用LASSO回归分析进行变量筛选,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨CHF患者TyG指数与AF发生风险的相关性,并构建回归模型。同时采用受试者工作特征曲线分析TyG指数对CHF患者发生AF的预测价值。绘制TyG指数与CHF患者AF发生风险相关性的限制性立方样条图。结果AF组患者BMI,美国纽约心脏病学会心功能分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、高血压比例,血尿酸(SUA)、三酰甘油、血尿素氮(BUN)、空腹血糖、N末端B型钠尿肽前体、TyG指数、左心房内径(LAD),β受体阻滞剂、钙拮抗剂、利尿剂使用比例高于非AF组,而总胆固醇(TC)、内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、左心室射血分数,血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ACEI/ARB)类药物使用比例低于非AF组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,合并高血压(OR=1.749,95%CI=1.048~2.918,P=0.032)、BUN升高(OR=1.269,95%CI=1.104~1.457,P=0.001)、SUA升高(OR=1.002,95%CI=1.000~1.005,P=0.047)、TyG指数升高(OR=2.360,95%CI=1.397~3.987,P=0.001)、LAD升高(OR=1.065,95%CI=1.034~1.097,P<0.001)、使用利尿剂(OR=4.019,95%CI=2.140~7.548,P<0.001)是CHF患者发生AF的危险因素;Ccr升高(OR=0.985,95%CI=0.975~0.996,P=0.006)、TC升高(OR=0.587,95%CI=0.445~0.775,P<0.001)、使用ACEI/ARB类药物(OR=0.427,95%CI=0.253~0.718,P=0.001)是CHF患者发生AF的保护因素。充分调整混杂因素后,与Q1水平相比,TyG指数Q2、Q3、Q4水平CHF患者AF发生风险分别是Q1水平的1.902倍、2.060倍和2.841倍(P<0.05)。限制性立方样条分析显示,TyG指数与AF发生风险呈线性正相关(P_(非线性)=0.494)。TyG指数及LASSO-Logistic回归模型预测CHF患者发生AF的曲线下面积分别为0.661(95%CI=0.608~0.724,P<0.001)、0.843(95%CI=0.803~0.882,P<0.001)。TyG指数与AF的相关性在不同亚组中一致。结论在CHF患者中,TyG指数与AF发生独立相关,且在识别该类患者AF的发生中具有一定的临床价值。