The Five Plague Gods(五瘟神) in the Shuilu(水陆) murals from the Ming and Qing dynasties exemplify a distinctive manifestation of plague gods image developed under the pedigree of Taoist gods.As a significant system f...The Five Plague Gods(五瘟神) in the Shuilu(水陆) murals from the Ming and Qing dynasties exemplify a distinctive manifestation of plague gods image developed under the pedigree of Taoist gods.As a significant system for expelling disasters in Shuilu,the depiction of the Five Plague Gods prominently merges human beings and livestock.This shape form to a large extent,draws on the image of Nuo(傩),a figure reflecting an imagination of the host of plague pathogens.In terms of the numbers of gods,it aligns with the conceptual framework of Wu Xing(五行 the five elements),a foundational principle in traditional Chinese medicine.The internal cultural connection highlights the means of plague prevention and control in China,as well as the external reflection of plague culture.Through multi-dimensional interpretations with the double proof method,this article dissects the formation,core elements,and cultural characteristics of the beliefs in the Five Plague Gods reflected in the Shuilu murals,and transcends mere visual semantics,offering a deeper understanding of these complex cultural symbols.展开更多
The Great Plague:The Diary of Alice Paynton,London 1665-1666 adopts the realistic painting style and direct writing to the painful experience,describes the situation of the Great Plague in London truly from the perspe...The Great Plague:The Diary of Alice Paynton,London 1665-1666 adopts the realistic painting style and direct writing to the painful experience,describes the situation of the Great Plague in London truly from the perspective of children,and breaks people’s cognitive expectation of children’s literature,the construction of children’s Gray inner world is completed behind the true description of the Great Plague in London with the true brushwork,which presents a different world of childlike innocence.Despite the importance of epidemics writing in literature,the child’s diary perspective of them is one of the least developed of Plague Narrative.Only when authenticity and the child’s grey interior are integrated will we reveal a true picture of society as it was.展开更多
Chi Zijian’s novel White Snow Crow is about the pestis in Northeast China from the autumn and winter of 1910 to the spring of 1911,focusing on the living conditions of people in Fujiadian,Harbin,under the shadow of t...Chi Zijian’s novel White Snow Crow is about the pestis in Northeast China from the autumn and winter of 1910 to the spring of 1911,focusing on the living conditions of people in Fujiadian,Harbin,under the shadow of the pestis,and thus connects the vicissitudes of Harbin in the development of modern Chinese history.Re-reading this novel in the context of the post-epidemic era not only allows us to immerse ourselves in the specific temporal and spatial fields described in the text with an immersive reading mindset,feel the heavy impact that the disaster has brought to the people of Northeast China,but also provide us with a different perspective to observe the current social reality.In particular,the social problems shown by the novel through the pestis and the description of ordinary people’s life experience under the plague still deserve further discussion.展开更多
The glycoprotein H (gH) gene homologue of duck plague virus (DPV) was cloned by degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. It was located immediately downstream from the thymidine kinase gene (TK...The glycoprotein H (gH) gene homologue of duck plague virus (DPV) was cloned by degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. It was located immediately downstream from the thymidine kinase gene (TK). In addition, the 3'-end of the gene homologue to herpesvirus UL21 was located downstream from the gH gene. DPV gH gene open reading frame (ORF) was 2 505 bp in length and its primary translation product was a polypeptide of 834 amino acids long. It possessed several characteristics of membrane glycoproteins, including an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, an external domain containing eight putative N-linked glycosylation sites, a C-terminal transmembrane domain, and a charged cytoplasmic tail. Comparison with other herpesvirus revealed identities of 20.2, 25.1, 23.0, 23.0, 26.5 and 26.0% with the gH counterparts of the human herpesvirus virus 1 (HSV1), equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV4), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), pseudorabies virus (PRV), gallid herpesvirus 2 (GHV2) and gallid herpesvirus 3 (GHV3), respectively.展开更多
The DNA of duck plague virus (DPV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene was cloned and sequenced from a vaccine virus in the study. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers for the consensus site of herpesvirus UL24, TK, and glyc...The DNA of duck plague virus (DPV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene was cloned and sequenced from a vaccine virus in the study. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers for the consensus site of herpesvirus UL24, TK, and glycoprotein H(gH) gene were used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA product with 3 741-base-pairs (bp) in size. DNA sequence analysis revealed a 1 077-base-pairs (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 358 amino acid polypeptide homologous to herpesvirus TK proteins. The predicted TK protein shared 31.2, 41.3, 35.7, 37.4, and 28.4% identity with herpes simplex virus typel, equine herpesvirus type 4, Marek's disease virus 2, herpesvirus turkey, and infectious laryngotracheitis virus, respectively. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of other herpesvirus TK proteins showed that these proteins were not conserved on the whole, otherwise the portion of the TK proteins corresponding to the nucleotide binding domain and the nucleoside binding site were highly conserved among herpesvirus. Comparison with the amino acid sequences of the conserved nucleotide and nucleoside binding domains of other eleven herpesvirus TK proteins to the predicted DPV peptide confirmed its identity as the DPV TK protein.展开更多
Many mammalian herpes viruses utilize heparan sulfate (HS) moieties present on cell surface proteoglycans as receptors for cell entry, and this process also requires viral glycoprotein C (gC) homologues. However, ...Many mammalian herpes viruses utilize heparan sulfate (HS) moieties present on cell surface proteoglycans as receptors for cell entry, and this process also requires viral glycoprotein C (gC) homologues. However, our understanding of the role of gC in facilitating attachment of other alpha-herpes viruses such as the duck plague virus (DPV) remains preliminary. To study the role of gC during DPV infection, we used a gC-deleted mutant virus (DPV-AgC-EGFP). Examination of the viral copy number by real-time PCR, as well as time course studies of viral adsorption and proliferation revealed that gC was involved in the viral binding to the cell surface. The affinity of viral glycoproteins (gB-DPV, gC-DPV, and gE-DPV) to HS was assessed using a prokaryotic expression system and HJTrapTM HeparJn HP column chromatography. In addition, to confirm that gC played a role in the interaction between DPV and HS, viruses were treated with the HS analogue heparin and host cells were treated with its inhibitors heparinase prior to exposure to DPV-△gC-EGFP or wild-type strain Chinese virulent duck plague virus (DPV-CHv). The effects of heparin and heparinase on virus infectivity demonstrated that function of gC on Viral adsorption is independent of interactions between gC and heparin sulfate on cell surface. All in all, this study demonstrated that the gC of DPV can mediate viral adsorption in an HS-independent manner, which distinguish it from the gC of some other alpha-herpes viruses. Future studies will be required to identify the receptors involved in gC protein binding to cells. This work provides us a foundation for further studies of examining the roles of gC in the adsorption during duck plague virus infection.展开更多
The purpose of the paper was to assess the frequency of secondary transmissions of primary pneumonic plague relative to the onset of fever.A simple backcalculation method was employed to estimate the frequency of seco...The purpose of the paper was to assess the frequency of secondary transmissions of primary pneumonic plague relative to the onset of fever.A simple backcalculation method was employed to estimate the frequency of secondary transmissions relative to disease-age.A likelihood-based procedure was taken using observed distributions of the serial interval(n = 177) and incubation period(n = 126).Furthermore,an extended model was developed to account for the survival probability of cases.The simple backcalculation suggested that 31. 0%(95%confidence intervals(CI):11.6,50.4) and 28.0%(95%CI:10.2,45.8) of the total number of secondary transmissions had occurred at second and third days of the disease,respectively,and more than four-fifths of the secondary transmission occurred before the end of third day of disease.The survivorship-adjusted frequency of secondary transmissions was obtained,demonstrating that the infectiousness in later stages of illness was not insignificant and indicates that the obtained frequencies were likely biased on underlying factors including isolation measures.In conclusion,the simple exercise suggests a need to implement countermeasures during pre-clinical stage or immediately after onset.Further information is needed to elucidate the finer details of the disease-age specific infectiousness.展开更多
The pattern of plague endemicity in Tanzania is characterized by continuous re-appearance of the disease in some locations, while in other neighbouring villages the disease has never or seldom been observed. To unders...The pattern of plague endemicity in Tanzania is characterized by continuous re-appearance of the disease in some locations, while in other neighbouring villages the disease has never or seldom been observed. To understand the reasons for this pattern, we studied small mammal and flea species composition, diversity and relative abundances in two plague-endemic and two plague-free locations. We asked (a) whether fleas more abundant in plague-endemic locations differ in their characteristic abundance and the degree of their host specificity from fleas more abundant in plague-free locations and (b) whether hosts most abundant in p/ague-endemic locations differ in the diversity of their flea assemblages from hosts most abundant in p/ague-free locations. We characterized (a) each host species by species richness and degree of taxonomic relatedness of its flea assemblages and (b) each flea species by its mean abundance and size, and degree of taxonomic relatedness of its host spectrum and compared their relative abundances between locations. No significant difference between plague-endemic and plague-free locations in either host density or any variable related to flea abundance or diversity was found. However, there was marginally significant effect of taxonomic distinctness of a flea assemblage barboured by a host on its probability to be more abundant in either plague-endemic or plague-free locations. Furthermore, hosts more abundant in plague-endemic locations tended to harbour closely-related fleas. Finally, while opportunistic and specialist fleas were equally distributed in both sets of locations, fleas exploiting distantly-related hosts were found mainly in plague-free locations during the rainy season. We suggest that the observed patterns might arise due to seasonal and spatial differences in local microclimatic conditions and landscape connectivity [ Current Zoology 55 (3) : 200 - 211, 2009].展开更多
Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is one of the infectious diseases subject to the International Health Regulations (IHR). Permanent monitoring of the focal plague areas is mandatory in order to enable prompt control m...Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is one of the infectious diseases subject to the International Health Regulations (IHR). Permanent monitoring of the focal plague areas is mandatory in order to enable prompt control measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Therefore, the availability of efficient diagnosis tests is of paramount importance. Here, we describe a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based procedure for rapid Y. pestis detection. We constructed a set of LAMP primers, which were used in assays to establish the reaction conditions that would lead to the quick visualization of the results by evaluating the test tube with the naked eye. The primers were specifically designed to target the caf1 gene located on pFra/Tox (pMT), a prototypical plasmid of Y. pestis. The LAMP procedure was performed at 65°C for 45 min in a water bath and allowed for the detection of at least 10 pg of bacterial DNA. Due to its simplicity, specificity, sensitivity and rapidity, the LAMP technique is an additional tool that may be implemented in routine plague diagnoses, especially in emergencies.展开更多
This study was conducted to define the taxonomic status of Spermophilus in the plague area of Dingbian County in Shaanxi Province,China,through the two-factor variance analysis of morphological characteristics,DNA bar...This study was conducted to define the taxonomic status of Spermophilus in the plague area of Dingbian County in Shaanxi Province,China,through the two-factor variance analysis of morphological characteristics,DNA barcoding,and chromosome karyotype analysis.展开更多
Objective:To characterize the case fatality and estimate the symptomatic period of bubonic plague.Methods: Epidemiologic analyses of a previous outbreak of plague in Osaka and Kobe,two major port cities in Japan, from...Objective:To characterize the case fatality and estimate the symptomatic period of bubonic plague.Methods: Epidemiologic analyses of a previous outbreak of plague in Osaka and Kobe,two major port cities in Japan, from 1899-1900 were performed.In addition to date of onset of symptoms,gender,age and the date of death were extracted from the historical data.The time from onset to death(symptomatic period) was fitted to gamma distribution using the maximum likelihood method.Results:Temporal distribution revealed suspected chains of transmission of the primary pneumonic plague at the late stage of the outbreak.The case fatality of bubonic plague without specific treatment was 83.4%,and the mean time from onset to death was estimated as 4.7 days(95%confidence interval;4.0,5.5).Conclusion:Case fatality of bubonic plague without specific treatment was extremely high.The symptomatic period of bubonic plague appeared to be longer than that of pneumonic plague.展开更多
Daoist medicine,a special form of traditional Chinese medicine with distinct Daoist styles,has played an important role in the history of plague control in ancient China.Emerged from the pandemics at the end of the Ha...Daoist medicine,a special form of traditional Chinese medicine with distinct Daoist styles,has played an important role in the history of plague control in ancient China.Emerged from the pandemics at the end of the Han Dynasty(146 C.E.-220 C.E.),Daoism,the native Chinese religion,has always had a religious mission to end the spread of plagues;thus,it has actively participated in treating plagues through various techniques of medicine and religion.In the practice of plague treatment for thousands of years,Daoist medicine has developed a special etiology of plague that includes Qi-based theories(Qi is considered to be the force that informs and animates all things in Daoism,thus,plague is also considered to be caused by specific and hazardous Qi.)and worm-based theories,forming a strategy of plague control that includes prevention before an epidemic,active treatment during the epidemic,and recovery after the epidemic;these developed plague prevention methods combine isolation,disinfection,and drug use.Additionally,it is the first to practice a primitive immunoprophylaxis method that uses tissues and secretions of infected persons and animals to infect healthy individuals to gain disease immunity.It has formed a plague treatment method mainly based on drug treatment and ritual treatment,supplemented by acupuncture and physical treatment.It has left behind many effective drugs and prescriptions for plague treatment,some of which have a wide clinical application.Hence,Daoist medicine has made great contributions to plague control in Chinese history.Its strategies,methods,medicines,and prescriptions for plague control still have considerable theoretical and application today,especially in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.展开更多
The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time an...The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the curative effect of"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"on the main symptoms of quarantined people in community based on real-world research data,and to provide scientific ...Objective:To evaluate the curative effect of"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"on the main symptoms of quarantined people in community based on real-world research data,and to provide scientific basis for Chinese medicine to fight Coronavirus disease 2019 under the"Wuchang Model".Methods:From February 4,2020 to March 5,2020,the data of community quarantined people who only took"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"under the management of"Wuchang Model"were collected,and the demographic characteristics,basic diseases,distribution of sick people,treatment process,disappearance time of eight clinical symptoms,adverse reactions and clinical outcomes of patients were statistically analyzed.Results:A total of 951 quarantined people in COVID-19 community were included,including 440 males(46.27%)and 511 females(53.73%),the oldest was 89 years old,the youngest was 2 years old,and the average age was 43.34 years old;Among the quarantined population in the community,there were 141 cases diagnosed by CDC(14.83%),CDC excluded 810 cases(85.17%);106 cases of CDC were diagnosed as COVID-19,accounting for 47.96%of the self-reported cases,and 311 cases(32.70%)had previous medical history;696(73.19%)had no obvious symptoms,and 255(26.81%)developed fever,fatigue,cough,sputum,shortness of breath,loss of appetite,diarrhea and mood,of which 187(19.66%)had cough symptoms,followed by sputum coughing(14.30%)and fever(13.56%).Conclusion:"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"is effective in treating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 without obvious adverse reactions.展开更多
The Manchurian plague from the winter of 1910 to the spring of 1911 was the worst epidemic in modern China, and the ensuing International Plague Conference marked the first international medical conference hosted by C...The Manchurian plague from the winter of 1910 to the spring of 1911 was the worst epidemic in modern China, and the ensuing International Plague Conference marked the first international medical conference hosted by China. There was a close connection between these two historical events, and Wu Lien-Teh 伍连德, later extolled as the "pioneer of modern medicine in China," played a significant role in each. Despite a multitude of treatises discussing the Manchurian plague and the International Plague Conference, as well as biographical articles on the undertakings of Wu, there remains a gap in the research of Wu’s relation with these two historical events, which is worth further exploration. In addition to the key role and significance of Wu in the entire epidemic fight, the first section of this article analyzes whether the common portrayal of Wu as an obscure, local doctor transformed overnight into a Manchurian plague fighter is accurate. Through an analysis of the conference minutes, the second section focuses on how Wu used "conference diplomacy" to mitigate the neighboring powers’ attempts to achieve their political goals by leveraging this international conference.展开更多
Bubonic plague is a serious bacterial disease, mainly transmitted to human beings and rodents through flea bite. However, the disease may also be transmitted upon the interaction with the infected materials or surface...Bubonic plague is a serious bacterial disease, mainly transmitted to human beings and rodents through flea bite. However, the disease may also be transmitted upon the interaction with the infected materials or surfaces in the environment. In this study, a deterministic model for bubonic plague disease with Yersinia pestis in the environment is developed and analyzed. Conditions for existence and stability of the equilibrium points are established. Using Jacobian method disease free equilibrium (DFE) point, E<sup>0</sup> was proved to be locally asymptotically stable. The Metzler matrix method was used to prove that the DFE was globally asymptotically stable when R<sub>0</sub> < 1. By applying Lyapunov stability theory and La Salles invariant principle, we prove that the endemic equilibrium point of system is globally asymptotically stable when R<sub>0</sub> > 1. Numerical simulations are done to verify the analytical predictions. The results show that bubonic plague can effectively be controlled or even be eradicated if efforts are made to ensure that there are effective and timely control strategies.展开更多
Hami City is the main locust plague area in Xinjiang.In the past,chemical pesticide control of locusts was mainly adopted,which not only cost a lot of manpower,material and financial resources,but also killed natural ...Hami City is the main locust plague area in Xinjiang.In the past,chemical pesticide control of locusts was mainly adopted,which not only cost a lot of manpower,material and financial resources,but also killed natural enemies of locusts and other insects due to the extensive use of chemical pesticides.As a result,the natural ecological environment of grassland was damaged and polluted to varying degrees,while the grassland ecosystem was deteriorating day by day.Since 2004,the prevention and control of grassland locusts has been carried out by chicken herding,duck herding,nesting for attracting birds,as well as biological and plant pesticides.In particular,the proportion of rosy starling control technology in grassland locust control has increased year by year,and the grassland ecosystem has recovered significantly.展开更多
Background:To analyze the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague and seasonal pathogen in order to reduce the spread of infectious diseases such as flu and protect ...Background:To analyze the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague and seasonal pathogen in order to reduce the spread of infectious diseases such as flu and protect the susceptible people.Methods:Search the medication and the methods for preventing plague and seasonal pathogen in the Chinese Medical Code,classify and summarize the methods,perform frequency analysis and efficacy cluster analysis on Chinese medicines of involved medicines.Results:The methods of preventing ancient plague were as follows:burning and fumigating Chinese medicines,medicating nostrils,wearing bags filled with Chinese medicines,oral Chinese medicines and applying medicines to skin.The 3 main ways for drugs to work were external medication,nostril inhalation,and internal absorption.The Chinese medicines for preventing plague are mostly warm in nature and pungent in flavour,belonging to the spleen,stomach,liver,lung meridian.The 3 categories of drugs obtained by cluster analysis are C1:drugs for facilitating lung,relieving exterior and dissipating cold,such as Cangzhu(Atractylodis rhizoma)-Qianghuo(Notopterygh rhizoma et radix)-Xixin(Asari radix et rhizoma)-Baizhi(Angelicae dahuricae radix)-Fangfeng(Saposhnikoviae radix)-Zaojiao(Gleditsiae sinensis fructus);C2:drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis,such as Xionghuang(Realgar)-Zhusha(Cinnabaris)-Dahuang(Rhei radix rhizoma)-Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong rhizoma)-Jiegeng(Platycodonis radix);C3:drugs for replenishing Qi(it is the most basic element that constitutes human body and maintains life activities in traditional Chinese medicine)and tonifying the spleen,such as Gancao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma)-Dazao(Jujubae fructus)-Ganjiang(Zingiberis rhizoma)-Rougui(Cinnamomi cortex)-Gansong(Nardostachyos radix et rhizoma)-Chenpi(Citri reticulatae pericarpium)-Baizhu(Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma).Conclusion:Through analysis the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague,we can provide reference for modern research from the original plague prevention methods,and make an important contribution to the use of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of epidemic infectious diseases in modern clinic.展开更多
Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of the prescription for the syndrome of cold-damp-ness obstructing the lung in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods:The medicinals for the treatment...Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of the prescription for the syndrome of cold-damp-ness obstructing the lung in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods:The medicinals for the treatment of the syndrome of cold-dampness obstructing the lung,such as Cangzhu(Rhizoma Atractylo-dis),Chenpi(Pericarpium Gitri Reticulatae),Houpo(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis),Huoxiang(Herba Agastachis),Caoguo(Fructus Tsaoko),Mahuang(Herba Ephedrae),Qianghuo(Rhizoma et Radix Notoptery-gi),Shengjiang(Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens),Binlang(Semen Arecae)in the Diagnosis and Treatment Pro-gram of COVID-19(Trial Version 6)were taken as research subjects,and the combination of these nine me-dicinals can be called Hanshi Zufei Fang(寒湿阻肺方,HSZFF).The active components and targets of each single Chinese materia medica was screened and obtained through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP)database.The target information related to COVID-19 was retrieved through the Gene-Cards disease-related target database.The medicinal prediction targets were mapped to the disease target to ob-tain the intersection targets.The DAVID database was applied to perform gene ontology(GO)enrichment anal-ysis and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis on the targets;GraphPad Prism 5.0 software was applied to plot the biological process(BP)of GO enrichment analysis,cellular component(CC),molecular function(MF)histograms;OmicShare online software was applied to make KEGG advanced bubble chart;Cytoscape software was applied to visualize the interaction with the targets and Chinese materia medica-components-targets results.Results:Totally 56 key active components of 9 Chinese materia medica for cold-dampness obstructing lung syndrome were screened,and 55 targets were obtained.The results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the compound prescription mainly regulated the body's immune re-sponse and reduced inflammation by regulating such signaling pathways of inflammatory response and immune regulation as TNF signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,infuenza A signaling pathway,T cell receptor signaling pathway.Conclusion:HSZFF can eliminate infl ammation and inhibit virus by regulating immune inflammatory factors closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases through multi-component and multi-target.展开更多
Tumor is defined as a kind of chronic diseases by the World Health Organization.The integrative traditional Chinese and western medicine works well on the treatment of tumors,even in advanced patients or patients with...Tumor is defined as a kind of chronic diseases by the World Health Organization.The integrative traditional Chinese and western medicine works well on the treatment of tumors,even in advanced patients or patients with recurring and metastatic tumor.However,the pathogenic mechanism of tumors is still unclear.Therefore,based on the 19 th pathogenesis in Yellow Emperor's Internal Class that"Diseases producing the liquid that is clear and chill all result from coldness",the paper explore s the etiology pathogenesis of malignant tumors,and the correlation between which and tumor recurrence and metastasis,and also discusses the rules for the treatment of tumors at various stages with great method of warming yang for dispelling cold.展开更多
基金financed by the grants from Shanxi Province Postgraduate Education Innovation Plan (No. 2023KY126)Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of The Ministry of Ecuation (No. 23YJAZH182)。
文摘The Five Plague Gods(五瘟神) in the Shuilu(水陆) murals from the Ming and Qing dynasties exemplify a distinctive manifestation of plague gods image developed under the pedigree of Taoist gods.As a significant system for expelling disasters in Shuilu,the depiction of the Five Plague Gods prominently merges human beings and livestock.This shape form to a large extent,draws on the image of Nuo(傩),a figure reflecting an imagination of the host of plague pathogens.In terms of the numbers of gods,it aligns with the conceptual framework of Wu Xing(五行 the five elements),a foundational principle in traditional Chinese medicine.The internal cultural connection highlights the means of plague prevention and control in China,as well as the external reflection of plague culture.Through multi-dimensional interpretations with the double proof method,this article dissects the formation,core elements,and cultural characteristics of the beliefs in the Five Plague Gods reflected in the Shuilu murals,and transcends mere visual semantics,offering a deeper understanding of these complex cultural symbols.
文摘The Great Plague:The Diary of Alice Paynton,London 1665-1666 adopts the realistic painting style and direct writing to the painful experience,describes the situation of the Great Plague in London truly from the perspective of children,and breaks people’s cognitive expectation of children’s literature,the construction of children’s Gray inner world is completed behind the true description of the Great Plague in London with the true brushwork,which presents a different world of childlike innocence.Despite the importance of epidemics writing in literature,the child’s diary perspective of them is one of the least developed of Plague Narrative.Only when authenticity and the child’s grey interior are integrated will we reveal a true picture of society as it was.
文摘Chi Zijian’s novel White Snow Crow is about the pestis in Northeast China from the autumn and winter of 1910 to the spring of 1911,focusing on the living conditions of people in Fujiadian,Harbin,under the shadow of the pestis,and thus connects the vicissitudes of Harbin in the development of modern Chinese history.Re-reading this novel in the context of the post-epidemic era not only allows us to immerse ourselves in the specific temporal and spatial fields described in the text with an immersive reading mindset,feel the heavy impact that the disaster has brought to the people of Northeast China,but also provide us with a different perspective to observe the current social reality.In particular,the social problems shown by the novel through the pestis and the description of ordinary people’s life experience under the plague still deserve further discussion.
文摘The glycoprotein H (gH) gene homologue of duck plague virus (DPV) was cloned by degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. It was located immediately downstream from the thymidine kinase gene (TK). In addition, the 3'-end of the gene homologue to herpesvirus UL21 was located downstream from the gH gene. DPV gH gene open reading frame (ORF) was 2 505 bp in length and its primary translation product was a polypeptide of 834 amino acids long. It possessed several characteristics of membrane glycoproteins, including an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, an external domain containing eight putative N-linked glycosylation sites, a C-terminal transmembrane domain, and a charged cytoplasmic tail. Comparison with other herpesvirus revealed identities of 20.2, 25.1, 23.0, 23.0, 26.5 and 26.0% with the gH counterparts of the human herpesvirus virus 1 (HSV1), equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV4), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), pseudorabies virus (PRV), gallid herpesvirus 2 (GHV2) and gallid herpesvirus 3 (GHV3), respectively.
文摘The DNA of duck plague virus (DPV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene was cloned and sequenced from a vaccine virus in the study. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers for the consensus site of herpesvirus UL24, TK, and glycoprotein H(gH) gene were used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA product with 3 741-base-pairs (bp) in size. DNA sequence analysis revealed a 1 077-base-pairs (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 358 amino acid polypeptide homologous to herpesvirus TK proteins. The predicted TK protein shared 31.2, 41.3, 35.7, 37.4, and 28.4% identity with herpes simplex virus typel, equine herpesvirus type 4, Marek's disease virus 2, herpesvirus turkey, and infectious laryngotracheitis virus, respectively. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of other herpesvirus TK proteins showed that these proteins were not conserved on the whole, otherwise the portion of the TK proteins corresponding to the nucleotide binding domain and the nucleoside binding site were highly conserved among herpesvirus. Comparison with the amino acid sequences of the conserved nucleotide and nucleoside binding domains of other eleven herpesvirus TK proteins to the predicted DPV peptide confirmed its identity as the DPV TK protein.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31072157)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2015BAD12B05)+1 种基金the Foundation of China Agricultural Research System(CARS-43-8)the Major Project of Education Department in Sichuan,China(16ZA0027)
文摘Many mammalian herpes viruses utilize heparan sulfate (HS) moieties present on cell surface proteoglycans as receptors for cell entry, and this process also requires viral glycoprotein C (gC) homologues. However, our understanding of the role of gC in facilitating attachment of other alpha-herpes viruses such as the duck plague virus (DPV) remains preliminary. To study the role of gC during DPV infection, we used a gC-deleted mutant virus (DPV-AgC-EGFP). Examination of the viral copy number by real-time PCR, as well as time course studies of viral adsorption and proliferation revealed that gC was involved in the viral binding to the cell surface. The affinity of viral glycoproteins (gB-DPV, gC-DPV, and gE-DPV) to HS was assessed using a prokaryotic expression system and HJTrapTM HeparJn HP column chromatography. In addition, to confirm that gC played a role in the interaction between DPV and HS, viruses were treated with the HS analogue heparin and host cells were treated with its inhibitors heparinase prior to exposure to DPV-△gC-EGFP or wild-type strain Chinese virulent duck plague virus (DPV-CHv). The effects of heparin and heparinase on virus infectivity demonstrated that function of gC on Viral adsorption is independent of interactions between gC and heparin sulfate on cell surface. All in all, this study demonstrated that the gC of DPV can mediate viral adsorption in an HS-independent manner, which distinguish it from the gC of some other alpha-herpes viruses. Future studies will be required to identify the receptors involved in gC protein binding to cells. This work provides us a foundation for further studies of examining the roles of gC in the adsorption during duck plague virus infection.
文摘The purpose of the paper was to assess the frequency of secondary transmissions of primary pneumonic plague relative to the onset of fever.A simple backcalculation method was employed to estimate the frequency of secondary transmissions relative to disease-age.A likelihood-based procedure was taken using observed distributions of the serial interval(n = 177) and incubation period(n = 126).Furthermore,an extended model was developed to account for the survival probability of cases.The simple backcalculation suggested that 31. 0%(95%confidence intervals(CI):11.6,50.4) and 28.0%(95%CI:10.2,45.8) of the total number of secondary transmissions had occurred at second and third days of the disease,respectively,and more than four-fifths of the secondary transmission occurred before the end of third day of disease.The survivorship-adjusted frequency of secondary transmissions was obtained,demonstrating that the infectiousness in later stages of illness was not insignificant and indicates that the obtained frequencies were likely biased on underlying factors including isolation measures.In conclusion,the simple exercise suggests a need to implement countermeasures during pre-clinical stage or immediately after onset.Further information is needed to elucidate the finer details of the disease-age specific infectiousness.
文摘The pattern of plague endemicity in Tanzania is characterized by continuous re-appearance of the disease in some locations, while in other neighbouring villages the disease has never or seldom been observed. To understand the reasons for this pattern, we studied small mammal and flea species composition, diversity and relative abundances in two plague-endemic and two plague-free locations. We asked (a) whether fleas more abundant in plague-endemic locations differ in their characteristic abundance and the degree of their host specificity from fleas more abundant in plague-free locations and (b) whether hosts most abundant in p/ague-endemic locations differ in the diversity of their flea assemblages from hosts most abundant in p/ague-free locations. We characterized (a) each host species by species richness and degree of taxonomic relatedness of its flea assemblages and (b) each flea species by its mean abundance and size, and degree of taxonomic relatedness of its host spectrum and compared their relative abundances between locations. No significant difference between plague-endemic and plague-free locations in either host density or any variable related to flea abundance or diversity was found. However, there was marginally significant effect of taxonomic distinctness of a flea assemblage barboured by a host on its probability to be more abundant in either plague-endemic or plague-free locations. Furthermore, hosts more abundant in plague-endemic locations tended to harbour closely-related fleas. Finally, while opportunistic and specialist fleas were equally distributed in both sets of locations, fleas exploiting distantly-related hosts were found mainly in plague-free locations during the rainy season. We suggest that the observed patterns might arise due to seasonal and spatial differences in local microclimatic conditions and landscape connectivity [ Current Zoology 55 (3) : 200 - 211, 2009].
文摘Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is one of the infectious diseases subject to the International Health Regulations (IHR). Permanent monitoring of the focal plague areas is mandatory in order to enable prompt control measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Therefore, the availability of efficient diagnosis tests is of paramount importance. Here, we describe a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based procedure for rapid Y. pestis detection. We constructed a set of LAMP primers, which were used in assays to establish the reaction conditions that would lead to the quick visualization of the results by evaluating the test tube with the naked eye. The primers were specifically designed to target the caf1 gene located on pFra/Tox (pMT), a prototypical plasmid of Y. pestis. The LAMP procedure was performed at 65°C for 45 min in a water bath and allowed for the detection of at least 10 pg of bacterial DNA. Due to its simplicity, specificity, sensitivity and rapidity, the LAMP technique is an additional tool that may be implemented in routine plague diagnoses, especially in emergencies.
基金supported by the grant of the Science and Technology Research and Development of Shaanxi Province[No.2012K16-12-03]
文摘This study was conducted to define the taxonomic status of Spermophilus in the plague area of Dingbian County in Shaanxi Province,China,through the two-factor variance analysis of morphological characteristics,DNA barcoding,and chromosome karyotype analysis.
文摘Objective:To characterize the case fatality and estimate the symptomatic period of bubonic plague.Methods: Epidemiologic analyses of a previous outbreak of plague in Osaka and Kobe,two major port cities in Japan, from 1899-1900 were performed.In addition to date of onset of symptoms,gender,age and the date of death were extracted from the historical data.The time from onset to death(symptomatic period) was fitted to gamma distribution using the maximum likelihood method.Results:Temporal distribution revealed suspected chains of transmission of the primary pneumonic plague at the late stage of the outbreak.The case fatality of bubonic plague without specific treatment was 83.4%,and the mean time from onset to death was estimated as 4.7 days(95%confidence interval;4.0,5.5).Conclusion:Case fatality of bubonic plague without specific treatment was extremely high.The symptomatic period of bubonic plague appeared to be longer than that of pneumonic plague.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.21lzujbkydx036).
文摘Daoist medicine,a special form of traditional Chinese medicine with distinct Daoist styles,has played an important role in the history of plague control in ancient China.Emerged from the pandemics at the end of the Han Dynasty(146 C.E.-220 C.E.),Daoism,the native Chinese religion,has always had a religious mission to end the spread of plagues;thus,it has actively participated in treating plagues through various techniques of medicine and religion.In the practice of plague treatment for thousands of years,Daoist medicine has developed a special etiology of plague that includes Qi-based theories(Qi is considered to be the force that informs and animates all things in Daoism,thus,plague is also considered to be caused by specific and hazardous Qi.)and worm-based theories,forming a strategy of plague control that includes prevention before an epidemic,active treatment during the epidemic,and recovery after the epidemic;these developed plague prevention methods combine isolation,disinfection,and drug use.Additionally,it is the first to practice a primitive immunoprophylaxis method that uses tissues and secretions of infected persons and animals to infect healthy individuals to gain disease immunity.It has formed a plague treatment method mainly based on drug treatment and ritual treatment,supplemented by acupuncture and physical treatment.It has left behind many effective drugs and prescriptions for plague treatment,some of which have a wide clinical application.Hence,Daoist medicine has made great contributions to plague control in Chinese history.Its strategies,methods,medicines,and prescriptions for plague control still have considerable theoretical and application today,especially in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.
基金2017 Liaoning Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinics(Specialized)Branch Capacity Building Project2018 Liaoning Doctoral Start-up Foundation(20180540043).
文摘The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.
基金The National Key Research and Development Plan"Public Safety Risk Prevention and Control and Emergency Technical Equipment"Key Project"Clinical Evaluation Research on Chinese Medicine Intervention in COVID-19 Recovery Period"(2020YFC0845000)。
文摘Objective:To evaluate the curative effect of"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"on the main symptoms of quarantined people in community based on real-world research data,and to provide scientific basis for Chinese medicine to fight Coronavirus disease 2019 under the"Wuchang Model".Methods:From February 4,2020 to March 5,2020,the data of community quarantined people who only took"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"under the management of"Wuchang Model"were collected,and the demographic characteristics,basic diseases,distribution of sick people,treatment process,disappearance time of eight clinical symptoms,adverse reactions and clinical outcomes of patients were statistically analyzed.Results:A total of 951 quarantined people in COVID-19 community were included,including 440 males(46.27%)and 511 females(53.73%),the oldest was 89 years old,the youngest was 2 years old,and the average age was 43.34 years old;Among the quarantined population in the community,there were 141 cases diagnosed by CDC(14.83%),CDC excluded 810 cases(85.17%);106 cases of CDC were diagnosed as COVID-19,accounting for 47.96%of the self-reported cases,and 311 cases(32.70%)had previous medical history;696(73.19%)had no obvious symptoms,and 255(26.81%)developed fever,fatigue,cough,sputum,shortness of breath,loss of appetite,diarrhea and mood,of which 187(19.66%)had cough symptoms,followed by sputum coughing(14.30%)and fever(13.56%).Conclusion:"Cold-Dampness Epidemic Prescription(寒湿疫方)"is effective in treating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 without obvious adverse reactions.
文摘The Manchurian plague from the winter of 1910 to the spring of 1911 was the worst epidemic in modern China, and the ensuing International Plague Conference marked the first international medical conference hosted by China. There was a close connection between these two historical events, and Wu Lien-Teh 伍连德, later extolled as the "pioneer of modern medicine in China," played a significant role in each. Despite a multitude of treatises discussing the Manchurian plague and the International Plague Conference, as well as biographical articles on the undertakings of Wu, there remains a gap in the research of Wu’s relation with these two historical events, which is worth further exploration. In addition to the key role and significance of Wu in the entire epidemic fight, the first section of this article analyzes whether the common portrayal of Wu as an obscure, local doctor transformed overnight into a Manchurian plague fighter is accurate. Through an analysis of the conference minutes, the second section focuses on how Wu used "conference diplomacy" to mitigate the neighboring powers’ attempts to achieve their political goals by leveraging this international conference.
文摘Bubonic plague is a serious bacterial disease, mainly transmitted to human beings and rodents through flea bite. However, the disease may also be transmitted upon the interaction with the infected materials or surfaces in the environment. In this study, a deterministic model for bubonic plague disease with Yersinia pestis in the environment is developed and analyzed. Conditions for existence and stability of the equilibrium points are established. Using Jacobian method disease free equilibrium (DFE) point, E<sup>0</sup> was proved to be locally asymptotically stable. The Metzler matrix method was used to prove that the DFE was globally asymptotically stable when R<sub>0</sub> < 1. By applying Lyapunov stability theory and La Salles invariant principle, we prove that the endemic equilibrium point of system is globally asymptotically stable when R<sub>0</sub> > 1. Numerical simulations are done to verify the analytical predictions. The results show that bubonic plague can effectively be controlled or even be eradicated if efforts are made to ensure that there are effective and timely control strategies.
文摘Hami City is the main locust plague area in Xinjiang.In the past,chemical pesticide control of locusts was mainly adopted,which not only cost a lot of manpower,material and financial resources,but also killed natural enemies of locusts and other insects due to the extensive use of chemical pesticides.As a result,the natural ecological environment of grassland was damaged and polluted to varying degrees,while the grassland ecosystem was deteriorating day by day.Since 2004,the prevention and control of grassland locusts has been carried out by chicken herding,duck herding,nesting for attracting birds,as well as biological and plant pesticides.In particular,the proportion of rosy starling control technology in grassland locust control has increased year by year,and the grassland ecosystem has recovered significantly.
文摘Background:To analyze the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague and seasonal pathogen in order to reduce the spread of infectious diseases such as flu and protect the susceptible people.Methods:Search the medication and the methods for preventing plague and seasonal pathogen in the Chinese Medical Code,classify and summarize the methods,perform frequency analysis and efficacy cluster analysis on Chinese medicines of involved medicines.Results:The methods of preventing ancient plague were as follows:burning and fumigating Chinese medicines,medicating nostrils,wearing bags filled with Chinese medicines,oral Chinese medicines and applying medicines to skin.The 3 main ways for drugs to work were external medication,nostril inhalation,and internal absorption.The Chinese medicines for preventing plague are mostly warm in nature and pungent in flavour,belonging to the spleen,stomach,liver,lung meridian.The 3 categories of drugs obtained by cluster analysis are C1:drugs for facilitating lung,relieving exterior and dissipating cold,such as Cangzhu(Atractylodis rhizoma)-Qianghuo(Notopterygh rhizoma et radix)-Xixin(Asari radix et rhizoma)-Baizhi(Angelicae dahuricae radix)-Fangfeng(Saposhnikoviae radix)-Zaojiao(Gleditsiae sinensis fructus);C2:drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis,such as Xionghuang(Realgar)-Zhusha(Cinnabaris)-Dahuang(Rhei radix rhizoma)-Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong rhizoma)-Jiegeng(Platycodonis radix);C3:drugs for replenishing Qi(it is the most basic element that constitutes human body and maintains life activities in traditional Chinese medicine)and tonifying the spleen,such as Gancao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma)-Dazao(Jujubae fructus)-Ganjiang(Zingiberis rhizoma)-Rougui(Cinnamomi cortex)-Gansong(Nardostachyos radix et rhizoma)-Chenpi(Citri reticulatae pericarpium)-Baizhu(Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma).Conclusion:Through analysis the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague,we can provide reference for modern research from the original plague prevention methods,and make an important contribution to the use of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of epidemic infectious diseases in modern clinic.
基金We thank for the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873285)。
文摘Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of the prescription for the syndrome of cold-damp-ness obstructing the lung in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods:The medicinals for the treatment of the syndrome of cold-dampness obstructing the lung,such as Cangzhu(Rhizoma Atractylo-dis),Chenpi(Pericarpium Gitri Reticulatae),Houpo(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis),Huoxiang(Herba Agastachis),Caoguo(Fructus Tsaoko),Mahuang(Herba Ephedrae),Qianghuo(Rhizoma et Radix Notoptery-gi),Shengjiang(Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens),Binlang(Semen Arecae)in the Diagnosis and Treatment Pro-gram of COVID-19(Trial Version 6)were taken as research subjects,and the combination of these nine me-dicinals can be called Hanshi Zufei Fang(寒湿阻肺方,HSZFF).The active components and targets of each single Chinese materia medica was screened and obtained through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP)database.The target information related to COVID-19 was retrieved through the Gene-Cards disease-related target database.The medicinal prediction targets were mapped to the disease target to ob-tain the intersection targets.The DAVID database was applied to perform gene ontology(GO)enrichment anal-ysis and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis on the targets;GraphPad Prism 5.0 software was applied to plot the biological process(BP)of GO enrichment analysis,cellular component(CC),molecular function(MF)histograms;OmicShare online software was applied to make KEGG advanced bubble chart;Cytoscape software was applied to visualize the interaction with the targets and Chinese materia medica-components-targets results.Results:Totally 56 key active components of 9 Chinese materia medica for cold-dampness obstructing lung syndrome were screened,and 55 targets were obtained.The results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the compound prescription mainly regulated the body's immune re-sponse and reduced inflammation by regulating such signaling pathways of inflammatory response and immune regulation as TNF signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,infuenza A signaling pathway,T cell receptor signaling pathway.Conclusion:HSZFF can eliminate infl ammation and inhibit virus by regulating immune inflammatory factors closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases through multi-component and multi-target.
文摘Tumor is defined as a kind of chronic diseases by the World Health Organization.The integrative traditional Chinese and western medicine works well on the treatment of tumors,even in advanced patients or patients with recurring and metastatic tumor.However,the pathogenic mechanism of tumors is still unclear.Therefore,based on the 19 th pathogenesis in Yellow Emperor's Internal Class that"Diseases producing the liquid that is clear and chill all result from coldness",the paper explore s the etiology pathogenesis of malignant tumors,and the correlation between which and tumor recurrence and metastasis,and also discusses the rules for the treatment of tumors at various stages with great method of warming yang for dispelling cold.