Nonlinear Study on the Mechanical Performance of Built-Up Cold-Formed Steel Concrete-Filled Columns under Compression

Given their numerous functional and architectural benefits,such as improved bearing capacity and increased resistance to elastic instability modes,cold-formed steel(CFS)built-up sections have become increasingly developed and used in recent years,particularly in the construction industry.This paper presents an analytical and numerical study of assembled CFS two single channel-shaped columns with different slenderness and configurations(backto-back,face-to-face,and box).These columns were joined by double-row rivets for the back-to-back and box configurations,whereas they were welded together for the face-to-face design.The built-up columns were filled with ordinary concrete of good strength.Finite element models were applied,using ABAQUS software,to assess mechanical performance and study the influence of assembly techniques on the behavior of cold-formed columns under axial compression.Analytical approaches based on Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4 recommendations for un-filled and concrete-filled columns respectively were followed for the numerical analysis,and concrete confinement effects were also considered per American Concrete Institute(ACI)standards for face-to-face and box configurations.The obtained results indicated a good correlation between the numerical results and the proposed analytical methodology which did not exceed 8%.The failure modes showed that the columns failed due to instabilities such as local and global buckling.

Numerical Analysis of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Short Columns with Pitting Corrosion during Bridge Construction

Pitting corrosion is harmful during bridge construction,which will lead to uneven roughness of steel surfaces and reduce the thickness of steel.Hence,the effect of pitting corrosion on the mechanical properties of cold-formed thin-walled steel stub columns is studied,and the empirical formulas are established through regression fitting to predict the ultimate load of web and flange under pitting corrosion.In detail,the failure modes and load-displacement curves of specimens with different locations,area ratios,and depths are obtained through a large number of non-linear finite element analysis.As for the specimens with pitting corrosion on the web,all the specimens are subject to local buckling failure,and the failure mode will not change with pitting corrosion,but the failure location will change with pitting corrosion location;the size,location,and area ratio of pitting corrosion have little influence on the ultimate load of cold-formed thin-walled steel short columns,but the loss rate of pitting corrosion section area has a greater impact on the ultimate bearing capacity.As for the specimen with flange pitting corrosion,the location and area ratio of pitting corrosion have less influence on the ultimate load of cold-formed thin-walled steel short columns,and the section area loss rate has greater influence on the ultimate bearing capacity;the impact of web pitting corrosion on the ultimate load is greater than that of flange pitting corrosion under the same condition of pitting corrosion section area.The prediction formulas of limit load which are suitable for pitting corrosion of web and flange are established,which can provide a reference for performance evaluation of corroded cold-formed thin-walled steel.

Mechanical Properties of Two Kinds of New Cold-Formed Flange-Closed Welding Section Members

The hollow flange beam(HFB) is a unique cold-formed steel section developed in Australia for use as a flexural member.It′s a particular cross section with two torsion rigid closed triangular flanges and a comparatively flexible web,and it is a type of high efficient cross section.This paper presents two kinds of new cold-formed flange-closed welding sections named HF1 and HF2 according to different section component and parameters of HFB.Nonlinear finite element method has been adopted to investigate the mechanical properties such as buckling mode,deformation process,rigidity,ductility and correlation curve of two kinds of new section members which being subjected to axial compression,flexure,combined compression and bending.Systematical comparisons of the consumed steel quantities of per unit load carrying capacity between new section members and the same section dimensions of cold-formed C-section members have been carried out.Some conclusions can be drawn from above work that the new sections have some superior properties including higher load carrying capacity and section modulus,sufficient section stiffness,and difficult occurrence for the sub element local buckling.The new sections are suitable for bearing flexure,compression,combined compression and bending.The new sections′ consumed steel quantities of per unit load carrying capacity are almost half as those of the same dimension C-section members′.The experimental investigation is carried out further on the new cold-formed flange-closed welding section members and can be used in the practical engineering.

Some Advances in the Application of Weathering and Cold-Formed Steel in Transmission Tower

Application of weathering and cold-formed steel in transmission lines can reduce steel consumption and environmental pollution. Some advances in the studies on the weathering and cold-formed steel in transmission tower are introduced. Firstly, corrosion-resistant tests of weathering steel samples under different simulating technical atmospheres were carried out separately for 240 hours. It shows that the corrosion degree of joint samples is higher than that of single chip samples, and the corrosion-resistant performance of weathering steel is superior to common carbon steel. The corrosion-resistance of weathering steel meets with the requirement of transmission tower. Secondly, experiments and finite element analysis for cold-formed angles and a 220kV prototype tower were completed, and the stability coeffi-cient fitting curves as well as the modification formulas of slenderness ratio for cold-formed members were determined. According to the structural characteristics of transmission towers, four sections of cold-formed angles with different sections and slenderness ratios were selected in this study. The finite element model well predicted the buckling behav-iour of the cold-formed members. Ultimate loads calculating by the fitting curve were well agreed to the experimental values, especially for the members with small slenderness ratios. Weight of the cold-formed steel tower can be reduced by more than 5 percent after considering the strength enhancement. Cost of the weathering and cold-formed steel transmission tower is nearly equivalent to that of hot-rolled steel tower with hot galvanizing.

Corner strength enhancement of high strength cold-formed steel at normal room and elevated temperatures

In this study, the suitability of current design methods for the 0.2% proof yield strength of the comer regions for high strength cold-formed steel at normal room temperature was investigated. The current standard predictions are generally accurate for outer comer specimen but conservative for inner comer specimen. Based on the experimental results, an analytical model to predict the comer strength of high strength cold-formed steel at normal room temperature was also proposed. The comparison indicated that the proposed model predicted well the comer strength of high strength cold-formed steel not only at normal room temperature but also at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the predictions obtained from the proposed model agree well with the test results. Generally the comer strength enhancement of high strength cold-formed steel decreases when the temperature increases.

Research on Bond-Slip Constitutive Relation for Steel Reinforced Concrete Members

The constitutive relation of bond-slip on steel and concrete interface is proposed for short steel reinforced concrete （SRC） column. Based on the experimental research on bond-slip performance, a mechanical model of short SRC column in pulling or pushing test is established. By means of the elasto-plasticity theory the explicit formulation of bond-slip constitutive relation τ-s in different anchor-hold place of push and pull member is investigated under the conditions of balance and boundary. The study shows that the constitutive relation is relevant to the embedment length and the thickness of concrete cover. The results are continuous descriptions of bond-slip constitutive relation and can be used to analyze the non-linear performance of SRC members. Results indicate that the principle of the method is correct and it performs well for short SRC column.

Non-destructive Evaluation of Absolute Stress in Steel Members Using Shear-Wave Spectroscopy

Non-destructive measurement of absolute stress in steel members can provide useful information to optimize the design of steel structures and allow the safety of existing structures to be evaluated.This paper investigates the non-destructive capability of ultrasonic shear-wave spectroscopy in absolute stress evaluation of steel members.The effect of steel-member stress on the shear-wave amplitude spectrum is investigated,and a method of absolute stress measurement is proposed.Specifically,the process for evaluating absolute stress using shear-wave spectroscopy is summarized.Two steel members are employed to investigate the relationship between the stress and the frequency in shear-wave echo amplitude spectrum.The H-beam loaded by the universal testing machine is evaluated by the proposed method and the traditional strain gauge method for verification.The results show that the proposed method is effective and accurate for determining absolute stress in steel members.

A nonlinear explicit dynamic GBT formulation for modeling impact response of thin-walled steel members

A nonlinear explicit dynamic finite element formulation based on the generalized beam theory(GBT)is proposed and developed to simulate the dynamic responses of prismatic thin-walled steel members under transverse impulsive loads.Considering the rate strengthening and thermal softening effects on member impact behavior,a modified Cowper-Symonds model for constructional steels is utilized.The element displacement field is built upon the superposition of GBT cross-section deformation modes,so arbitrary deformations such as cross-section distortions,local buckling and warping shear can all be involved by the proposed model.The amplitude function of each cross-section deformation mode is approximated by the cubic non-uniform B-spline basis functions.The Kirchhoff s thin-plate assumption is utilized in the construction of the bending related displacements.The Green-Lagrange strain tensor and the second Piola-Kirchhoff(PK2)stress tensor are employed to measure deformations and stresses at any material point,where stresses are assumed to be in plane-stress state.In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed GBT model,three numerical cases involving impulsive loading of the thin-walled parts are given.The GBT results are compared with those of the Ls-Dyna shell finite element.It is shown that the proposed model and the shell finite element analysis has equivalent accuracy in displacement and stress.Moreover,the proposed model is much more computationally efficient and structurally clearer than the shell finite elements.

局部环向变厚度方钢管混凝土柱偏压力学性能研究

针对海洋环境中飞溅区造成的钢管混凝土柱局部环向腐蚀现象,采用机械削减方式模拟钢管壁厚局部环向腐蚀,进行了7个方钢管混凝土柱偏压试验,揭示了削弱率和偏心率对其偏压承载力的影响,并通过数值模拟对削弱率进行拓展分析.提出了基于削弱率的偏压承载力降低系数,代入中、美规范进行偏压承载力计算.结果表明:钢管的局部环向变厚度严重削弱了方钢管混凝土柱的偏压承载力和侧向挠曲能力;较大的加载偏心率也降低了其偏压承载力,但增大了其侧向挠曲能力.引入偏压承载力降低系数后,根据中、美规范计算得到的偏压承载力与试验值均吻合较好;相比于我国规范,美国规范在计算偏压承载力时相对更加保守.

配筋空心方钢管高强混凝土纯弯构件受力性能有限元分析

目的 研究配筋空心钢管高强混凝土构件的抗弯性能,推动其在建筑结构中的应用。方法 采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立配筋空心钢管混凝土构件有限元模型,在验证模型准确的基础上,分析构件的受力全过程及钢材屈服强度、混凝土抗压强度、钢管壁厚、钢筋直径、普通钢筋数量对构件受弯性能的影响。结果 纯弯试件在荷载作用下受力过程可分为3个阶段:弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和强化阶段;试件破坏形态均为受弯破坏,表现出较好地延性。结论 组合构件在弯矩作用下可以很好地协同工作;钢材屈服强度和钢管壁厚的增加对构件承载力的提高影响最显著,建议配置普通钢筋数量在6~8根为最优。

含钢率对GFRP管-钢骨混凝土组合构件抗冲击性能的影响

为了研究含钢率对GFRP(glass fiber reinforced polymer)管-钢骨混凝土组合构件抗冲击性能的影响,建立15个组合构件的数值模型,在验证模型正确的基础上,通过分析典型构件的冲击全过程、截面弯矩发展以及破坏时应变分布规律,研究构件在侧向冲击荷载作用下的破坏模式;通过分析构件冲击力时程曲线、侧移时程曲线以及能量变化情况,探究含钢率对不同长细比构件抗冲击性能的影响。结果表明:与未配置钢骨的构件相比,GFRP管-钢骨混凝土构件的抗冲击承载力提高了7%~134%,侧向位移减小了13%~68%。在侧向冲击荷载作用下,构件的破坏模式以弯曲破坏为主,同时伴随着GFRP管和混凝土冲击区域的局部破坏,抗弯刚度是影响构件抗冲击性能的主要因素之一。构件的抗冲击承载力随着含钢率的增高而提高,随着构件长细比的增大而降低。含钢率相差1.5%时,截面惯性矩较大的窄翼缘型钢对构件的抗冲击性能更有利。对于长细比大于20的构件,钢骨耗能是组合构件总能耗的主要组成部分。

高温作用后新型高强QN1803不锈钢轴压构件局部稳定性能研究

通过建立新型高强度QN1803不锈钢工字形和方矩形截面短柱的有限元模型对其高温作用后的局部稳定性能进行了数值模拟分析.通过参数分析探究了残余应力、局部初始几何缺陷及温度工况对构件局部稳定性能及极限承载力的影响.研究结果表明:对于方矩形构件及截面正则化长细比小于1.0的厚实工字形构件,残余应力对承载力的影响较小;对于薄柔工字形构件,残余应力会降低其截面承载力,且降低幅度随着温度的升高而下降.此外,随着温度升高,初始几何缺陷对不锈钢工字形构件承载力产生显著影响且正则化宽厚比的影响限值变大,对不锈钢方矩形构件承载力的影响则相反.最后,本文基于参数分析结果,评估了现行欧洲规范EN 1993-1-4、美国规范ASCE/SEI-8-02以及中国《不锈钢结构技术规程》(CECS 410:2015)中不锈钢构件局部稳定性能常温设计方法的适用性,发现了现有设计方法中对高强不锈钢轴心受压构件的高温作用后设计指导尚存在不合理之处并提出了优化建议.

大跨公铁两用钢桁拱桥边跨施工关键技术

常泰长江大桥天星洲专用航道桥为(168+388+168)m大跨重载公铁两用钢桁拱桥。主梁采用2片主桁双层板桁组合结构,边跨钢梁施工采用架梁吊机悬臂散件拼装。为确保边跨钢梁架设轴线和竖曲线线形,按照最快形成稳定桁片结构原则拼装,上墩前悬臂拼装并形成三角桁片稳定结构后再实施抄垫;在钢梁架设过程中对钢梁标高进行调整,精确控制钢梁上墩标高;为确保边跨钢梁架设结构受力满足要求,通过有限元理论分析比选,确定临时墩最优脱空时机;采用“基于空间六点调位法”对边跨钢梁进行整体精确定位;主墩支座采用重力法灌浆;基于多点变形协调,通过优化杆件安装工艺,解决了超静定结构杆件带力安装难题。

冷弯厚壁压弯构件抗震性能影响参数分析

冷弯厚壁型钢作为一种广泛应用于现代建筑结构中的材料,其在设计中展现出独特的优势,但其在地震荷载下的行为特性仍需进一步明确。通过数值分析研究宽厚比、长细比和轴压比等参数对冷弯厚壁压弯构件抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,所有骨架曲线在第一和第三象限呈现出非对称形态,这表明冷弯厚壁压弯构件在加载与卸载过程中的力学行为存在明显差异。宽厚比、长细比和轴压比3个参数对冷弯厚壁压弯构件抗震性能均有影响,不同破坏模式又影响着构件的抗震性能。研究结果揭示了各参数与抗震性能之间的关系,强调了设计中需特别关注的关键点,以确保结构既安全又经济。

双向加载下不同因素对H型钢构件板壳节段损伤域长度的影响

为研究双向加载条件下,轴压比、长细比、腹板高厚和翼缘宽厚比4个主要参数对H型钢构件损伤域长度的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立板壳模型进行有限元分析,并给出了双向加载下板壳节段损伤域长度的计算公式。分析结果表明:双向加载更加符合实际情况,所得损伤域长度偏大,提高了板壳节段取值的准确性;在一定区域内,损伤域长度与轴压比和腹板高厚比呈正相关,且增长幅度可达初始值的1倍以上,与翼缘宽厚比呈负相关,最大降幅可达50%以上。当长细比小于临界值时,两者呈负相关,最大降幅达34.28%;反之,两者呈正相关,最大增幅达58.26%。

基于超声导波的钢管杆件损伤探测模拟

为研究网架结构中钢管杆件损伤缺陷检测的问题,选择在杆端施加位移的方式进行有限元分析。考虑超声导波需要具有在特定频率范围内不发生频散的特征,选择L(0,2)模态超声导波开展无损检测。分析了适用于钢管无损检测的导波信号频率和信号周期特征,利用L(0,2)模态超声导波进行了不同圆周夹角的周向缺陷和不同长度轴向缺陷的导波检测。有限元分析结果表明,考虑多模态叠加和最大反射率的影响,频率为70 kHz周期为10的Hanning正弦信号激励的超声导波适用于钢管杆件的缺陷检测;当钢管缺陷宽度与深度不变时,周向损伤占圆周的比值与信号平均反射率成线性正比关系。对于杆件的轴向裂纹检测,可以利用信号反射率与裂纹宽度的关系进行对比判断。

800MPa高强钢T形截面轴压构件极限承载力有限元分析

针对800MPa高强钢T形截面轴压构件失稳问题,基于ABAQUS软件建立有限元计算模型,分析残余应力、几何初始缺陷、翼缘宽厚比、腹板高厚比和构件长细比对构件极限承载力的影响,建立正则化长细比与整体稳定系数关系曲线,并将高强钢T形截面轴压构件极限承载力的模拟结果与GB50017—2017系列设计规范进行比较分析。结果表明:建立的有限元模型能够准确模拟试验构件的屈曲行为,残余应力峰值对短柱承载力影响较小,对大长细比构件的承载力影响较大;试件初弯曲和板件翘曲对小长细比构件极限承载力影响较大,随构件长细比增加,构件极限承载力随着翼缘宽厚比变化表现为敏感度降低,腹板的高厚比变化规律与之类似。计算得到的稳定系数与GB50017—2017中b类柱子曲线吻合较好,建议采用b类柱子曲线计算800MPa高强钢焊接T形截面轴压构件的极限承载力。

考虑局部屈曲加劲钢箱形构件极限承载力的纤维梁柱模型

大型桥梁加劲钢箱形构件的极限承载力会受到板件局部稳定性能的影响,而目前尚缺乏成熟的可直接计入局部屈曲的高效计算模型。归纳总结国内外钢构件计算方法对局部屈曲的处理方式,明确以有效应力法即采用板件(或加劲板)平均受压应力-应变曲线简化局部屈曲效应的研究思路。通过有限元程序ANSYS二次开发钢板拉压非对称本构模型,提出一种可直接计入局部屈曲的纤维梁柱模型。材料本构模型中受压应力-应变曲线通过小型的加劲板板壳模型得到,且全面考虑了焊接残余应力与几何缺陷。搜集已开展的钢箱梁、钢桥塔及钢拱肋的稳定性试验,采用提出的纤维梁柱模型、板壳模型与传统弹塑性梁柱模型进行分析,展示截面纤维划分策略,验证文中纤维梁柱模型的可靠性与高效性;通过设置不同的缺陷参数,探讨缺陷水平与局部屈曲对各个构件极限承载力的影响。研究表明,随着缺陷水平的严重,局部屈曲会显著降低极限承载力,提出的纤维梁柱单元模型能够有效地预测加劲钢箱形构件的极限承载力,具有较广泛的应用前景。

拼合式带翼缘冷弯薄壁型钢十字形构件抗扭刚度试验研究

拼合式带翼缘冷弯薄壁型钢十字形构件在轴心压力作用下的主要破坏形式为扭转失稳,其扭转失稳极限承载力取决于抗扭刚度,而拼合效应对构件抗扭刚度的影响没有明确的计算方法。为研究拼合式带翼缘十字形构件的抗扭性能及拼合效应对抗扭刚度的影响,对10个不同截面尺寸和拼合螺栓分布的带翼缘十字形冷弯薄壁构件进行了扭转试验,得到扭转全过程的扭矩-转角曲线和扭矩-应变曲线。设计了专用加载装置使构件在加载初期发生自由扭转,据此得到该拼合构件的自由扭转刚度。试验结果表明:减小螺栓间距能增强拼合效应,对于单列螺栓构件,螺栓间距的变化对拼合效应的影响更明显;拼合效应主要作用于构件的腹板,腹板尺寸增大,单位面积的螺栓数量减少,拼合效应对抗扭刚度的贡献相对减少;相较于非拼合构件,拼合构件抗扭刚度的提升可能是因为螺栓在一定程度上约束了相邻腹板的相对翘曲,提升程度可能与拼合节点间腹板的翘曲刚度有关。

螺栓球节点对钢管杆件屈曲特征值的影响

利用ANSYS软件建立螺栓球节点与钢管杆组合构件的有限元模型,采用接触模拟法计算螺栓球钢管构件的屈曲特征值,分析螺栓球节点作为杆件两端约束时对杆件临界荷载产生的影响;参数化研究螺栓半径、套筒壁厚、封板厚度、螺栓头半径和套筒长度等因素对不同长细比杆件屈曲特征值的影响;基于杆件屈曲的欧拉公式,通过回归分析获得考虑螺栓球节点参数与杆件长细比影响杆件的屈曲特征值计算公式。结果表明:随螺栓半径和套筒壁厚增大杆件屈曲特征值显著增大,螺栓头半径对其的影响可忽略不计,封板厚度的增加和套筒长度的减小也能使杆件屈曲特征值有所增加;随杆件长细比的增大,以上各因素对杆件屈曲特征值的影响均逐渐减小,同时杆件长细比越大螺栓球节点对杆件的约束越强;利用回归分析获得组合构件屈曲特征值公式的计算值与有限元结果接近,随节点参数与杆件长细比的变化趋势一致,该公式能够较精准地计算杆件屈曲特征值。