The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude...The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude oil price is constantly increasing. In addition, global warming issue becomes one of reasons that motivate many countries to switch for a cleaner energy usage. As a country that has a relatively big reserve of natural gas, its appropriate natural gas could minimize subsidized oil fuel and also financing country＇s burden if Indonesia is optimizing the usage of energy resources. This paper will discuss about the background of gas fuel usage for road transportation sector in Indonesia, review of alternative fuel usage, the gas fuel usage status in Indonesia and gas usage recommendation for land transportation sector in Indonesia based on other countries experiences.展开更多
AIM: We have previously demonstrated that cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts,encode two functional bile acid transporters via alternative splicing of a single gene to facilitate bile a...AIM: We have previously demonstrated that cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts,encode two functional bile acid transporters via alternative splicing of a single gene to facilitate bile acid vectorial transport. Cholangiocytes possess ASBT,an apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter to take up bile acids,and t-ASBT,a basolateral alternatively spliced and truncated form of ASBT to efflux bile acids.Though hepatocyte and ileal bile acid transporters are in part regulated by the flux of bile acids, the effect of alterations in bile acid flux on the expression of t-ASBT in terminal ileocytes remains undear.Thus,we tested the hypothesis that expression of ASBT and t-ASBT in cholangiocytes and ileocytes was regulated by bile acid flux. METHODS: Expression of ASBT and t-ASBT message and protein in cholangiocytes and ileocytes isolated from pair- fed rats given control (C) and 1% taurocholate (TCA) or 5% cholestyramine (CY) enriched diets,were assessed by both quantitative RNase protection assays and quantitative immunoblotting.The data obtained from each of the control groups were pooled to reflect the changes observed following TCA and CY treatments with respect to the control diets. Cholangiocyte taurocholate uptake was determined using a novel microperfusion technique on intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs) derived from C,TCA and CY fed rats. RESULTS: In cholangiocytes,both ASBT and t-ASBT message RNA and protein were significantly decreased in response to TCA feeding compared to C diet.In contrast, message and protein of both bile acid transporters significantly increased following CY feeding compared to C diet.In the ileum,TCA feeding significantly up-regulated both ASBT and t-ASBT message and protein compared to C diet,while CY feeding significantly down-regulated message and protein of both bile acid transporters compared to C diet.As anticipated from alterations in cholangiocyte ASBT expression,the uptake of taurocholate in microperfused IBDUs derived from rats on TCA diet decreased 2.7-fold,whereas it increased 1.7-fold in those on CY diet compared to C diet fed groups. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that expression of ASBT and t-ASBT in cholangiocytes is regulated by a negative feedback loop while the expression of these transporters in terminal ileum is modified via positive feedback.Thus, while transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in response to alterations in bile acid pool size are operative in both cholangiocytes and ileocytes,each cell type responds differently to bile acid supplementation and depletion.展开更多
The critical size of a finite homogenous slab is investigated for one-speed neutrons using the alternative phase function(AG, Anli-Gungor) in place of the scattering function of the transport equation. First of all, t...The critical size of a finite homogenous slab is investigated for one-speed neutrons using the alternative phase function(AG, Anli-Gungor) in place of the scattering function of the transport equation. First of all, the neutron angular flux expanded in terms of the Chebyshev polynomials of second kind(UN approximation) together with the AG phase function is applied to the transport equation to obtain a criticality condition for the system.Then, using various values of the scattering parameters, the numerical results for the critical half-thickness of the slab are calculated and they are tabulated in the tables together with the ones obtained from the conventional spherical harmonic(PN) method for comparison. They can be said to be in good accordance with each other.展开更多
Smart growth policies advocate for economically viable,environmentally conscientious,and socially equitable solutions for urban development.These policies were developed largely in response to issues rooted in the aut...Smart growth policies advocate for economically viable,environmentally conscientious,and socially equitable solutions for urban development.These policies were developed largely in response to issues rooted in the automobile-oriented culture:air pollution,high greenhouse gas emissions,traffic congestion,and sedentary lifestyles.In urban settings,a good transportation alternative is cycling,since it is able to serve the travel needs of nearly half of city dwellers' daily trips.Many European and Canadian cities have successfully increased cycling rates by creating safer bicycle environments and restricting or discouraging automobile use.To evaluate the potential effects of the above measures on American urban areas,this paper examines case studies of cycle tracks and bicycle boulevards implemented in American cities,and how these facility improvements have changed how safe cyclists feel on the road and overall bicycle usage.Results show the two methods are indeed effective in increasing bicycle usage rates.Ultimately,increasing cycling rates needs policies to discourage people from driving,the greatest mode share in nearly all urban areas.Parking policy has major impacts on people's decision to use the automobile.Currently,parking is oversupplied and underpriced in many cities,making it irresistible for people to drive.Decreasing the number of parking spaces available and increasing their price will increase pressure on drivers to drive less,especially for short trips,and to bike instead.It is important for planners and policy makers to realize that solutions from both directions,making biking more enjoyable and making parking,and hence driving,less affordable,should be used in tandem.The complementary nature of the two approaches makes it so the effect of the combination is greater than the sum of the two.展开更多
文摘The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude oil price is constantly increasing. In addition, global warming issue becomes one of reasons that motivate many countries to switch for a cleaner energy usage. As a country that has a relatively big reserve of natural gas, its appropriate natural gas could minimize subsidized oil fuel and also financing country＇s burden if Indonesia is optimizing the usage of energy resources. This paper will discuss about the background of gas fuel usage for road transportation sector in Indonesia, review of alternative fuel usage, the gas fuel usage status in Indonesia and gas usage recommendation for land transportation sector in Indonesia based on other countries experiences.
文摘AIM: We have previously demonstrated that cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts,encode two functional bile acid transporters via alternative splicing of a single gene to facilitate bile acid vectorial transport. Cholangiocytes possess ASBT,an apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter to take up bile acids,and t-ASBT,a basolateral alternatively spliced and truncated form of ASBT to efflux bile acids.Though hepatocyte and ileal bile acid transporters are in part regulated by the flux of bile acids, the effect of alterations in bile acid flux on the expression of t-ASBT in terminal ileocytes remains undear.Thus,we tested the hypothesis that expression of ASBT and t-ASBT in cholangiocytes and ileocytes was regulated by bile acid flux. METHODS: Expression of ASBT and t-ASBT message and protein in cholangiocytes and ileocytes isolated from pair- fed rats given control (C) and 1% taurocholate (TCA) or 5% cholestyramine (CY) enriched diets,were assessed by both quantitative RNase protection assays and quantitative immunoblotting.The data obtained from each of the control groups were pooled to reflect the changes observed following TCA and CY treatments with respect to the control diets. Cholangiocyte taurocholate uptake was determined using a novel microperfusion technique on intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs) derived from C,TCA and CY fed rats. RESULTS: In cholangiocytes,both ASBT and t-ASBT message RNA and protein were significantly decreased in response to TCA feeding compared to C diet.In contrast, message and protein of both bile acid transporters significantly increased following CY feeding compared to C diet.In the ileum,TCA feeding significantly up-regulated both ASBT and t-ASBT message and protein compared to C diet,while CY feeding significantly down-regulated message and protein of both bile acid transporters compared to C diet.As anticipated from alterations in cholangiocyte ASBT expression,the uptake of taurocholate in microperfused IBDUs derived from rats on TCA diet decreased 2.7-fold,whereas it increased 1.7-fold in those on CY diet compared to C diet fed groups. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that expression of ASBT and t-ASBT in cholangiocytes is regulated by a negative feedback loop while the expression of these transporters in terminal ileum is modified via positive feedback.Thus, while transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in response to alterations in bile acid pool size are operative in both cholangiocytes and ileocytes,each cell type responds differently to bile acid supplementation and depletion.
文摘The critical size of a finite homogenous slab is investigated for one-speed neutrons using the alternative phase function(AG, Anli-Gungor) in place of the scattering function of the transport equation. First of all, the neutron angular flux expanded in terms of the Chebyshev polynomials of second kind(UN approximation) together with the AG phase function is applied to the transport equation to obtain a criticality condition for the system.Then, using various values of the scattering parameters, the numerical results for the critical half-thickness of the slab are calculated and they are tabulated in the tables together with the ones obtained from the conventional spherical harmonic(PN) method for comparison. They can be said to be in good accordance with each other.
文摘Smart growth policies advocate for economically viable,environmentally conscientious,and socially equitable solutions for urban development.These policies were developed largely in response to issues rooted in the automobile-oriented culture:air pollution,high greenhouse gas emissions,traffic congestion,and sedentary lifestyles.In urban settings,a good transportation alternative is cycling,since it is able to serve the travel needs of nearly half of city dwellers' daily trips.Many European and Canadian cities have successfully increased cycling rates by creating safer bicycle environments and restricting or discouraging automobile use.To evaluate the potential effects of the above measures on American urban areas,this paper examines case studies of cycle tracks and bicycle boulevards implemented in American cities,and how these facility improvements have changed how safe cyclists feel on the road and overall bicycle usage.Results show the two methods are indeed effective in increasing bicycle usage rates.Ultimately,increasing cycling rates needs policies to discourage people from driving,the greatest mode share in nearly all urban areas.Parking policy has major impacts on people's decision to use the automobile.Currently,parking is oversupplied and underpriced in many cities,making it irresistible for people to drive.Decreasing the number of parking spaces available and increasing their price will increase pressure on drivers to drive less,especially for short trips,and to bike instead.It is important for planners and policy makers to realize that solutions from both directions,making biking more enjoyable and making parking,and hence driving,less affordable,should be used in tandem.The complementary nature of the two approaches makes it so the effect of the combination is greater than the sum of the two.
