Effect of water quenching processing parameters on the mechanical properties of a cold-rolled C-Mn-containing steel sheet

Cold-rolled advanced high-strength steel sheets have become the material of choice for the automotive industry because of their unique attributes of high strength and balanced mechanical properties.High-hydrogen gas jet cooling and water quenching are the most commonly used ultrafast cooling technologies for producing martensite-containing high-strength steel sheets.The water quenching technology ensures the fastest industrial cooling rate of 1 000 K/s;therefore,it has the highest potential with respect to saving alloys.In this study,the water quenching of a C-Mn-containing steel sheet is simulated during continuous annealing to investigate the effect of water quenching and tempering parameters on its mechanical properties.The results reveal that at low quenching temperatures,the strength of the steel sheet decreases as the soaking temperature increases.However,at high quenching temperatures,a high soaking temperature corresponds to increased strength after quenching,regardless of whether the material was austenitized in the single austenite zone or the inter-critical zone.Therefore,a high quenching temperature always results in a high strength and a high yield ratio after quenching.Low-temperature overaging(tempering) considerably influences the yield strength and yield ratio,and the extent of this influence is correlated with the soaking temperature.

Effect of annealing parameters on mechanical properties of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets produced on continuous annealing lines with water quenching facility,have advantages of high strength and low alloying element contents.These are in good accordance with the trend of light-weighting and fuel saving for automotive steel.In this article,a cold-rolled martensitic steel is studied to investigate the effect of annealing parameters on its mechanical properties.It is found that the quenching temperature and the slow cooling speed as well as the overageing temperature have significant influence on the strength of the experimental steel.The temperature zone at which the austenite decomposition is slow or has not started may be chosen as the quenching temperature to ensure the steel’s strength stability.The slow cooling speed also influences the steel’s strength greatly.A high cooling rate will lead to significantly higher strength.Tempering would decrease the steel’s tensile strength but would increase its yield strength.

Development and application of Baosteel's cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets are becoming widely applied in the automotive industry because of their ultra-high strength,which may result in satisfactory weight reduction. The grades of martensitic steel sheets are classified based on their tensile strength,which ranges from 980 to 1 700 MPa. The main applications include a series of structural parts of uniform cross-section or simple shape,such as bumper beams,door beams and door sills,etc. The study and development of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets date back to 2007 in Baosteel,and some grades became commercially available in 2009. By 2015,Baosteel had commercially supplied thousands of tons of these steel sheets with tensile strength up to 1 400 MPa. Currently,1 500 MPa martensitic steel sheet is commercially available and 1 700 MPa martensitic steel sheet has been successfully produced. The process technology and application guides of Basoteel ＇s cold-rolled martensitic steels are summarized and analyzed in order to assist ongoing research and ensure correct applications of these ultra-high strength steel sheets.

Fatigue Response of Cold-Rolled Type-304 Stainless Steel Foil

This study presents the fatigue response of 304 stainless steel foil, cold-rolled to a thickness of 3.2 μm with 87 percent cold work at orientations of 0, 45, and 90 degrees to the direction of rolling. Fatigue specimens were fabricated by laminating a supportive layer of 20-μm polyimide film to one side of the foil and patterning 242 crack initiation features by photolithographic process. Progression of fatigue damage was determined through electrical resistance measurement. The fatigue response was demonstrated to be largely affected by anisotropy existing between the rolling direction and the off-axis orientations. Fatigue cracks that traveled in a direction parallel to the elongated grains (cyclic loads applied at 90-degree orientation to foil rolling direction) had the most fatigue response (undesirable characteristic). The construction of the specimens with thin foil supported by a film backing contributed to high fatigue threshold.

Properties of ultra-low carbon,cold-rolled sheet steels containing titanium or boron for use in enameling

Ultra-low carbon（ULC）,cold-rolled sheet steels for porcelain enameling containing alloys of titanium and boron are studied. The microstructure,mechanical properties,inclusions,and precipitates of the sheet steels are analyzed. The hydrogen permeation time of the sheet steels as-annealed and after skin-passed or cold-rolled at different reductions are measured. It is show n that the sheet steels possess different features of enameling properties in hydrogen permeability,fishscale resistance,and pinhole resistance.

Bake hardening behavior of TRIP and DP steels

The bake hardening （BH） behavior of transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） and dual-phase （DP） steels after different prestrains was studied. The experimental results indicate that TRIP steel exhibits good BH ability while DP steel does not, and prestrain displays a strong effect on the BH values of both steels. The comparison of microstructures of the two steels showed that the hard second phase in the matrix might be harmful to the BH ability. For deformed specimens, baking resulted in a loss of uniform elongation, but there was no obvious decrease in uniform elongation for unprestrained specimens.

Effects of Biaxial Tensile on the Deformation Behavior of DP590 High-strength Steel Sheet under High Strain Rate

The effects of biaxial tensile pre-strain on the forming limit of DP590 high-strength steel under high strain rate were investigated. The stress-strain curves of DP590 steel sheet under the biaxial tensile of different load ratios were obtained. The forming limit diagrams（FLDs） of DP590 steel sheet under biaxial tensile pre-strain and electromagnetic hybrid forming were established. Results showed that the biaxial tensile pre-strain had significant effects on the formability of DP590 steel. The pre-strain in a certain range improved the forming limit of DP590 steel under high rate, and the forming limit increased with the pre-strain. The prestrain in the same direction of high rate increased the forming limit of the final deformation under complex strain paths conditions, but the pre-strain in the vertical direction decreased the minor strain under the high strain rate.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar resistance spot welded DP1000–QP1180 steel sheets

In this study,the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar resistance spot welded DP1000–QP1180 joints was investigated.Heat affected zone(HAZ)width of QP1180 side was smaller than that of DP1000 side.HAZ width and indentation depth increased with increasing welding current and welding time.The nugget size increased with increasing welding current whereas it increased at lower currents and decreased at higher currents with increasing welding time.The lowest hardness was on the DP1000 side.On the QP1180 side,the center of HAZ had the peak hardness.With increasing welding current,hardness values throughout the weld zone decreased and the tensile shear load increased.At lower welding currents,the welding time did not affect the tensile shear load.Tensile elongation decreased with the increase of welding time,whereas there is no relationship between the welding current and elongation.The spot-welded joints having higher strength exhibited a more ductile fracture characteristic.

Study on metallurgical properties and pellet proportioning technology of stainless steel cold-rolling sludge

With a complicated composition, large rolling sludge has been a focal point concerning neither at home nor abroad have any technologies suitable for bulk utilization of stainless steel cold- production and serious damage to the environment, stainless steel cold- environmental protection for stainless steel enterprises. Up to now, come into being that are not only proper, safe and economical but also rolling sludge. Based on the characteristics of the stainless steel cold- rolling sludge, orthogonal experiments were carried out on pellet proportioning and high-temperature roasting, and major metallurgical properties of sludge pellets were also tested. As the results show, pellets with 30% addition of cold-rolling sludge are qualified regarding their compressive strength, chemical composition and major metallurgical properties. No adverse impact happens to the blast furnace operation when sludge pellets account for 10% of the blast furnace raw materials. Therefore, the technical route applied in this paper is proved simple, feasible and environmentally friendly for cold-rolling sludge treatment.

Effect of laser power on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser heat conduction lap welded joint between AZ31B magnesium alloy and DP780 galvanized steel

In this work, laser heat conduction lap welding(LHCLW) of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet and DP780galvanized steel sheet was carried out by the defocused laser beam. The effects of laser power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were studied. The pros and cons of the joint were identified and evaluated by measuring the tensile shear strength, microhardness and microstructure observation. The formation mechanism of various phases at the Mg/steel interface was analyzed. The results indicated that the galvanized layer could promote the metallurgical bonding between magnesium alloy and steel by improving the diffusion ability of molten magnesium alloy at the steel interface and reacting with Mg, so as to enhance the strength of the joint. A continuous dense layered eutectic structure(α-Mg+MgZn) was formed at the interface of the joint, while MgZn_(2)and MgZn phase was formed at the weld edge zone and heat affective zone(HAZ), whereas no reaction layer was generated between the uncoated steel and magnesium alloy. A sound joint could be obtained at 2.5 kW, and the corresponding tensile shear strength reached the maximum value of 42.9 N/mm. The strength was slightly reduced at 2.6 kW due to the existence of microcracks in the eutectic reaction layer.

Effect of deformation twinning on the evolution of texture in TWIP steels during cold-rolling

Texture evolution of high-manganese twining-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels (Fe-16Mn-0.6C) during cold-rolling is studied by means of quantitative orientation distribution function (ODF)analysis.Thickness reductions of the specimens during cold-rolling are 10%,20%,30%,50% and 65%,respectively.Evolution of texture is of the Brass type,which is typical for low-stacking fault energy (SFE) materials.The contribution of deformation twinning to the development of texture is clearly illustrated by the monotonic increase of the twinned Cu component.In the present study,the deformation twinning was identified as significantly contributing to deformation up to the maximum reduction applied.These results are useful for the prediction and control of the texture in TWIP steels.

Research and application on the automatic measuring device for testing transverse thickness difference of cold-rolling steel sheet

Many advanced technologies have been applied in developing the automatic measuring device for testing transverse thickness difference of cold-rolling steel sheet,such as the technologies of automatic control,sensor measurement,marking identification,photographic location,computer application and information transmission.This measuring device can measure the transverse thickness difference of the steel plate accurately and quickly,with a high detection level of automation.It is an effective detection equipment for transverse thickness control of steel plate.Horizontal width of steel plate measuring 0.8-1.4 m, horizontal measurement point positioning accuracy±0.02 mm,thickness range 0.2-2.0 mm, measurement accuracy within±1μm.

QP和DP钢面内成形性能与边部成形性能对比研究

目的以宝钢生产的QP980、QP1180、DP980、DP11804种典型超高强钢材料为研究对象,进行QP、DP钢种材料面内与边部成形特性对比分析。方法采用单向拉伸设备以及成形试验机,并结合DIC分析技术,对4种材料的力学性能、面内成形性及边部成形性进行试验研究。结果与DP钢相比,同等强度级别QP钢的均匀延伸率及加工硬化系数均明显更高。在面内成形应变状态下,同等强度级别QP钢极限成形深度均明显大于DP钢的,但主、次应变大小差异不大。在边部成形应变状态下,同等强度级别QP、DP钢极限成形深度以及主、次应变大小均差异不大。QP、DP钢面内成形最大主应变均明显大于边部成形最大主应变。结论与同强度级别DP钢相比,QP钢具有更高的均匀延伸率及加工硬化系数。QP钢材料的加工硬化系数高,材料内部协同变形能力强,面内成形性能明显优于DP钢材料的,但两者的边部成形性能差异不大;QP、DP钢材料能承受更大的面内主应变,受边部加工硬化及毛刺的影响,冲裁后,边部应变明显降低,在QP、DP超高强钢零件设计制造过程中,应尽可能避免边部发生较大的变形。

DP600高强钢零件冲压成形有限元仿真及试验

性能稳定的高强度钢板供应,是保证汽车厂避免冲压成形开裂缺陷,提高生产稳定性的重要环节。该文以使用DP600高强钢的横梁减震器后桥零件为例,采用有限元仿真和网格试验的方法分析变形特征,以及主要力学性能参数对冲压成形的影响,提出了保证零件成形钢板的关键性能指标及控制范围。研究结果表明,横梁减震器外板零件高应变区域的变形方式为平面应变-拉延变形,稳定冲压所需的关键性能参数及控制范围为,屈强比σs/σb≤0.68,材料硬化指数n≥0.15,断裂延伸率δ≥25%。

1000MPa级DP钢的成形特性试验

对宝钢产1000MPa级冷轧双相钢和热镀锌双相钢的材料特性和成形特性进行试验,深入分析钢板的力学性能、扩孔性能和成形极限。研究表明,宝钢1000MPa级超高强钢板具有较好的力学性能,其延伸率和扩孔率与国外同类产品相近,成形极限试验测量得到的FLD0为18%,低于采用软钢经验公式计算值。摩擦试验表明,冷轧GI板表面摩擦系数明显低于热镀锌CR板,此外,涂油对CR板表面影响较小,但对GI板表面有较大的影响。

析出相对深冲DP钢组织性能及织构的影响

为了研究析出相对深冲DP钢织构的影响机制,采用Thermo-calc热力学软件计算DP钢的平衡析出相,并利用SEM、TEM与XRD等手段分析了两种不同成分的DP钢组织性能与织构演变.研究表明:试验钢的主要析出相为MC_SHP、M7C3、MnS和AlN;与低Mo钢相比,高Mo钢的奥氏体区被缩小,且MoC的析出温度更高,铁素体晶内与沿晶界形成了大量的纳米级MoC析出;860℃退火后,高Mo钢中形成了约3%的均匀弥散分布的马氏体,抗拉强度达到445 MPa,r值为1.5,而低Mo钢发生了贝氏体相变,各项力学性能明显降低;两种试验钢的热轧板织构较弱,冷轧后{223}<110>取向密度稳定增加,退火后均形成了强烈的γ纤维织构,而低Mo钢中{001}<110>织构是导致其r值偏低的主要原因.

相同成分DP钢和TRIP钢部分力学性能的比较

对同一种钢板进行不同热处理分别制成具有相同铁素体含量的双相钢(DP钢)和相变诱发塑性变形钢(TRIP钢),并对其部分力学性能进行对比。比较发现,铁素体基体上不同的第二相使得材料力学性能产生巨大差异:马氏体使DP钢具有很高的抗拉强度,残余奥氏体则赋予TRIP钢优良的伸长率;DP钢拥有更加优良的加工硬化能力,TRIP钢则具有较为理想的烘烤硬化能力。试验还表明,考察DP钢和TRIP钢的烘烤硬化能力时,除柯氏气团外,内应力的消除也应该考虑其中。

B340/590DP钢温热成形破裂准则提出及成形极限预测

针对B340/590DP双相钢在强塑积较高的温度区间150℃-300℃内变形时应变硬化指数n、强化系数K等材料参数随变形温度和应变速率变化波动较大、规律性不强的特点,采用分段双线性插值方法,提出了综合考虑变形温度、应变速率及应变路径影响的B340/590DP双相钢温热成形应力-应变模型和韧性破裂准则。并借助有限元仿真技术,通过比较不同变形路径下的仿真结果与胀形实验结果,修正仿真模型及韧性破裂准则中与应变路径相关的系数,获得其与应变路径系数r的函数关系。最后,将应力-应变模型和破裂准则引入DYNAFORM软件预测板材的温热成形极限,预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了所建模型和破裂准则的正确性。

不同应变速率下DP钢变形行为的微观机理研究

利用3 000 kN电子万能试验机和ZWICK HTM5020高速拉伸试验装置研究了双相钢（DP钢）在不同应变速率（10-4～600 s-1）下的拉伸变形行为,并结合XRD分析对双相钢组织中的位错密度进行了计算。结果表明,在准静态拉伸过程中,双相钢组织中的位错密度基本不变,其抗拉强度、断裂延伸率随应变速率变化也不明显;而在动态拉伸条件下,随着应变速率的增加,双相钢组织中的位错密度不断增加,抗拉强度也相应增加,塑性降低,最终导致能量吸收下降。

试样标距对800MPa级DP钢准静态拉伸变形行为的影响

随着对汽车安全性和燃油经济性的要求越来越高,先进高强度钢在车身上的应用比例逐渐增大。文章研究了800MPa级双相钢(DP钢)在应变速率10-3s-1条件下,不同原始标距L0对其性能的影响。结果显示,原始标距L0减小,基本不影响材料的屈服强度Re、抗拉强度Rm和最大力非比例伸长率Ag,但断后伸长率A显著增大,从而获得较大应变下的应力应变本构关系。该结果可为数值模拟设计者在设计过程中,定义材料力学属性提供参考,为小圆角等较小当量变形部位,提供更为准确的塑性流变关系。采用有限元模拟了不同L0试样拉伸过程,揭示出断后伸长率A发生变化的原因。藉SEM,分析了试样颈缩区的变形组织和断口形貌,探讨了其断裂机理。研究可为超高强度钢在汽车上的应用提供参考。