A Physical Core-Loss Model for Laminated Magnetic Sheet Steels

A full-frequency instant core-loss equation built from the induction physical model of magnetic materials, where the iron loss, eddy loss, and hysteresis loss no longer have an integral term, and this new equation provides high simulation accuracy and performs dynamic core loss analysis on non-sinusoidal or pulse magnetic fields. The simulation examples use a high-grade electrical steel sheet 65CS400 by Epstein experimental data covering magnetic field 0.1 - 1.8 T and frequency 50 - 5000 Hz, and the average error of the simulated core loss is less than 4%. Since the simulation is converged by magnetic physical parameters, so the physical relevance of the similar laminated materials can be compared with the coefficient results. .

Effect of water quenching processing parameters on the mechanical properties of a cold-rolled C-Mn-containing steel sheet

Cold-rolled advanced high-strength steel sheets have become the material of choice for the automotive industry because of their unique attributes of high strength and balanced mechanical properties.High-hydrogen gas jet cooling and water quenching are the most commonly used ultrafast cooling technologies for producing martensite-containing high-strength steel sheets.The water quenching technology ensures the fastest industrial cooling rate of 1 000 K/s;therefore,it has the highest potential with respect to saving alloys.In this study,the water quenching of a C-Mn-containing steel sheet is simulated during continuous annealing to investigate the effect of water quenching and tempering parameters on its mechanical properties.The results reveal that at low quenching temperatures,the strength of the steel sheet decreases as the soaking temperature increases.However,at high quenching temperatures,a high soaking temperature corresponds to increased strength after quenching,regardless of whether the material was austenitized in the single austenite zone or the inter-critical zone.Therefore,a high quenching temperature always results in a high strength and a high yield ratio after quenching.Low-temperature overaging(tempering) considerably influences the yield strength and yield ratio,and the extent of this influence is correlated with the soaking temperature.

Effect of annealing parameters on mechanical properties of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets produced on continuous annealing lines with water quenching facility,have advantages of high strength and low alloying element contents.These are in good accordance with the trend of light-weighting and fuel saving for automotive steel.In this article,a cold-rolled martensitic steel is studied to investigate the effect of annealing parameters on its mechanical properties.It is found that the quenching temperature and the slow cooling speed as well as the overageing temperature have significant influence on the strength of the experimental steel.The temperature zone at which the austenite decomposition is slow or has not started may be chosen as the quenching temperature to ensure the steel’s strength stability.The slow cooling speed also influences the steel’s strength greatly.A high cooling rate will lead to significantly higher strength.Tempering would decrease the steel’s tensile strength but would increase its yield strength.

Development and application of Baosteel's cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets are becoming widely applied in the automotive industry because of their ultra-high strength,which may result in satisfactory weight reduction. The grades of martensitic steel sheets are classified based on their tensile strength,which ranges from 980 to 1 700 MPa. The main applications include a series of structural parts of uniform cross-section or simple shape,such as bumper beams,door beams and door sills,etc. The study and development of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets date back to 2007 in Baosteel,and some grades became commercially available in 2009. By 2015,Baosteel had commercially supplied thousands of tons of these steel sheets with tensile strength up to 1 400 MPa. Currently,1 500 MPa martensitic steel sheet is commercially available and 1 700 MPa martensitic steel sheet has been successfully produced. The process technology and application guides of Basoteel ＇s cold-rolled martensitic steels are summarized and analyzed in order to assist ongoing research and ensure correct applications of these ultra-high strength steel sheets.

Properties of ultra-low carbon,cold-rolled sheet steels containing titanium or boron for use in enameling

Ultra-low carbon（ULC）,cold-rolled sheet steels for porcelain enameling containing alloys of titanium and boron are studied. The microstructure,mechanical properties,inclusions,and precipitates of the sheet steels are analyzed. The hydrogen permeation time of the sheet steels as-annealed and after skin-passed or cold-rolled at different reductions are measured. It is show n that the sheet steels possess different features of enameling properties in hydrogen permeability,fishscale resistance,and pinhole resistance.

Effects of External Electric Field on AlN Precipitation and Recrystallization Texture of Deep-drawing 08Al Killed Steel Sheet

The effects of an electric field on AIN precipitation and recrystallization texture were investigated. Cold-rolled 08Al killed steel sheets were annealed at 550℃ according to the two-step processes, for various maintaining times, with and without applying an electric field. It was found that the electric field promotes the precipitation of the second phase （AlN particles）, strengthens the γ-fiber and weakens the α-fiber texture component in the recrystallized specimens. A possible explanation for the reinforcement of γ-fiber texture by the electric field is that the second phase AIN particle promotes the growth of γ-fiber at the expense of differently oriented grains.

Research and application on the automatic measuring device for testing transverse thickness difference of cold-rolling steel sheet

Many advanced technologies have been applied in developing the automatic measuring device for testing transverse thickness difference of cold-rolling steel sheet,such as the technologies of automatic control,sensor measurement,marking identification,photographic location,computer application and information transmission.This measuring device can measure the transverse thickness difference of the steel plate accurately and quickly,with a high detection level of automation.It is an effective detection equipment for transverse thickness control of steel plate.Horizontal width of steel plate measuring 0.8-1.4 m, horizontal measurement point positioning accuracy±0.02 mm,thickness range 0.2-2.0 mm, measurement accuracy within±1μm.

基于Energetic和改进Jiles-Atherton-Sablik模型的电工钢片动态磁致伸缩特性模拟

准确模拟电工钢片的动态磁致伸缩特性是电工装备铁心振动和噪声分析的关键步骤。该文提出一种基于Energetic磁滞模型和改进Jiles-Atherton-Sablik(J-A-S)模型的电工钢片动态磁致伸缩特性模拟方法。首先,基于静态Energetic磁滞模型和损耗分离理论,考虑由励磁频率引起的动态损耗密度分量,并采用场分离技术建立动态Energetic磁滞模型。其次,将动态Energetic磁滞模型求解的动态磁场强度作为改进J-A-S模型的已知量,从而根据铁磁材料的非线性本构关系,建立以磁感应强度为输入量的动态磁致伸缩逆模型。在此基础上,设计电工钢片动态磁致伸缩曲线的模拟流程。最后,将所提方法的模拟结果与实测结果和现有方法模拟结果进行对比,可知所提方法的模拟结果与实测结果吻合更好,从而验证所提模拟方法的准确性。

一级能效电工钢片比总损耗的精确测量与仿真分析

针对国标爱泼斯坦方圈法测量新一级能效硅钢片比总损耗结果的不确定性问题,本文提出了一种工频下基于双爱泼斯坦方圈的新一级能效硅钢片比总损耗测量方法。通过双爱泼斯坦方圈法测量硅钢片的比总损耗,分析并修正了测量方法中的误差,实现了对爱泼斯坦方圈测量时接缝区和均匀区的损耗分离,并分析了接缝区比总损耗对爱泼斯坦方圈测量结果的影响机理。建立了爱泼斯坦方圈有限元模型,对其接缝区和均匀区的损耗进行研究,仿真结果与双方圈法测量结果吻合,验证了本文提出的新一级能效超低损耗薄硅钢片的比总损耗时测量方法的有效性和准确性。测量和仿真结果表明,基于双方圈法测量薄硅钢片比总损耗的结果比单方圈法测量的结果更精确。本文提出的测量和修正方法可用于一级能效薄硅钢片损耗特性的精确测量。

多目标差分进化算法改进与电工钢片磁致伸缩模型参数辨识

准确且高效地辨识电工钢片磁致伸缩模型参数是模型在变压器铁心振动分析中的应用前提。针对现有单目标优化算法不能兼顾参数辨识精度和速度的问题,该文基于改进Jiles-Atherton-Sablik和Energetic模型相结合的磁致伸缩模型,将该模型的参数辨识转换为多目标优化问题。以磁滞回线和磁致伸缩曲线的均方根误差作为待优化的2个目标,建立参数辨识的多目标优化数学模型。基于该模型,从控制参数自适应技术、变异算子改进策略以及选择算子改进策略3个方面对多目标差分进化算法进行改进,从而提出一种采用改进多目标差分进化算法的磁致伸缩模型参数辨识方法。通过与现有方法对比,该文方法的磁滞回线求解精度提升17.84%,磁致伸缩曲线求解精度提升13.60%,辨识速度提升41.57%。

PWM激励下电工钢片磁特性测量与结果分析

随着电力电子技术的不断发展,逆变器供电凭借于独特优势已成为电机系统中不可替代的一部分。但是,逆变器供给激励电压中含有大量的高次谐波,由此造成电机的损耗增加明显,对电机的发热、效率、振动噪声都会带来不利影响。所以,为能够最优的设计电机,提高效率,就有必要清楚地掌握电机用电工钢片在实际工作状态下的磁特性和铁芯损耗数据。论文通过使用改进的爱波斯坦方圈,对无取向电工钢片进行了在脉宽调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)激励下磁特性的测量,得到相应铁芯损耗。同时根据测量结果,分析讨论了PWM调制参数和铁芯损耗之间的关系。

Surface Defects of Cold-Rolled Ti-IF Steel Sheets due to Non-Metallic Inclusions

Surface defects of the cold-rolled sheets of Ti-IF steel were studied and analyzed. After analyzing surface defects of cold-rolled sheets, such as shelling defects, holes and sliver defects by SEM/EDS, a variety of inclusions were found. In addition, the distribution of macro-inclusions in slabs was analyzed by MIDAS method. The results show the macroscopic inclusion bands of head slabs and normal slabs are in 1/8 slab thickness regions of both inner arc side and outer arc side. The formation process of the defects in the cold-rolled sheets was simulated with an experimental cold-rolling machine for comparison. The results show that there were three kinds of inclusions underneath the surface defects: Al2O3, SiO2 and particles from slag entrainment, which were the main reason for defect formation during cold rolling.

基于深度学习的电工钢片磁畴磁化过程预测与特征量提取

高效电工产品的研发离不开对低损耗高品质电工钢磁特性的准确表征,而电工钢磁畴结构及其动态磁化特征量的提取是实现从介观磁化机理到宏观特性模拟的桥梁。该文利用磁光克尔显微镜对外加磁场下取向电工钢片磁畴结构的动态演变过程进行了观测和研究。首先在不同方向的外加磁场下,获取了磁场由饱和到零再到反向饱和的磁化过程中电工钢磁畴结构动态演变的图像信息,分析了磁畴重组、湮灭、成核的过程;其次为了获取足够多的可以表征电工钢片磁化特征的磁畴图像信息,对比研究了基于深度学习理论的两种神经网络——基于卷积神经单元的长短期记忆神经网络(ConvLSTM)和基于卷积神经单元的门控循环单元(ConvGRU)对磁畴动态演变图像的预测;最后在此基础上,提出了以磁畴面积作为特征参量表征样片动态磁化过程及磁畴状态的方法。结果表明,所提取的特征量能够有效地表征样片的磁化程度及其内部磁畴的演变过程,为进一步实现基于磁畴磁化机理的宏观磁滞模型奠定基础。

常化工艺对新能源汽车驱动电机用高强无取向电工钢组织与织构的影响

高牌号无取向电工钢的生产通常需要在冷轧前对热轧板进行常化处理,来改善热轧钢板的组织和织构,避免瓦垅状缺陷,提高最终成品板的磁性能。论述了常化工艺对高牌号无取向电工钢的组织变化以及织构演变的影响,同时对1000℃常化温度下保温不同时间对热轧板的组织和织构的影响进行对比。结论表明,热轧板经过常化处理后,发生再结晶行为,组织更均匀,平均晶粒尺寸增大;相同常化温度下适当增加保温时间有利于提高热轧板的晶粒大小;常化处理减弱了热轧板中不利的织构组分,增强有利于磁性能的{110}<001>织构,使热轧板的磁性能增强。

基于Energetic模型的机械应力作用下电工钢片磁滞特性模拟

准确模拟电工钢片在机械应力作用下的磁滞特性是电工装备铁心优化设计的关键技术。该文首先基于原始Energetic磁滞模型,在电工钢片的总能量密度中引入由机械应力引起的能量密度附加项;其次,根据能量平衡原理,采用场分离技术实现能量密度分量向磁场分量的转换;然后,考虑Energetic磁滞模型中各参数对机械应力的依赖性,利用场叠加原理建立一种机械应力作用下的电工钢片磁滞模型;最后,以晶粒取向硅钢片为例,基于取向硅钢片在不同压缩和拉伸应力下的磁滞回线实验数据,采用粒子群优化算法对所提模型参数进行辨识,从而揭示了模型参数对机械应力的依赖关系,并在此基础上分析了机械应力对取向硅钢片矫顽力、磁滞损耗密度以及剩磁的影响规律。对比仿真和实验结果,验证了所提模拟方法的准确性。

基于玻尔兹曼函数和磁畴能量最小化的电工钢片磁滞特性模拟

电工钢片磁滞特性与损耗特性的精细模拟是实现变压器、电机等电工产品节能降耗绿色运行的关键。该文基于磁畴能量最小值原理,对组合磁畴结构模型(assembled domain structure model,ADSM)中磁畴能量最小化方法与磁畴分布概率求解方法进行改进。提出采用变步长梯度下降法与Boltzmann函数相结合的两步法实现磁化过程磁畴动态变化的有效模拟,简化模型的构造过程。利用变步长梯度下降法求取磁畴总能量最小值,确定磁畴的单位磁化矢量,再利用Boltzmann函数计算磁畴分布概率,实现磁滞回环的拟合。与实验测量结果对比表明:改进的ADSM模型求解方法可以在简化计算过程的同时有效地模拟磁滞回环。

一种利用矫顽点微分磁化率定量评估取向电工钢片机械应力的新方法

不同大小的应力会对取向电工钢片的磁化及损耗特性产生不同影响,定量评估取向电工钢片的应力大小对减小铁心损耗,提高电气设备的运行效率具有重要意义。该文提出一种利用磁滞回线在矫顽点的微分磁化率来检测电工钢片应力的新方法。首先基于扩展的磁力学磁滞模型推导出了矫顽点微分磁化率的倒数与应力的线性关系表达式,给出了一条可以用来定量评估应力的线性校准曲线。然后为验证理论公式的正确性和适应性,测量了两种不同型号的取向电工钢片在承受不同大小弹性拉应力和压应力时的矫顽点微分磁化率。实验结果与理论计算结果有很好的一致性,这为定量评估取向电工钢片的机械应力提供了一种简单实用的方法。

考虑各向异性和模型参数应力依赖关系的改进Sablik-Jiles-Atherton磁滞模型

机械应力会显著改变取向电工钢片的磁滞特性。Sablik-Jiles-Atherton(S-J-A)磁滞模型由于计算简单、物理含义明确,被广泛用于模拟机械应力作用下的磁滞特性,然而此模型存在模拟精度低的问题。为此,该文在现有S-J-A磁滞模型的基础上,考虑取向电工钢片本身的各向异性和由机械应力引起的各向异性,实现对无磁滞磁化强度表达式的修正;在此基础上,根据机械应力对取向电工钢片磁畴排列模式的影响,引入无磁滞磁化强度形状系数和钉扎系数对机械应力的依赖关系,提出一种改进的S-J-A磁滞模型;最后,以30QG120型取向电工钢片为例,应用所提改进模型模拟了不同机械应力下的磁滞回线,通过与实验测量和现有模型进行对比,验证了所提改进模型的准确性。

Effect of normalization on texture evolution of 0.2-mm-thick thingauge non-oriented electrical steels with strong η-fiber textures

Thin-gauge non-oriented electrical steel sheets of 0.2 mm in thickness with high magnetic induction and low core loss were produced by a two-stage cold-rolling method with and without normalization annealing.The through-process texture evolutions of the two processes were compared and studied by means of X-ray diffractometer and electron backscattered diffraction.Results showed that excellent magnetic properties were attributed to strong η-fiber recrystallization texture in the final sheet.Coarse γ-fiber-oriented grains after intermediate annealing and medium cold-rolling reduction were considered key factors to obtain a strong γ-fiber texture given that a large number of shear bands within the γ-fiber deformed matrix provided dominant nucleation sites for η-fiber-oriented grains.The normalization annealing after hot rolling was favorable for the retention of cube texture,thereby decreasing the magnetic anisotropy of thin-gauge non-oriented electrical steels.

北京新建道路工程随建电力隧道工法设计比选

以北京市大兴区礼贤镇兴礼街道路工程随建电力隧道为例,提出了明开隧道放坡土钉墙支护、明开隧道钢板桩支护、暗挖隧道全断面帷幕注浆加固三种工法设计方案,并分别从造价成本、管理成本等角度对三种方案进行设计比选。结论为明开隧道放坡土钉墙支护方案工程造价最低,但占地面积大,且在有地下水的地质条件下施工困难,不适用于该工程;明开隧道钢板桩支护方案虽同时具有挡土及隔水作用,但由于隧道埋深较大,其造价成本与暗挖工法相比并不具明显优势,且需消耗资源更多;暗挖隧道全断面帷幕注浆加固方案工程造价较高,但对周边环境影响小,可大量减少建设单位计划外成本投入,能保证工期按计划稳定推进。